This presentation describes the integration of paraphrases of human intransitive adjectives (of disease, membership, nationality and generic human adjectives) in the eSPERTo paraphrasing system, a linguistically enhanced paraphrase generator that enables conversion of semantically equivalent phrases, and sentences based on semantico-syntactic patterns and multiword units, sensitive to context. eSPERTo is meant to be an hybrid system, combining statistics and linguistic knowledge to identify and generate new and more complex paraphrases and exploit existing paraphrasing resources. This system is integrated in an interactive application that helps users in producing and revising their texts. Among other functionalities, eSPERTo’s web platform includes text-editing mechanisms that provide a variety of alternatives for each expression. We used the Portuguese linguistic resources of Port4NooJ (the Portuguese module) enhanced with the distributional properties of the human intransitive adjectives described in Lexicon-Grammar tables and applied to grammars to generate paraphrases, invoking NooJ's linguistic engine (noojappy). The new integrated properties allowed to generate several new transformations, namely: (i) relate adjective, noun and verb related constructions; (ii) adjective constructions supported by different copulative verbs; (iii) constructions involving nationality and other membership relations; (iv) cross-constructions; (v) appropriate noun constructions; (vi) generic noun phrases.

1. technology
from seed"
Paraphrasing
Human
Intransitive
Adjective
Constructions
in
Port4NooJ
CRISTINA
MOTA1
PAULA
CARVALHO1,2
FRANCISCO
RAPOSO1
ANABELA
BARREIRO1
1
INESC-­‐ID,
Lisbon
2
Universidade
Europeia
|
Laureate
International
Universities
International NooJ 2015 Conference Ÿ Minsk, 13 June

2. eSPERTo
–
System
for
Paraphrasing
in
Editing
and
Revision
of
Texts
• Main
objective
– Design
and
development
of
a
linguistically
enhanced
paraphrase
generator
• Semantico-­‐syntactic
and
multiword
units
• Sensitive
to
context
• Method
– Hybrid
system,
combining
statistics
and
linguistic
knowledge
to
identify
and
generate
new
and
more
complex
paraphrases
– Exploitation
of
existing
paraphrasing
resources
• Web
platform
– Interactive
application
to
help
Portuguese
language
learners
in
producing
and
revising
their
texts
– Text-­‐editing
mechanisms
which
provide
a
variety
of
alternatives
for
each
expression
– Users
can
choose
or
suggest
expressions
that
can
be
immediately
applied
to
their
text
– Support
to
writing
optimization,
understandability
and
translatability
Introduction
to
the
eSPERTo
Project
2

3. Linguistic Resources
• Linguistic
knowledge
databases
Port4NooJ
Eng4Nooj
• Originally
(English-­‐Portuguese)
OpenLogos
resources
(http://logos-os.dfki.de/)
• Converted
into
NooJ
format
• Enhanced
with
new
properties,
including
derivational
and
morpho-­‐syntactic
and
semantic
relations

4. Earlier
versions
• Phrasal
verbs
into
equivalent
expressions
– to
clear
up
(weather)
=
(weather)
to
become
better/brighter
• Support
verb
constructions
into
single
verbs
– to
make
a
decision
=
to
decide
– to
make
a
presentation
of
=
present
– to
give
support
to
N(AN)
=
to
support
N(AN)
– to
get
into
contact
with
=
to
contact
– to
become
acid
=
to
acidify
• Support
verb
constructions
into
their
stylistic
variants
– to
make
an
audit
=
to
perform
an
audit
– to
make
an
impression
=
to
create
an
impression
• Aspectual
constructions
into
single
verbs
– to
launch
an
attack
=
to
attack

5. Earlier
versions
• Adverbs
(compounds
into
single
adverbs)
– in
a
constructive
way
=
constructively
– on
purpose
purposely
=
deliberately
• Relatives
into
participial
adjectives
– the
president
that
was
elected
=
the
president
elect
• Relatives
into
possessives
– the
role
that
Europe
plays/has
=
the
role
of
Europe
– the
position
that
the
Church
defends
=
the
position
of
the
Church
• Relatives
into
compound
nouns
(and
vice-­‐versa)
– a
container
for
the
milk
=
a
milk
container
– a
bottle
made
of
plastic
=
a
plastic
bottle
• Agentive
passives
into
actives
– the
young
man
is
released
by
the
police
ofZicer
=
the
police
ofZicer
releases
the
young
man

6. eSPERTo
Architecture
6
eSPERTo online
Combine Text
and
suggestions
Input Text
+
Resource
selection
noojapply + STRING
Parahrase
suggestions Port4NooJ
Dictionaries Grammars
Eng4Nooj
...
Ital4NooJ
Fren4NooJ
Ger4NooJ
Spa4NooJ
Linguist
Validation
Hybrid
Paraphrase
Acquisition
User
feedbackDictionaries Grammars

7. eSPERTo:
noojapply
Integration
7
https://esperto.l2f.inesc-id.pt/esperto/esperto/demo.pl

8. eSPERTo:
noojapply
Integration
8
eSPERTo Web Interface
User configuration

9. eSPERTo:
noojapply
Integration
9
noojapply pt result.ind lr.no(d|m)* sr.nog* REESCREVE.nog text.txt
eSPERTo Web Interface
User configuration

10. eSPERTo:
noojapply
Integration
10
noojapply pt result.ind lr.no(d|m)* sr.nog* REESCREVE.nog text.txt
eSPERTo Web Interface
User configuration

11. eSPERTo:
noojapply
Integration
11
noojapply pt result.ind lr.no(d|m)* sr.nog* REESCREVE.nog text.txt
eSPERTo Web Interface
User configuration
eSPERTo Web Interface
Result presentation
teste.txt:0,17,O homem que é americano
teste.txt:0,17,O homem da América
teste.txt:0,17,O homem de nacionalidade americana
teste.txt:0,17,O homem de naturalidade americana
teste.txt:0,17,O homem de origem americana
teste.txt:0,39,o trabalho foi apresentado pelo homem americano
teste.txt:18,10,efectuar apresentação
teste.txt:18,10,fazer apresentação
teste.txt:18,10,realizar apresentação

12. eSPERTo:
noojapply
integration
12
the man who is American
the man from America
the man with American nationality
…
The American man
https://esperto.l2f.inesc-id.pt/esperto/esperto/demo.pl

13. LG
of
Portuguese
Human
Intransitive
Adjectives
13
• eSPERTo
was
enhanced
with
new
paraphrases,
derived
from
15
Lexicon-­‐Grammar
(LG)
tables
describing
the
distributional
properties
of
4,250
human
intransitive
adjectives
(HIA)
(Carvalho,
2008):
– Syntactic
and
semantic
nature
of
the
subject
modiZied
by
each
adjective;
– Copulative
verbs
selected
by
each
adjective;
– Constraints
on
the
quantiZication
of
adjectives
by
an
adverb
or
a
degree
morpheme;
– Position
of
adjectives
in
adnominal
context;
– Optional
adjective
“complements”;
– Generic
NP
and
cross-­‐constructions,
where
the
adjective
Zills
the
head
of
a
noun
phrase;
– Characterizing
indeZinite
constructions,
where
the
adjective
occurs
after
an
indeZinite
article;
– Exclamative
sentences
expressing
insult.

14. Adjective
Selection
CETEMPublico Adj
17.300 lemmas
Predicate Adj
13.875 lemmas
Adj Intrans Hum
4.250 lemmas
Adj Doen
187
Adj Filo
303
Adj Nac
651
Adj Hum
3.109
Lookup with LabEL lexical resources (LABEL-LEX)
(Ranchhod et al. 2004)
Pre-selection and classification of Adj according to
the linguistic criteria defined in Carvalho (2001)
Nhum Vcop Adj

15. Hum
Adj
SubclassiKication
Criteria
ADJ HUM
SER
SER + ESTAR
N0 ser Adj
N0 ser um Adj
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
QueF
N0=: Nhum
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
QueF
N0=: Nhum
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
ESTAR
N0 (ser+estar)
Adj
N0 ser um Adj
N0 estar Adj
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
N0=: Nhum
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
N0=: Nhum
N0=: Nhum
Nap de Nhum
N0=: Nhum

16. Hum
Adj
SubclassiKication
Criteria
ADJ HUM
SER
SER + ESTAR
N0 ser Adj
N0 ser um Adj
ESTAR
N0 (ser+estar)
Adj
N0 ser um Adj
N0 estar Adj
SAHP1
inteligente
SAHP2
atlético
SAHP3
culto
SAHC1
idiota
SAHC2
sedutor
SAHC3
inculto
EAHP2
abatido
EAHP3
zangado
SEAHP2
bonito
SEAHP3
velho
SEAHC2
gordo
SEAHC3
bêbado

17. LG
Tables
(EAHP3)
17

18. • Adjective,
noun
and
verb
morphologically
related
constructions
– está
zangado
(is
angry)
=
zangou-­‐se
(got
(self)
angry)
=
esteve
envolvido
numa
zanga
(was
involved
in
anger)
• Adjective
constructions
supported
by
different
copulative
verbs
– estar
perdido
(to
be
lost)
=
andar
perdido
(walk
around
lost)
• Constructions
involving
nationality
and
other
membership
relations
– (de
origem
portuguesa
(of
Portuguese
origin/roots)
=
portugueses
(Portuguese)
=
de
Portugal
(from
Portugal)
– beniquista
(Benica
fan)
=
do
Sport
Lisboa
e
Benica
(a
fan
of
Sport
Lisboa
e
Benica)
• Cross-­‐constructions
– o
idiota
do
rapaz
(the
idiot
of
the
boy)
=
o
rapaz
é
um
idiota
(the
boy
is
an
idiot)
• Appropriate
noun
constructions
– foi
moderado
nos
seus
comentários
(he
was
moderated
in
his
comments)
=
os
seus
comentários
foram
moderados
(his
comments
were
moderated)
=
foi
moderado
(he
was
moderated)
• Generic
noun
phrases
– é
um
indivíduo
estúpido
(he
is
a
fool)
=
é
um
estúpido
(he
is
a
fool)
=
é
estúpido
(he
is
a
fool)
New
Transformations
18

19. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Mostly
done
automatically
with
different
scripts
Integration
of
LG
of
Portuguese
Human
Intransitive
Adjectives
19
Port4NooJ
LG tables
Adjectivos_IH
ü If adjective in Port4NooJ merge the LG
properties with dictionary entry else
create new entry
ü Create FLX and DRV codes and
corresponding rules as needed
ü Check for missing FLX and DRV codes

20. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Representation
of
LG
table
properties
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
20
+Top=Abissínia
+TopDET=a
+NclassPnacionalidade
+NAdj
+Vcopser
+IH
+Table=SAN

21. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Representation
of
LG
table
properties
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
21
+Top=Abissínia
+TopDET=a
+NclassPnacionalidade
+NAdj
+Vcopser
+IH
+Table=SAN
Determined automatically by
consulting AC/DC corpora
o homem abissínio ó o homem da Abissínia
o homem açoriano ó o homem dos Açores
o homem português ó o homem de Portugal

22. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Representation
of
LG
table
properties
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
22
+IH
+Table=SEAHP3
+Nome=alegria
+Verbo=alegrar-se
+Nnhum

23. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Representation
of
LG
table
properties
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
23
+IH
+Table=SEAHP3
+DRV=A2N143:CASA
+DRV=A2V6:FALAR
+Reflexivo
+Nnhum

24. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Representation
of
LG
table
properties
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
24
+IH
+Table=SEAHP3
+DRV=A2N143:CASA
+DRV=A2V6:FALAR
+Reflexivo• DRV code is determined and formalized automatically by finding
the radical between the adjective and the noun or verb
alegr(ia) = A2N143 = B1ia/N
alegr(ar) = A2V6 = B1ar/V
• FLX code is determined by consulting Port4NooJ
alegria,N+FLX=CASA+AB+state+EN=joy+SYNN=contentamento
alegrar,V+FLX=FALAR+Aux=1+PRECVagree-type+Subset=…
If the derived form does not exist, then its code is assigned
automatically
+Nnhum

25. velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AB+class+EN=vintage
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AN+Hum+EN=elder
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+NAV+Apred+EN=old
+IH
+Table=SEAHP3
+Nhum+Vcopser
+Vcopestar
+Vcopencontrarse
+Vcopsentirse
+Vcoptornarse
+UMNclas
+UmModif
+AdvQuant
+Superlativo
+Nadj
+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
– From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Integration
with
eSPERTo
dictionary
entries
① Adjective
exists
in
Port4NooJ
ü Port4NooJ
entries
blindly
receive
the
additional
properties
as
speciZied
by
the
LG
tables
q In
a
second
round,
discard
at
least
entries
marked
with
+AB
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
25

26. velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AB+class+EN=vintage+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopse
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AN+Hum+EN=elder+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopser
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+NAV+Apred+EN=old+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopser
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
– From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Integration
with
eSPERTo
dictionary
entries
① Adjective
exists
in
Port4NooJ
ü Port4NooJ
entries
blindly
receive
the
additional
properties
as
speciZied
by
the
LG
tables
q In
a
second
round,
discard
at
least
entries
marked
with
+AB
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
26

27. velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AB+class+EN=vintage+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopse
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+AN+Hum+EN=elder+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopser
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
velho,A+FLX=ALTO+NAV+Apred+EN=old+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopser
+Vcopestar+Vcopencontrarse+Vcopsentirse+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+DRV=A2N164:CASA
+DRV=A2V67:AGRADECER
– From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Integration
with
eSPERTo
dictionary
entries
① Adjective
exists
in
Port4NooJ
ü Port4NooJ
entries
blindly
receive
the
additional
properties
as
speciZied
by
the
LG
tables
q In
a
second
round,
discard
at
least
entries
marked
with
+AB
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
27

28. – From
LG
tables
to
NooJ
dictionaries
• Integration
with
eSPERTo
dictionary
entries
② Adjective
not
in
Port4NooJ
(or
in
but
is
derived
from
another
entry):
ü FLX
code
is
assigned
automatically
given
the
ending
of
the
word
ü Entries
are
checked
for
missing
FLX
codes
and
reviewed
by
a
linguist
ü All
other
properties
come
from
LG
table
abissínio,A+FLX=ALTO+IH+Table=SAN+Nhum+Vcopser+Vcoptornarse+UMNclas
+UmModif+NclassPserde+NclassPorigem+NclassPnacionalidade
+NclassPnaturalidade+NAdj+Top=Abissínia+TopDET=a
(no
entry
in
Port4Nooj)
arranhado,A+FLX=ALTO+IH+Table=EAHP2+Nhum+NapdeNhum+Npc+Vcopestar
+AdvQuant+Superlativo+NAdj+NhumVopAPrepNap+deemEDefNap
+DRV=A2N4:BALÃO+DRV=A2V2:FALAR+Reflexivo
(In
Port4Nooj:
arranhar,V+FLX=FALAR...)
solteiro,A+FLX=ALTO+IH+Table=SEAHP3+Nhum+Vcopser+Vcopestar+Vcopficar
+Vcoppermanecer+Vcopencontrarse+UMNclas+UmModif+Superlativo+NAdj
(In
Port4NooJ:
solteiro,N+FLX=ANO+AN+des+EN=bachelor)
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
28

29. – From
LG
to
NooJ
grammars
• Option
1:
Syntactic
Parsing
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
29

30. – From
LG
to
NooJ
grammars
• Option
1:
Syntactic
Parsing
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
30
Input1
Output1
o homem é tonto
REESCREVE+TEXTO=é um tonto
é tonto
/REESCREVE

31. – From
LG
to
NooJ
grammars
• Option
1:
Syntactic
Parsing
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
31
Input2
Output2
o homem é um tonto
REESCREVE+TEXTO=é tonto
é um tonto
/REESCREVE

32. – From
LG
to
NooJ
grammars
• Option
2:
Transformational
module
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
32

33. – From
LG
to
NooJ
grammars
• Option
2:
Transformational
module
Integration
of
LG
of
PT
HIA
33
Input1
Input2
ó
é tonto, REESCREVE+Cpred
é um tonto, REESCREVE+CCI

34. Preliminary
Results
34
• 5
150
human
intransitive
adjectives
• 677
new
derivational
paradigms
• Example
grammars
for
the
syntactic
parser
and
the
transformational
module
• 50%
increase
in
Port4NooJ
adjective
entries

35. Preliminary
Results
35
• 5
150
human
intransitive
adjectives
• 677
new
derivational
paradigms
• Example
grammars
for
the
syntactic
parser
and
the
transformational
module
• 50%
increase
in
Port4NooJ
adjective
entries
Table Example In,Port4NooJ New %,In
SAHP1 inteligente 303 247 55%
SAHP2 atlético 142 226 39%
SEAHP2 bonito 53 87 38%
SAHC1 idota 115 229 33%
SAHP3 culto 97 263 27%
SEAHP3 velho 32 93 26%
SEAHC2 gordo 14 41 25%
SAF anarquista 70 234 23%
SEAHC3 bêbado 15 53 22%
SEAD leproso 39 149 21%
EAHP3 zangado 54 213 20%
SAHC2 sedutor 41 177 19%
EAHP2 abatido 18 87 17%
SAN americano 108 544 17%
SAHC3 inculto 54 465 10%
Total 1155 3108 26%

36. • Complete
the
integration
of
the
LG
of
human
intransitive
adjectives
– By
creating
all
grammars
to
process
the
constructions
formalized
in
LG
• Revise
and
evaluate
the
new
resources
• Integrate
and
adapt
additional
LG
grammars:
– Constructions
with
Vsup
ser
de
(Baptista,
2005)
– Constructions
with
Vsup
fazer
(Chacoto,
2005)
• Use
the
grammar
paraphrase
knowledge
to
create
a
corpus
of
paraphrases
to
develop
eSPERTo
hybrid
paraphrase
acquisition
engine
– Train
machine
learning
paraphrase
acquisition
system
– Annotate
semantico-­‐syntactic
and
multiword
paraphrases
in
corpora
to
use
in
training
and
evaluation
– Merge
of
paraphrases
collected
statistically
Next
Steps
36

37. 37
Thank
you!
дзякуй!
cmota|francisco.afonso.raposo@ist.utl.pt
pcc|anabela.barreiro@inesc-­‐id.pt