Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
Cost allocation issue
Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
This document presents a vision for integrated European electricity markets in 2030. It discusses the development of electricity markets from national to regional models. As transmission networks expand, markets move from zonal pricing models to increasingly complex nodal pricing models to account for transmission constraints. The document examines existing market models in Europe, including the Nordic countries, Central West Europe, PJM, Texas, Australia and New Zealand; outlining their key features such as pricing mechanisms, generation sources, and consumption levels. The vision is for an efficient European market that ensures secure, affordable and sustainable electricity supply.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
1. The document summarizes key topics from a webinar on electricity market regulation, including the objectives of regulation to protect consumers and ensure fair industry participation.
2. It discusses areas of regulation like generation, transmission, distribution and retail supply. Methods of regulation include price controls, quality standards and incentive schemes.
3. Institutional questions are also covered, like the roles of different regulatory bodies and the importance of regulator independence.
A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Electricity Markets and Principle Market Design ModelsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Explains the various market design possibilities.
* Discusses Single Buyer or Electricity Markets with Wholesale Competition.
* Provides a view about Pool versus Bilateral Trading, Intra-day * Trading and Balancing Mechanisms.
* Presents Supplementary Capacity Schemes.
Indian electricity market and power exchangesNageswar Rao
This document discusses Indian electricity markets and power exchanges. It provides information on how electricity is traded as a commodity for both power and energy. An electricity market enables purchases through bids to buy and sales through offers to sell using supply and demand principles. Power exchanges facilitate transparent and efficient trading of electricity in India on a day-ahead basis through a double-sided closed auction. The two main power exchanges in India are the Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange India, which allow generators and distribution companies to trade electricity.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
Cost allocation issue
Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
This document presents a vision for integrated European electricity markets in 2030. It discusses the development of electricity markets from national to regional models. As transmission networks expand, markets move from zonal pricing models to increasingly complex nodal pricing models to account for transmission constraints. The document examines existing market models in Europe, including the Nordic countries, Central West Europe, PJM, Texas, Australia and New Zealand; outlining their key features such as pricing mechanisms, generation sources, and consumption levels. The vision is for an efficient European market that ensures secure, affordable and sustainable electricity supply.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 1 - Regulation General PrinciplesLeonardo ENERGY
1. The document summarizes key topics from a webinar on electricity market regulation, including the objectives of regulation to protect consumers and ensure fair industry participation.
2. It discusses areas of regulation like generation, transmission, distribution and retail supply. Methods of regulation include price controls, quality standards and incentive schemes.
3. Institutional questions are also covered, like the roles of different regulatory bodies and the importance of regulator independence.
A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
Introduction to the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) MechanismSpark Network
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Mechanism issued by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy of India to facilitate interstate transactions of Renewable Energy and to promote RE based projects. This report covers all the basic aspects of REC Mechanism along with the Operational Framewokr of the same.
Electricity Markets and Principle Market Design ModelsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Explains the various market design possibilities.
* Discusses Single Buyer or Electricity Markets with Wholesale Competition.
* Provides a view about Pool versus Bilateral Trading, Intra-day * Trading and Balancing Mechanisms.
* Presents Supplementary Capacity Schemes.
Indian electricity market and power exchangesNageswar Rao
This document discusses Indian electricity markets and power exchanges. It provides information on how electricity is traded as a commodity for both power and energy. An electricity market enables purchases through bids to buy and sales through offers to sell using supply and demand principles. Power exchanges facilitate transparent and efficient trading of electricity in India on a day-ahead basis through a double-sided closed auction. The two main power exchanges in India are the Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange India, which allow generators and distribution companies to trade electricity.
The document summarizes electricity regulations in India. It discusses the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), which regulate the electricity sector. It also outlines key aspects of the Electricity Act 2003, including provisions related to power generation, transmission, and distribution. The act aims to increase competition and private sector participation in the electricity industry.
This document summarizes a webinar on revenue requirements and the regulatory asset base (RAB) for price regulation. It discusses how regulators set revenue requirements by determining allowable operating expenditures and capital costs, including depreciation and return on the RAB. It also describes approaches to calculating the RAB, including treatments of investments, working capital, and asset valuation methods like historic cost and replacement cost.
This document discusses using electricity exchanges to enable cross-border electricity trade between countries in South Asia. It proposes setting up separate bidding areas within the Indian electricity exchange (IEX) for neighboring countries to allow them to trade power. Bangladesh and Nepal are provided as examples where a trader could act as an intermediary, placing bids on the exchange on behalf of those countries. International examples of integrated electricity markets are also presented to illustrate how regional cooperation could develop over time.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
The document discusses energy transitions on a global scale. It defines energy transitions as shifts from one dominant energy source to another that typically take decades to occur across countries. While governments are driving transitions to meet climate goals, there is no single global transition but rather many national transitions due to differing resources and goals. Key challenges of transitions include reducing fossil fuel use, increasing renewable electricity and electrifying other sectors like transport and industry in a cost-effective way while ensuring grid reliability. Opportunities exist for distributed renewable resources and new digital technologies to empower individual citizens and communities in transitions.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 1 Regulation gen...Leonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
* General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
* Areas of regulation
* Scope of regulation
* Methods of regulation
* Institutional questions
* Consultation and communication
* Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 3 - Price RegulationLeonardo ENERGY
Session 3: Price Regulation
This session explains different forms of price control including the classical rate of return organisation and more advanced forms of incentive regulation. It will also explain the design criteria for different price control models.
• Major price control models: Rate of return / Cap regulation / Yardstick competition / Sliding scale regulation
• Principle design criteria: Efficiency properties / Demand impact / Regulatory burden / Practicability / Coherence with industry and market design
Large scale power generation using fuel cell SURBHI PATHAK
This document discusses fuel cells and their components and operation. It begins by defining a fuel cell as a device that converts chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. It then describes the basic components of a fuel cell - the anode and cathode electrodes, proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, and catalyst. It explains the redox reactions that occur at each electrode when hydrogen gas is used as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant, producing water and electricity. Applications of fuel cells in India are also listed. Advantages include high efficiency, low pollution, and fuel flexibility, while disadvantages are high costs and technical challenges associated with storing and handling hydrogen fuel.
The document discusses India's integrated energy policy and progress towards electricity sector reforms. It notes that India needs to increase primary energy supply 3-4 times and electricity supply 5 times by 2031-32 to sustain high economic growth. Key objectives are energy security, reliability, affordability and meeting needs in a sustainable manner. National programs like RGGVY have expanded rural electrification but losses and deficits remain high in many states. Continued reforms, infrastructure investments and adoption of new technologies are needed across generation, transmission and distribution.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
* Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
* General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
* Cost allocation issue
* Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
This document provides an overview of power trading concepts in India. It defines power trading as the transfer of surplus electricity from one utility to another with a deficit. Open access to transmission networks is key to enabling power trading. Bilateral contracts between buyers and sellers and trading on power exchanges are the two main mechanisms. Derivatives like futures, forwards and options are used to hedge risks associated with price volatility in power trading. Entities like PXIL, IEX and PTC play important roles in facilitating power trading in India.
The document discusses the evolving U.S. electric utility industry, which is shifting from regulated monopolies to a more competitive model featuring independent power producers and transmission operators. It covers the industry's structure, key policies driving deregulation, generation technologies including solar PV, and the use of financial derivatives to manage risks in competitive power markets.
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. It provides hundreds of Gbps of scalable transmission capacity and provides capacity beyond TDM's capability. DWDM works by multiplexing a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e. colors) of laser light.
Feasibility study of setting of solar plant in Philippines Siddharth Kundu
This one of the projects or study done by siddharth Kundu of Asian Institute of Management, 2012 Mba graduate for more info on this project or other renewable energy projects in Philippines contact siddharth Kundu siddharth.kundu@yahoo.com or call at +63 9174251101
Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism in India sanjeev jain
This document provides an overview of India's Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) framework. It discusses the key objectives of introducing the REC mechanism, including effective RPO implementation and increased flexibility. It describes the entities involved and the concepts of RECs representing each MWh of renewable energy generated. Eligible renewable energy generators can register and be issued RECs which can then be traded on power exchanges to meet RPO targets set by state commissions. The document outlines the accreditation, registration, issuance and trading processes and discusses pricing frameworks and fees for RECs.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Mark Daly has founded Eninserv to provide consultancy services related to energy and electric mobility. He has experience in control systems and operations and maintenance for energy generation. Eninserv works with companies to understand their charging needs, choose optimal charge point levels and protection, implement authentication and access control, connect charge points to management systems, use open protocols, and access data for reporting. The presentation discusses electric vehicle charging levels, technologies, management systems, data sources, and provides a summary of key considerations for charging infrastructure projects.
Fingrid Current: Simo Nurmi, Director General of Energy Authority of Finland,...Fingrid Oyj
The document summarizes the views of Nordic energy regulators on the future of the Nordic electricity markets. It discusses NordREG, an organization of Nordic energy regulators that promotes efficient energy markets. The regulators are committed to a vision of highly competitive, innovative markets that enable consumers and new players to contribute to the energy transition. Three strategic principles are price signals, active consumers, and a dynamic regulatory framework. The regulators also aim to further integrate networks and harmonize electricity market rules in line with EU targets of carbon neutrality by 2050.
The document summarizes recent developments in Latvia's electricity market. It discusses Latvia's goals of integrating its electricity market with the EU market and liberalizing its domestic market according to EU directives. It outlines plans to increase interconnections with neighboring countries. It then provides an overview of the leading electricity provider JSC Sadales tīkls, including its operations, customers, and targets to modernize Latvia's electricity network. Finally, it discusses the postponed opening of Latvia's electricity market to competition and trends in the industry.
The document summarizes electricity regulations in India. It discusses the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), which regulate the electricity sector. It also outlines key aspects of the Electricity Act 2003, including provisions related to power generation, transmission, and distribution. The act aims to increase competition and private sector participation in the electricity industry.
This document summarizes a webinar on revenue requirements and the regulatory asset base (RAB) for price regulation. It discusses how regulators set revenue requirements by determining allowable operating expenditures and capital costs, including depreciation and return on the RAB. It also describes approaches to calculating the RAB, including treatments of investments, working capital, and asset valuation methods like historic cost and replacement cost.
This document discusses using electricity exchanges to enable cross-border electricity trade between countries in South Asia. It proposes setting up separate bidding areas within the Indian electricity exchange (IEX) for neighboring countries to allow them to trade power. Bangladesh and Nepal are provided as examples where a trader could act as an intermediary, placing bids on the exchange on behalf of those countries. International examples of integrated electricity markets are also presented to illustrate how regional cooperation could develop over time.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 2 - Market DesignLeonardo ENERGY
This section explains the main properties of different types of electricity markets exhibiting different level of competition and different forms of organisation.
• General market models : vertically integrated companies / single buyer / wholesale competition / retail competition
• Power pools : Price based / Cost based
• Markets with bilateral trade
• Balancing markets
• Power exchanges
The document discusses energy transitions on a global scale. It defines energy transitions as shifts from one dominant energy source to another that typically take decades to occur across countries. While governments are driving transitions to meet climate goals, there is no single global transition but rather many national transitions due to differing resources and goals. Key challenges of transitions include reducing fossil fuel use, increasing renewable electricity and electrifying other sectors like transport and industry in a cost-effective way while ensuring grid reliability. Opportunities exist for distributed renewable resources and new digital technologies to empower individual citizens and communities in transitions.
Training Module on Electricity Market Regulation - SESSION 1 Regulation gen...Leonardo ENERGY
This session explains the main tasks of regulation and addresses three main questions: what is regulated, where is it regulated, and how is it regulated.
In addition, we explain how the communication between regulators and regulated companies is organised, and how the regulatory performance is measured.
* General tasks of regulators: Price, Quality, Market functioning
* Areas of regulation
* Scope of regulation
* Methods of regulation
* Institutional questions
* Consultation and communication
* Regulatory performance : External performance, Internal Performance
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 3 - Price RegulationLeonardo ENERGY
Session 3: Price Regulation
This session explains different forms of price control including the classical rate of return organisation and more advanced forms of incentive regulation. It will also explain the design criteria for different price control models.
• Major price control models: Rate of return / Cap regulation / Yardstick competition / Sliding scale regulation
• Principle design criteria: Efficiency properties / Demand impact / Regulatory burden / Practicability / Coherence with industry and market design
Large scale power generation using fuel cell SURBHI PATHAK
This document discusses fuel cells and their components and operation. It begins by defining a fuel cell as a device that converts chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. It then describes the basic components of a fuel cell - the anode and cathode electrodes, proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, and catalyst. It explains the redox reactions that occur at each electrode when hydrogen gas is used as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant, producing water and electricity. Applications of fuel cells in India are also listed. Advantages include high efficiency, low pollution, and fuel flexibility, while disadvantages are high costs and technical challenges associated with storing and handling hydrogen fuel.
The document discusses India's integrated energy policy and progress towards electricity sector reforms. It notes that India needs to increase primary energy supply 3-4 times and electricity supply 5 times by 2031-32 to sustain high economic growth. Key objectives are energy security, reliability, affordability and meeting needs in a sustainable manner. National programs like RGGVY have expanded rural electrification but losses and deficits remain high in many states. Continued reforms, infrastructure investments and adoption of new technologies are needed across generation, transmission and distribution.
Electricity Markets Regulation - Lesson 8 - PricingLeonardo ENERGY
Once the revenue requirements are established they should be converted into tariff systems. This session explains the major economic principles of electricity pricing and the general pricing models using average and marginal costs. Moreover the session explores the major pricing models for the electricity activities including: generation, transmission, distribution and retail activities.
* Pricing principles : economic efficiency - cost recovery
* General pricing models : average cost pricing - marginal cost pricing
* Cost allocation issue
* Pricing for different activities in the electricity industry : generation pricing - transmission pricing - distribution pricing - retail supply pricing
This document provides an overview of power trading concepts in India. It defines power trading as the transfer of surplus electricity from one utility to another with a deficit. Open access to transmission networks is key to enabling power trading. Bilateral contracts between buyers and sellers and trading on power exchanges are the two main mechanisms. Derivatives like futures, forwards and options are used to hedge risks associated with price volatility in power trading. Entities like PXIL, IEX and PTC play important roles in facilitating power trading in India.
The document discusses the evolving U.S. electric utility industry, which is shifting from regulated monopolies to a more competitive model featuring independent power producers and transmission operators. It covers the industry's structure, key policies driving deregulation, generation technologies including solar PV, and the use of financial derivatives to manage risks in competitive power markets.
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. It provides hundreds of Gbps of scalable transmission capacity and provides capacity beyond TDM's capability. DWDM works by multiplexing a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e. colors) of laser light.
Feasibility study of setting of solar plant in Philippines Siddharth Kundu
This one of the projects or study done by siddharth Kundu of Asian Institute of Management, 2012 Mba graduate for more info on this project or other renewable energy projects in Philippines contact siddharth Kundu siddharth.kundu@yahoo.com or call at +63 9174251101
Renewable Energy Certificate Mechanism in India sanjeev jain
This document provides an overview of India's Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) framework. It discusses the key objectives of introducing the REC mechanism, including effective RPO implementation and increased flexibility. It describes the entities involved and the concepts of RECs representing each MWh of renewable energy generated. Eligible renewable energy generators can register and be issued RECs which can then be traded on power exchanges to meet RPO targets set by state commissions. The document outlines the accreditation, registration, issuance and trading processes and discusses pricing frameworks and fees for RECs.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Mark Daly has founded Eninserv to provide consultancy services related to energy and electric mobility. He has experience in control systems and operations and maintenance for energy generation. Eninserv works with companies to understand their charging needs, choose optimal charge point levels and protection, implement authentication and access control, connect charge points to management systems, use open protocols, and access data for reporting. The presentation discusses electric vehicle charging levels, technologies, management systems, data sources, and provides a summary of key considerations for charging infrastructure projects.
Fingrid Current: Simo Nurmi, Director General of Energy Authority of Finland,...Fingrid Oyj
The document summarizes the views of Nordic energy regulators on the future of the Nordic electricity markets. It discusses NordREG, an organization of Nordic energy regulators that promotes efficient energy markets. The regulators are committed to a vision of highly competitive, innovative markets that enable consumers and new players to contribute to the energy transition. Three strategic principles are price signals, active consumers, and a dynamic regulatory framework. The regulators also aim to further integrate networks and harmonize electricity market rules in line with EU targets of carbon neutrality by 2050.
The document summarizes recent developments in Latvia's electricity market. It discusses Latvia's goals of integrating its electricity market with the EU market and liberalizing its domestic market according to EU directives. It outlines plans to increase interconnections with neighboring countries. It then provides an overview of the leading electricity provider JSC Sadales tīkls, including its operations, customers, and targets to modernize Latvia's electricity network. Finally, it discusses the postponed opening of Latvia's electricity market to competition and trends in the industry.
Janez Kopac, Director of the Energy Community SecretariatWEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
3 borko raicevic en c sustainable energy, december 2013UNDPhr
The document discusses promotion of sustainable energy in the Energy Community. It summarizes the Energy Community Treaty signed in 2005 to extend the EU internal energy market to Southeast Europe. The treaty binds contracting parties to apply relevant EU energy acquis, including promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and investments. It establishes common legal frameworks for electricity, gas, environment and aims to create a single regulatory space. The document outlines renewable energy and energy efficiency directives adopted by the Energy Community, as well as activities to support their implementation and progress reports. It identifies barriers to sustainable energy in contracting parties and highlights the need for regional cooperation to boost renewable deployment and energy efficiency.
The formulation of this common code for the Nordic grid (the Nordic Grid Code) is a step
towards the harmonisation of the rules that govern the various national grid companies. The
purpose of the Nordic Grid Code is to achieve coherent and coordinated Nordic operation and
planning between the companies responsible for operating the transmission systems, in order to
establish the best possible conditions for development of a functioning and effectively
integrated Nordic power market. A further objective is to develop a shared basis for
satisfactory operational reliability and quality of delivery in the coherent Nordic electric power
system.
The Nordic Grid Code concerns the transmission system operators (TSO’s) the operation and
planning of the electric power system and the market actors’ access to the grid. The Code lays
down fundamental common requirements and procedures that govern the operation and
development of the electric power system.
The Nordic Grid Code is made up of:
- General provisions for cooperation
- Planning Code
- Operational Code (System Operation Agreement)
- Connection Code
- Data Exchange Code (Data Exchange Agreement between the Nordic transmission
system operators (TSOs)
The Operational Code and the Data Exchange Code are binding agreements with specific
dispute solutions. The Planning Code and the Connection Code are rules that should be
observed. They correspond to Nordel’s recommendations in these areas.
The Nordic Grid Code governs technical cooperation between the transmission system
operators in the interconnected Nordel countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark.
Ideally, the planning, expansion and operation of all the subsystems would be governed by
identical rules. However, this is not yet the case, partly for historical reasons and partly because
the different subsystems are subject to different legislation and to supervision by different
official bodies. However, an objective is that the Nordic Grid Code should be a starting point
for the harmonisation of national rules, with minimum requirements for technical properties
that influence the operation of the interconnected Nordic electric power system. The Nordic
Grid Code must, however, be subordinate to the national rules in the various Nordic countries,
such as the provisions of legislation, decrees and the conditions imposed by official bodies.
The first edition of the Nordic Grid Code was based on Nordel’s former rules (recommendations),
the system operation agreement, the Data Exchange Agreement and national
codes. Therefore the content of the Code still shows traces of being taken from numerous
sources.
Jiri Horak of CEZ discussed the experiences of market liberalisation in Romania and Czech Republic and how the market should accordingly be opened in Bulgaria
The European long term vision and the Elia Group challengesElia
Presentation given by Sophie De Baets, European Regulatory & Public Affairs Advisor at Elia, during the EU Briefing on Energy organised by Amcham Belgium on 7/7/2014.
The Association of Energy Users in Finland (ELFi) is an energy industry interest group that represents large electricity consumers. It aims to promote competition in the energy market, efficient energy use, and expertise among its members. ELFi's mission is to advocate for its members' interests related to electricity market competitiveness, security of supply, and the transition to a circular economy. It works to address market failures and influence policymakers and regulations in a constructive manner.
Statnett - Nord.link - Status of a Transnational Project - Ingard MoenInnovation Norway
The document summarizes the NORD.LINK project, which aims to connect the electricity grids of Norway and Germany with a subsea power cable. It discusses that the project is a joint venture between transmission system operators in Norway and Germany, with the goal of increasing security of supply, market integration, and facilitating renewable energy connections. The key details provided are that the 514km cable will have a capacity of 1400MW and is estimated to cost between 1.5-2 billion euros, with the goal of beginning operations in 2018. It also reviews the socioeconomic benefits and status of obtaining necessary licenses.
The document provides an overview of electricity market reform (EMR) in the UK, including the objectives and key components of EMR. It discusses how the electricity market currently works and the need to reform the market to meet decarbonization, security of supply, and affordability goals. The key elements of EMR include a contract for difference mechanism, capacity market, carbon price floor, and emissions performance standard. It also discusses how EMR relates specifically to new nuclear projects, including the terms agreed with EDF for the Hinkley Point C project.
Ensuring European Energy Transition: key research and innovation actions need...Leonardo ENERGY
Konstantin Staschus and Sophie Dourlens will present the new ETIP SNET Implementation Plan (IP) 2017-2020 which is to be released on 5 October 2017
The Implementation Plan aims at listing the short-term priorities for R&I in ETIP SNET’s scope and as defined by the action 4 of the EU’s Strategic Energy Technology Plan: Increase the resilience, security and smartness of the energy system. It is based upon the ETIP-SNET R&I roadmap 2017-2026 which specifies the long-term R&I activities for the evolution of the European energy system and published in January 2017.
The Implementation Plan is the result of a long and comprehensive stakeholders consultation process which makes it widely recognised by all the European energy transition stakeholders.
The document provides an overview of the Clean Energy Package, which aims to further integrate European energy markets and accelerate the clean energy transition. Key points include:
1) New targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency along with regulations for heating/cooling and empowering energy consumers.
2) Removing distortions like price regulation and capacity mechanisms, and establishing regional coordination through new Regional Coordination Centers.
3) Expanding the powers of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) to include oversight of new areas like electricity capacity mechanisms and regional coordination centers.
The european energy policy the role of ENTSO-E and of TSOsENTSO-E
The document discusses the European energy market and the role of transmission system operators (TSOs) in addressing the energy trilemma of competitiveness, security of supply, and climate change. It summarizes that TSOs, through the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), help enable the energy transition and work to achieve the EU's 2030 targets through regional cooperation, network codes, 10-year network development plans, and a central transparency platform. The complex regulatory environment established by the network codes aims to complete the EU's internal electricity market.
Energy community: scope, functioning and implications for GeorgiaITE Oil&Gas
Presentation at GIOGIE 2014 (Georgian International Oil, Infrastructure and Energy Conference) on Energy community: scope, functioning and implications for Georgia.
By Federico Tarantini, International Relations Officer, DG Energy, European Commission
Feed-in tariffs: The legislative challenges for promoting sustainable inves...Atanas Georgiev
"The challenge for Europe is to enable market actors to drive down the costs of renewable energy through improved research, industrialisation of the supply chain and more efficient policies and support schemes. This could require greater convergence in support schemes and greater responsibilities for system costs among producers."
(from Energy Roadmap 2050, December 2011)
Towards more integrated Baltic Sea region power market
Presentation by Simon-Erik Ollus, Vice President, Trading and Asset Optimisation, Fortum
In Fingrid Current 10.3.2020
This webinar is dedicated to the findings of the 3rd issue of the PV Grid Parity Monitor for Residential Consumers.
The Photovoltaic Grid Parity Monitor analyses PV competitiveness with retail electricity prices for residential consumers and assesses local regulation for self-consumption of 21 cities in 12 countries (Australia, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, UK, USA).
It is based on a rigorous and transparent methodology and has used real and updated data provided by local PV installers, local PV associations and other reliable players from the PV industry. A specific and in-depth analysis of retail electricity rates for each of the 21 cities is included.
Given that PV Grid Parity represents a unique opportunity to develop a local and sustainable power generation technology in a cost-effective way, this Monitor aims at giving benchmark elements and good practice models to foster the development of this technology.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/3rd-photovoltaic-grid-parity-monitor-residential-consumers-session-1
Fingrid Current: Lotta Medelius-Bredhe, Director General, Svenska kraftnät Fingrid Oyj
Vision for the baltic sea electricity market fingrid
Presentation by Lotta Medelius-Bredhe, Director General, Svenska kraftnät
In Fingrid Current, 10.3.2020.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. Nord Pool CEO: Kari Ekelund Thørud
Introduction- History- Present day status- Supply side- Demand side- Trading Volumes-
Transmission Grid- Electricity Market Liberalization in EU- Regional and National market
Structure overview- Regulatory Framework- RET Policies- Nord pool spot market and
power exchange- Elspot- Elbas- Regulating power market- Financial market- Price
formulation- Transmission and congestion pricing- Market coupling- Key take-aways
from Nord Pool
7/11/2021 2
3. Introduction
Nord Pool offers day-ahead and intraday trading, clearing and settlement, data and compliance,
as well as consultancy services.
Nord pool operates power trading markets in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Luxembourg, France
and the United Kingdom.
Nord Pool is a Nominated Electricity Market Operator (NEMO) in 15 European countries, while
also providing serviced power markets in Croatia and Bulgaria.
The region is the world’s most harmonized cross-border power market.
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4. Nord pool - Timeline
1991 1996 1998 2000 2010 2013 2016 2019
Norwegian power market deregulated
Norway and Sweden establish the world’s first international power market
Finland joins Nord Pool
Denmark joins, Nord Pool is fully integrated
UK and Estonia joins Nord Pool
Baltic fully integrated
Nominated Electricity Market Operator in 13 countries
Euronext buys 66% shares of Nord Pool
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6. Nordic power system- Supply side
Renewable energy is a major electricity source in all Nordic
countries, with a 2019 share of about 82% in Denmark
(mainly wind), about 59% in Sweden (wind and hydro),
almost 98% in Norway (hydro), and about 47% in Finland
(wind and hydro).
In the Baltic countries, the share of renewables is in the
range of 29–80%.
In total, electricity from renewable sources account for
about 72% of the total electricity generation in the Nordic
and Baltic countries, resulting in a fluctuating supply of
electricity as a result of the hydro-meteorology conditions.
The overall generation in the region is mainly from
hydropower (53%) with significant contributions from nuclear
power plants (23%), fossil (23%), wind energy (6%) and
biomass (6%).
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7. Nordic power system- Demand side
Electricity consumption in Scandinavia is higher than in other European countries due to cold
winters, relatively low prices, electrically heated houses and relatively high industrial demand.
Demand in Finland, Sweden and Norway is significantly affected by energy-intensive industries,
and is also significant in the household sector.
Electricity demand fluctuates more in these three nations than in Denmark.
Electricity consumption in the Nordic region varies widely due to specific conditions in each
country as well as population and economic structure; however, it is generally affected by
temperature variation and economic growth.
Peak loads (mornings and afternoons) often take place during cold spells.
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10. Nordic power system- Transmission Grid
The transmission grid covers all the Nordic countries and combines all the national grids
(excluding western Denmark) into one common power system.
The grid is part of the transmission network of North West Europe. Eastern Denmark is
synchronous with the Nordic grid while western Denmark is synchronous with the area of
continental Europe.
A DC transmission cable linking eastern and western Denmark has been running since 2010.
Transmission interconnectors also link the Nordic market to Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands,
Poland and Russia.
The Nordic power system uses two models to handle transmission grid congestion. These are
area price model and counter trade model. At present there are 21 bidding areas (as on 2021)
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12. Electricity Market Liberalization in the European Union
Liberalization in the EU has followed a top-down process driven by legislation. It came in force in
1996 through Directive 96/92/EC on common internal electricity market rules.
It was replaced by Directive 2003/54/EC, elaborating rules on new capacity authorization
procedures, third party access and the tasks of TSOs.
This Directive was in turn replaced by the present Directive 2009/72/EC. This states that national
regulatory authorities are to cooperate within the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy
Regulators to guarantee compatible interregional regulatory frameworks.
It is mainly responsible for setting transmission or distribution tariffs; cooperating on cross-border
issues; monitoring transmission system operator investment plans and ensuring access to
customer consumption data.
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13. Electricity Market Liberalization in the European Union
Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross border electricity
exchanges, which establishes the European Network of Transmission System Operators for
Electricity (ENTSO-E) and its main tasks.
It also sets rules on developing network codes, how TSOs are compensated when hosting cross-
border flows of electricity, regional TSO cooperation etc. In addition, it lays out principles for
information sharing and congestion management.
Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency (REMIT),
which aims to prevent abuse in the wholesale energy markets, including rules on market
surveillance and penalties and disclosure of information.
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14. Keys to Liberalization in EU
The Directorate-Generals (DGs) of the European Commission are responsible for developing
and implementing European policies in their overlapping fields: DG Energy and Transport (DG
TREN), DG Competition and DG Environment;
The ENTSO-E formerly NordREG represents all electric TSOs in the EU and others connected
to their networks. Important assignments include the development of network codes and secure
power system operations
The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) market integration and
harmonization of regulatory frameworks respects EU energypolicy objectives.
The Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) ensures market integration and
harmonization of regulatory frameworks respects EU energy policy objectives.
The Electricity Regulatory Forum (Florence Forum) and the electricity cross-border committee
was set up to discuss the creation of the internal electricity market, including cross-border
electricity trade, cross-border electricity exchange tariffs and the management of scarce
interconnection
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15. Regional and National market structure overview
The Nordic regional electricity market is now moving towards an integrated European market.
One regulator per country: Each county has its own regulator as listed below and NordREG for
regional level cooperation, while ACER does the pan European level cooperation.
Danish Energy Regulatory Authority (DERA) – Denmark
Energy Market Authority (Energiamarkkinavirasto) – Finland
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) – Norway
Energy Markets Inspectorate supervise the Swedish electricity – Sweden
One system operator per country: The Nordic TSOs at country level are Statnett SF (Norway),
Svenska Kraftnät (Sweden), Fingrid (Finland) and Energinet.dk (Denmark).
A TSO regulates and controls the electricity systems in its own country.
7/11/2021 15
16. Regulatory
Framework
Different Nordic TSOs vary
somewhat in terms of
tasks and regulatory
frameworks.
When national TSOs
decide independently on
grid investments, their
priorities affect the Nordic
electricity market.
National parliaments and
governments should
therefore actively engage
with grid development and
not leave all decisions to
the national TSO.
7/11/2021 16
17. Regulatory
Framework
Contd..,
Nordic countries are all
subject to EU rules on
supply competition,
unbundling and net access
and related market
surveillance and reporting
to the European
Commission.
They have all chosen the
ownership unbundling
model.
7/11/2021 17
18. RET Policies
According to the European Renewable Energy Council, 2013:
Tradable Green Certificate (TGC) schemes: The RE target under the TGC scheme is
determined by the authorities and the certificate price by the market. A given electricity supply
chain agent (e.g. generator, supplier or consumer) must meet an individual quota and show a fixed
minimum quantity of green certificates, often on an annual basis. Green certificates are originated
per MWh of RE electricity (RES-E) generated. Obligated parties can thus generate or buy
certificates on the market; the certificate price represents the premium for the renewable energy
production. The TGC schemes in followed in Norway and Sweden.
Feed-in-tariffs (FITs): This is a specific guaranteed price, often set for a period of years. It must
be paid by electricity companies (often retailers), to domestic producers of green electricity. The
FIT scheme in encouraged by Denmark.
Tendering systems: Member states issue a series of invitations to tender for the supply of RES-
E, which will be sold at market price. The additional cost is passed on to the final consumer in the
form of a special tax.
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19. Nord Pool Spot Market
Power exchanges offer a fair, transparent and neutral platform resulting in the discovery of
efficient price of electricity.
The Nord Pool Spot is the world’s first and largest international power trading market. It acts as
the financial focal point in the Nordic power market and is the largest in Europe.
It is dedicated to the wholesale electricity market. Electricity producers and buyers,
intermediaries and traders participate in the market as do major end-users.
The Nord Pool Spot supplies accurate and transparent information to market agents; provides
liquidity and security; offers equal access and guarantees contract settlement and power delivery.
The Nord Pool Spot organizes and operates a power marketplace which has to contribute to
effective price formation and an adequate flow of power. It is obliged to ensure the exchange of
power with neighbouring countries is as effective as possible.
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21. Markets in Nordic Power Exchange
The Nord Pool Spot covers four wholesale markets that work together. These are essential for
the power market exchange to function.
The wholesale power market is a common integrated Nordic market, in which electricity is traded
on the Nordic power market exchange, i.e. the Nord Pool Spot.
Trading on the Nord Pool Spot is voluntary; however, all day-ahead cross-border trading must be
done on the Nord Pool Spot, which consists of two sub-markets, the ELSPOT market (day-ahead)
and the ELBAS markets (intra-day).
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22. ELSPOT (Day ahead market)
In this day-ahead market, electricity is auctioned for delivery in the next 24 hours.
TSOs report transmission capacities before 10.00 a.m for each Nordic bidding area. All market
players must send in supply and demand bids (via the internet) by noon every day at the latest for
each hour in the day before power is delivered.
Prices are based on the intersection of supply and demand. Prices are calculated for each hour
of the day based on orders and transmission capacities. This is the system price, i.e. the price that
would be realized if there were no congestion between bidding areas.
Prices for each hour of the day are announced and trade is invoiced between sellers and buyers.
Approximately 75% of Nordic power consumption is bought on the ELSPOT market.
Transmission congestion occurs when large volumes are needed to meet demand. Different area
prices avoid bottlenecks. When transmission capacity is constrained, the price rises to reduce
demand.
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23. ELBAS (Intraday Market)
This is a continuous market in which trading
for a specific hour takes place until 30 minutes
before electricity is actually delivered.
It is critical to adjust power supply or demand
plans. Trading is on a first-come first-served
basis.
If transmission capacity in the Nordic power
system remains, neighbouring countries can
also trade on the ELBAS market.
In the intra-day market, participants in
Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany
and Estonia can trade for the next day once the
day-ahead spot market has closed.
Socioeconomic welfare aspects
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24. Regulating Power market
This market has its own specific regulation and is run by the TSOs aiming to provide a stable
transmission grid frequency.
If a supply/demand imbalance arises within the operational hour, the TSO uses bids to balance
the power system.
On the one hand, if consumption exceeds power generation (i.e. frequency of alternating current
falls below 50Hz), the TSO buys more electrical power from suppliers that claim to have excess
generation capacity. This is known as up-regulation.
If power generation on the other hand exceeds consumption, the TSO sells electrical power
back to suppliers, encouraging them to reduce power generation. This is known as down-
regulation.
The balancing power market is also used for congestion management.
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25. For ELSPOT area prices of each bidding area 7/20/2021 7:22 AM. Click here!
7/11/2021 25
26. Financial market
This is a future or forward-contract market in
which legally binding trading agreements are
arranged for up to six years. The financial
market is often used for managing risks.
Market agents secure prices for future
purchases or sales of electricity, with
contracts made for up to six years. The
ELSPOT System Price is used as a reference
price.
Given the critical role of hydro in the Nordic
system, forward prices or futures represent
the value of hydro resources and are needed
for optimal use of hydropower during different
time periods.
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28. Price formulation in Nord Pool
Prices in the Nord Pool Spot are based on supply, demand and transmission capacity. There are
three different types of prices:
System price. The system price for each hour of the day is estimated by intersecting the
aggregate supply and demand curves that represent all bids and offers for the entire Nordic
region. It is the clearing price. Most standard financial contracts in the Nordic region use the
system price as reference price.
Area price. Available transmission capacity is set by the TSOs on an area-by-area basis and thus
fluctuates from the available grid transmission capacity. When electricity flows between bidding
areas exceed the maximum amount of electrical power (trading capacity) that can flow from one
bidding area to another, area prices are calculated and price differences across different areas
emerge. The purpose of the area price calculation is to reduce transmission congestion.
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29. Price formulation in Nord Pool
Prices in the Nord Pool Spot are based on supply, demand and transmission capacity. There are
three different types of prices:
Equilibrium price. All generators that produce and all consumers that consume power in a
specific hour use the equilibrium price. This defines the market price in the wholesale market.
Depending on the conditions outlined above, especially transmission congestion, the system price
or area price represents the equilibrium price. It corresponds to the variable (marginal) production
cost for the most expensive production plant needed to meet demand. The equilibrium in the
market reflects the costs of producing the last needed unit of electricity to meet demand.
Price formation in the Nord Pool Spot is complex due to a variety of other factors. Historical prices
can be explained by fundamental factors, such as weather patterns, capacity developments, the
EU ETS, economic activity and fuel prices. For instance, there is a strong correlation between
annual rainfall levels and electricity prices. Sharp price increases correlate well with dry seasons
and thus lower hydropower production in Norway and/or Sweden. Likewise, very cold winters can
also raise demand and thus prices.
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30. Transmission Pricing and Congestion Management
These charges are more or less intended to recover the costs for managing the transmission
network and are controlled by country specific regulatory offices. They are based on objective
calculations, so that users can estimate their transmission costs.
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31. Market
Coupling and
Cross Border
trade
Market coupling is a method
for integrating markets which
allows two or more wholesale
electricity market areas
(normally corresponding to a
national territory) to be
merged into a single market
area, as long as there is
sufficient transmission
capacity available between
those markets.
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33. Key take-aways from Nord Pool
Political and Institutional Considerations
Policy and Regulatory Issues
Power Market Exchange
Transmission Infrastructure
Build strong partnerships with neighbouring countries
Facilitate cross border movement of green electricity
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