normalxray.ppt
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This document provides guidance on interpreting a normal chest x-ray. It emphasizes the importance of having a systematic approach and understanding what is normal in order to recognize abnormalities. It outlines the key areas to examine, including the heart, lungs, bones, soft tissues and diaphragm. A normal chest x-ray shows the heart and mediastinum within normal size and contours, clear lungs, and sharp diaphragm margins.
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The document provides guidance on evaluating a normal chest x-ray using a systematic approach. It outlines the key anatomical structures to examine, including the heart, lungs, bones, diaphragm and soft tissues. A normal chest x-ray should show the heart within normal size limits, clear lungs with uniform opacity in all zones, and sharp margins of the diaphragm and ribs. Recognizing what is normal serves as a baseline for identifying any abnormalities.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
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normalxray.ppt
- 1. The Normal Chest X-Ray
- 2. Introduction • Most of the chest x-rays you will see will be normal • In order to recognise abnormality, you need to know what a normal CXR looks like The CXR on the next slide is normal. How would you interpret it?
- 4. General Principles • Have a systematic approach • Interpret the CXR in conjunction with the clinical findings • Always compare with previous CXR if available to assess for change • Ask yourself “does my interpretation make sense?”
- 6. •Name/marker/rotation/ penetration Systematic Approach clavicles equidistant from spinous processes of thoracic spine can just see lower thoracic spine
- 7. •Lines/metal work Systematic Approach Look for: •Sternal wires (implies previous thoracic surgery) •Tip of endotracheal tube (2cm above carina)
- 8. •Lines/metal work Systematic Approach Tip of central venous lines at origin of superior vena cava. See tubes and lines presentation.
- 9. •Heart Systematic Approach •Occupies up to 50% of the maximum internal thoracic diameter on a standard PA erect view •Cannot comment on heart size on AP view because of magnification of heart
- 10. •Mediastinum Systematic Approach •Hilar vascular structures should be crisply defined •No widening of mediastinum •Trachea should be central
- 11. •Lungs Systematic Approach upper zone lower zone middle zone •Compare upper, mid and lower zones •Look between ribs for lung detail •Remember to look “behind” the heart
- 12. •Bones Systematic Approach •Look at each rib in turn •Clavicles •Scapulae and humeri if visible •Lower cervical and thoracic spine
- 13. •Diaphragm Systematic Approach •Both diaphragms should form a sharp margin with the lateral chest wall •Both diaphragm contours should be clearly visible medially to the spine Position of stomach gas bubble (not present on this CXR)
- 14. •Soft Tissues Systematic Approach •Supraclavicular fossae (enlarged nodes) •Lateral chest wall (surgical emphysema) •Under diaphragm (pneumoperitoneum)
- 15. How would you summarise this?
- 16. “This is an erect chest X-Ray of an adult male. The heart is not enlarged, the mediastinal contours are normal and the lungs are clear”
- 17. Take Home Points • Be systematic • Review with history and physical examination in mind