Non-Metal (Composite) I-Beam
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CPSU students created a carbon fiber composite I-beam for a bridge competition. Carbon fiber was chosen due to its extreme strength and stiffness compared to other materials. The I-beam was molded using carbon fiber and weighed only 600 grams but could support a 3000 lb load. Analysis of the I-beam showed it could withstand bending moments up to 74 kip-in and shear stresses up to 10 ksi.
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Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
Composites
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Harentorty
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Santa Barbara Gardening Services Agency
We are always ready and happy to service all of your landscaping needs.
Call us from Monday through Friday 8am - 4:30pm for an appointment to discuss your landscaping options.
805-453-9551
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ASTM developed a collection of documents called material specifications for
standardizing materials of large use in the industry.
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This document summarizes a student's final report on optimizing the design of prestressed concrete beams. The student formulated the problem using nonlinear programming to minimize the cost of the beam based on design variables like section dimensions and amount of prestressing steel. Constraints included practical bounds on dimensions and strength requirements. Standard and idealized beam sections were analyzed. Results found that a double tee section minimized cost and increasing concrete strength reduced cost for T-beams with 7 ksi concrete being optimal. Standard sections analysis confirmed idealized section results. The student concluded the idealized section optimization provided effective guidance to find the lowest cost standard beam section design.
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The document outlines the syllabus for the Mechanics of Solids course. It is divided into two parts:
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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING GANTRY GIRDER
Gantry girder
Gantry girder or crane girder hand operated or electrically operated overhead cranes in industrial building such as factories, workshops, steel works, etc. to lift heavy materials, equipment etc. and carry them from one location to other , within the building
The GANTRY GIRDER spans between brackets attached to columns, which may either be of steel or reinforced concrete. Thus the span of gantry girder is equal to centre to centre spacing of columns. The rails are mounted on gantry girders.
Loads acting on gantry girder
Gantry girder, having no lateral support in its length (laterally unsupported) has to withstand the following loads:
1. Vertical loads from crane :
Self weight of crane girder
Hook load
Weight of crab (trolley)
2. Impact load from crane :
As the load is lifted using the crane hook and moved from one place to another, and released at the required place, an impact is felt on the gantry girder.
3. Longitudinal horizontal force (Drag force) :
This is caused due to the starting and stopping of the crane girder moving over the crane rails, as the crane girder moves longitudinally, i.e. in the direction of gantry girder.
This force is also known as braking force, or drag force.
This force is taken equal to 5% of the static wheel loads for EOT or hand operated cranes.
4. Lateral load (Surge load) :
Lateral forces are caused due to sudden starting or stopping of the crab when moving over the crane girder.
Lateral forces are also caused when the crane is dragging weights across the' floor of the shop.
Types of gantry girders
Depending upon the span and crane capacity, there can be many forms of gantry girders. Some commonly used forms are shows in fig .
Rolled steel beams with or without plates, channels or angles are normally used for spans up to 8m and for cranes up to 50kN capacity.
Plate girder are suitable up to span 6 to 10 m.
Plate girder with channels, angles, etc. can be used for spans more than 10m
Box girder are used foe spans more than 12m.
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Non-Metal (Composite) I-Beam
- 1. Non-Metal Composite I-Beam (Carbon-Fiber) ALDEN ST.MARY, JACK WALKER, KUNIND SHARMA
- 2. Article Summary CPSU students created a carbon fiber composite I-beam for a bridge support competition. Carbon Fiber can be created through winding, laying, and molding. Different Curing temperatures and times can produce CF with varying mechanical properties to suit the design conditions. Carbon Fiber was chosen due to its extreme strength and stiffness versus other materials, especially in an I-beam configuration. The Molding Method was used to create the I-beam as it is conducive to high strength under compression and tension. The Final Product weighed only 600 grams and could support a 3000 lb load.
- 3. Material properties of Carbon Fiber Several highly favorable mechanical properties Excellent Strength to weight ratio (50 times that of cold rolled steel) Low Density (1.75 g/cm^3) Very High Tensile Strength- greater than 4000 MPa and up to 6000 MPa in some cases Corrosion Resistant and Chemically Stable Electrically Conductive High Stiffness and Toughness High Modulus of Elasticity (100 to 140 GPa) High In-plane Shear Strength – 90 MPa Very Brittle – Failure occurs violently and with little to no signs of deformation before fracture Little to no Ductility – result of hexagonal nanotube microstructure
- 4. FBD of Loaded Beam y x
- 5. Cross Sectional and Calculations
- 6. Shear and Moment Diagrams 65.5205 64.472 Max. Bending moment 74.005 Moment goes to 0 Moment goes to 0 Max. Shear9.263 Shear goes to 0
- 7. Mohr’s Circle Equations Axial Stress: sx = M y/I = 74.005(kip/in)* (2in)/(8.47in4)= 17.47 (kip/in2) Shear Stress: txy= sx /2= (17.47)/2 = 8.737 (kip/in2) sy= [2(txy/tan(2θp))] – sx= [2(8.737/tan(60))] – 17.47= 7.38(kip/in2) Avg. Stress (Center) = (sx+sy)/2= (17.47+7.38)/2= 12.425(kip/in2) Maximum Shear Stress (Radius)= 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − sy 2 + txy 2 = 12.425 − 7.38 2 + 76.3352 = R=10.09
- 8. Mohr’s Circle Principal Stresses Maximum Shear Stresses Original Stresses Principal Stresses Shear Stresses
- 9. References Rider, Kodi, Nino Noel Las Pinas, and Hans Mayta. Composite I - Beam Fabrication and Testing in Response to 14 Th Annual SAMPE Bridge Competition. Calpoly.edu. N.p., 9 June 2011. Web. <http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&co ntext=aerosp>. "MecMovies - Mechanics of Materials." MecMovies - Mechanics of Materials. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. <http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/>. "Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre Composite Materials, Fibre / Epoxy Resin (120°C Cure)." Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre Composite Materials. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. <http://www.performance- composites.com/carbonfibre/mechanicalproperties_2.asp>.