Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US. The two main types are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Risk factors include ultraviolet radiation exposure and fair skin. BCC typically occurs on sun exposed areas and is locally destructive but rarely spreads. SCC also occurs on sun exposed skin and has a greater risk of spreading. Treatment options depend on the type and location of the cancer, and may include surgery, Mohs surgery, radiation, or topical medications.
Each year, millions of people find out that they have skin cancer. Skin cancer is almost 100% curable if found early and treated right away. It is possible to prevent some types of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are sometimes called non-melanoma skin cancer.
Melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer.
This presentation presents the skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and its symptoms, treatment, case
Each year, millions of people find out that they have skin cancer. Skin cancer is almost 100% curable if found early and treated right away. It is possible to prevent some types of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are sometimes called non-melanoma skin cancer.
Melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer.
This presentation presents the skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and its symptoms, treatment, case
A detailed presentation on the clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment of skin cancers especially Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pre - malignant conditions like Actinic keratosis, Bowen disease, Porokeratosis are also discussed. Also the presentation provides a detail of the various differential diagnoses of the skin cancers. Useful for medical students, post graduate trainees and nursing staff. Role of sunlight is also discussed.
A detailed presentation on the clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment of skin cancers especially Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pre - malignant conditions like Actinic keratosis, Bowen disease, Porokeratosis are also discussed. Also the presentation provides a detail of the various differential diagnoses of the skin cancers. Useful for medical students, post graduate trainees and nursing staff. Role of sunlight is also discussed.
Dr Patrick Treacy on Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Melanoma Dr. Patrick J. Treacy
A 23-year-old Siberian female patient presented with a changing lesion on her abdomen. The patient stated the lesion was present for about two years and it started
off from within a freckle, which started to grow larger and somewhat darken in appearance. It had the clinical appearance of a melanoma and the dermoscopy three-point checklist (designed to allow non-experts not to miss detection of melanomas) was used to determine whether this had a high likelihood of malignancy. It included:
Asymmetry: asymmetry of colour and structure in one or
two perpendicular axes
Atypical network: pigment network with irregular holes
and thick lines
Blue-white structures: there was some evidence of blue-
white veil and regression structures
Dr Patrick Treacy shares some of his most challenging cases.
This month he talks about treating Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. They typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most common
cancer of the skin (after basal cell carcinoma but more
common than melanoma). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun. Sunlight exposure and immunosuppression are risk factors for SCC of the skin, with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin | management -all medical aspects.martinshaji
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a common form of skin cancer that develops in the squamous cells that make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life-threatening, though it can be aggressive. Squamous cell carcinomas may appear as flat reddish or brownish patches in the skin, often with a rough, scaly, or crusted surface. They tend to grow slowly and usually occur on sun-exposed areas of the body, such as the face, ears, neck, lips, and backs of the hands.
this is a detailed discussion on the topic
please comment
thank u
The Magnitude of Benefit from Adding Taxanes to Anthracyclines in the Adjuvan...Osama Elzaafarany, MD.
This presentation aims at providing the oncologists with a well-organized, inclusive and updated evidence of the benefit of adding taxanes in the adjuvant settings of breast cancer. It will answer some questions like, what are the indications of adding taxanes for those patients, and which regimen is best to chose.
It is directed mainly to clinical Oncologists, Medical Oncologists, Oncology residents and medical students who are interested in breast cancere.
This simple and short PPT will review three international Guidelines; NCCN, ESMO and ASCO guidelines for emesis prevention when using I.V chemotherapeutic agents which are highly or moderately emetogenic.
It is a PPT presentation talks about the magnitude of benefit from Adding Trastuzumab to Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer. It will discuss briefly the most important clinical evidence in this setting. The aim of such work is to know how worthy is to give your patient Trastuzumab with her adjuvant chemotherapy in your clinical practice as a medical oncologist.
This PPT presentation talks about osteosarcoma from the clinical point of view, summarizing the recent guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Aim of this ppt presentation:
To understand the standard of care for both GBM and anaplastic glioma.
To know what is the new advances and modifications to the standard of care?
Contents:
Introduction: 2 slides.
GBM:
Epidemiology: 1 slide.
Molecular biology & New trends: 5 slides
EORTC/NCIC trial: 10 slides.
MGMT: 1 slide.
Evidence-based medicine: 6 slides.
Avastin in GBM: 2 slides.
Novocure (TTF): 2 slides.
Gliadel (BCNU) wafers: 1 slide.
Anaplastic astrocytoma: 7 slides
Take home message.
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. Non-melanoma skin cancer
BY
OSAMA ELZAAFARANY
ASSISTANT LECTURER OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE-ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY
MAY 2015
2. Epidemiology:
Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in
the United States.
BCC is the more common type of the two non-melanoma types.
It was estimated that 2,152,500 persons were treated for non-melanoma
skin cancers in 2006; [ Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, et al.: Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin
cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol 146 (3): 2837, 2010 ].
Although the two types of non-melanoma skin cancer are the most
common of all malignancies, they account for less than 0.1% of patient
deaths caused by cancer.
3. Risk Factors
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
and the sensitivity of an individual’s skin to UV radiation are risk factors for skin
cancer.
Skin cancer are more likely to occur in individuals of light complexion who
have had substantial exposure to sunlight.
Skin cancers are more common in the southern latitudes of the Northern
hemisphere.
The immune system may play a role in pathogenesis of skin cancers; Organ
transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs are at an elevated
risk of skin cancers, particularly SCC.
Arsenic exposure also increases the risk of cutaneous SCC.
Serologic evidence from a population based case-control study has shown a
possible association between infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV)
genus beta-species 1 and SCC: Patel AS, Karagas MR, Perry AE, et al.: Exposure profiles and human
papillomavirus infection in skin cancer: an analysis of 25 genus betatypes in a populationbased study. J Invest Dermatol 128
(12): 288893, 2008.
4. Other types of malignant disease of the skin include the
following:
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (e.g., mycosis fungoides).
Kaposi sarcoma.
Extra-mammary Paget disease.
Apocrine carcinoma of the skin.
Metastatic malignancies from various primary sites
5. Basal Cell Carcinoma
About three times more common than SCC in non-
immunocompromised patients.
It usually occurs on sun exposed areas of skin, and the nose is
the most frequent site.
the most characteristic clinical presentation is the asymptomatic
nodular or nodular ulcerative lesion that is elevated from the
surrounding skin, has a pearly quality, and contains
telangiectatic vessels.
Has a tendency to be locally destructive.
Hig-hrisk areas for tumor recurrence after initial treatment
include the central face (e.g., periorbital region, eyelids,
nasolabial fold, or nosecheek angle), postauricular region,
pinna, ear canal, forehead, and scalp.
6. Morpheaform sub-type: specific subtype
of BCC, this subtype typically appears as
a scar-like, firm plaque. Because of
indistinct clinical tumor margins, the
morpheaform type is difficult to treat
adequately with traditional treatments.
BCC is slow growing and rarely
metastasize.
Pathology: BCCs are composed of non-
keratinizing cells derived from the basal
cell layer of the epidermis.
Molecular biology: BCC often have a
characteristic mutation in the patched 1
tumor suppressor gene (PTCH1).
7. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Also tend to occur on sun-exposed portions of the skin, such as the
ears, lower lip, and dorsa of the hands.
SCC that arise in areas of non sun-exposed skin or that originate de
novo on areas of sun-exposed skin are prognostically worse
because they have a greater tendency to metastasize than those
that occur on sun-exposed skin that develop from actinic keratosis.
More aggressive than BCCs and have a range of growth, invasive,
and metastatic potential.
Composed of keratinizing cells.
Predisposing factors:
Chronic sun damage.
Sites of prior burns.
Arsenic exposure.
Chronic cutaneous inflammation as long standing skin ulcers.
Sites of previous x-ray therapy.
8. SCC in situ (Bowen disease): is a non-invasive lesion.
It may be difficult to distinguish it pathologically from
a benign inflammatory process. The risk of
development into invasive SCC is low, reportedly in
the 3% to 4% range.
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Actinic Keratosis: are potential precursors of SCC,
but the rate of progression is extremely low, and the
vast majority do not become SCCs. These typically
red, scaly patches usually arise on areas of
chronically sun-exposed skin and are likely to be
found on the face and dorsal aspects of the hand.
9. Diagnostic workup:
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) rarely metastasizes, thus, a metastatic
workup is usually not necessary.
Regional lymph nodes should be routinely examined in all cases of
SCC, especially for high-risk tumors appearing on the lips, ears,
perianal and perigenital regions, or high-risk areas of the hand.
In addition, regional lymph nodes should be examined with
particular care in cases of SCCs arising in sites of chronic ulceration
or inflammation, burn scars, or sites of previous radiation therapy
treatment.
10.
11. Staging:
There are separate staging systems in the 7th edition of the
American Joint Committee on Cancer’s (AJCC) AJCC Cancer
Staging Manual for carcinomas of the eyelid versus other skin
surfaces.
The staging system for non-eyelid skin cancers is primarily designed
for squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs).
The staging system for carcinoma of the eyelid addresses
carcinomas of all histologies.
15. Patients with a primary cutaneous SCC or other cutaneous carcinoma with no evidence
(i.e., clinical, radiologic, or pathologic) of regional or distant metastases are divided into
the following two stages:
Stage I for tumors measuring 2 cm or less in size.
Stage II for tumors measuring more than 2 cm in size.
In instances where there is clinical concern about extension of the tumor into bone
and radiologic evaluation has been performed (and is negative), these data may
be included to support the stage I versus stage II designation.
Tumors that are 2 cm or less in size can be upstaged to stage II if they contain two
or more high-risk features.
Stage III patients are those with either of the following:
Clinical, histologic, or radiologic evidence of one involved lymph node measuring 3 cm or
less in size.
Tumor extension into bone; namely, the maxilla, mandible, orbit, or temporal bone.
Stage IV patients are those with any of the following:
Tumor with direct or peri-neural invasion of skull base or axial skeleton.
Two or more involved lymph nodes.
Single or multiple involved lymph nodes measuring more than 3 cm in size.
Distant metastases.
16. Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Treatment options include the following:
1. Excision with margin evaluation.
2. Mohs micrographic surgery.
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Curettage and electrodesiccation.
5. Cryosurgery.
6. Photodynamic therapy.
7. Topical fluorouracil (5FU).
8. Imiquimod topical therapy.
9. Carbon dioxide laser
17. Excision with margin evaluation
Surgical margins ranging from 3 -10 mm, depending on the diameter of
the tumor.
Excision has been compared in randomized trials to radiation therapy,
Mohs micrographic surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and
cryosurgery Their overall assessments favored excision.
• In a single-center trial, 360 patients with facial BCCs <4 cm in diameter were randomly assigned to excision VS
radiation therapy.
• RTx was : 55% interstitial brachytherapy, 33% contact radiation therapy, and 12% conventional external beam
radiation therapy.
• Excisional margins, assessed during surgery by frozen section during the procedure in 91% of cases, had to be at
least 2 mm, with re-excision if necessary.
• At 4 years (mean follow-up of 41 months), the actuarial failure rates (confirmed persistent or recurrent tumor)
were 0.7% and 7.5% in the surgery and radiation therapy arms, respectively (P = .003).
• The cosmetic results were also rated as better after surgery by both patients and dermatologists, and also by
three independent judges. At 4 years, 87% of surgery patients rated cosmesis as good versus 69% of radiation
therapy patients.
Petit JY, Avril MF, Margulis A, et al.: Evaluation of cosmetic results of a randomized trial comparing surgery and radiotherapy in the
treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the face. Plast Reconstr Surg 105 (7): 254451, 2000.
18. Mohs micrographic surgery
Principle:
specialized technique used with the intent to achieve the narrowest margins
necessary to avoid tumor recurrence, while maximally preserving cosmesis.
The tumor is microscopically delineated, with serial radial resection, until it is
completely removed as assessed with real-time frozen sections.
Indications:
1. tumors in cosmetically sensitive areas; (e.g., eyelid periorbital area,
nasolabial fold, nose-cheek angle, posterior cheek sulcus, pinna, ear
canal, forehead, scalp, fingers, and genitalia).
2. Tumors that have recurred after initial excision.
19. Radiation therapy
Indicated for lesions that would otherwise require difficult or extensive surgery (e.g.,
nose or ears); as it eliminates the need for skin grafting when surgery would result in
an extensive defect.
Can also be used for lesions that recur after a primary surgical approach.
Contra-indicated in :
• Xeroderma pigmentosum.
• basal cell nevus syndrome.
• Scleroderma.
20. Curettage & electrodesiccation (electro-surgery)
Principle: sharp curette is used to scrape away the tumor down to its base,
followed by electrodesiccation of the lesion base.
Indication: superficial lesions of the neck, trunk, and extremities that are
considered to be at low-risk for recurrence.
Evidence:
In a large, single-center case series of 2,314 previously untreated BCCs managed at a
major skin cancer unit.
The 5-year recurrence rate of BCCs of the neck, trunk, and extremities was 3.3%.
However, rates increased substantially for tumors larger than 6 mm in diameter at
other anatomic sites.
Silverman MK, Kopf AW, Grin CM, et al.: Recurrence rates of treated basal cell
carcinomas. Part 2: Curettage electrodesiccation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 17 (9): 7206,
1991.
21. Topical fluorouracil (5FU)
Topical 5FU (5% cream) may be useful in specific limited
circumstances. It is a FDA-approved treatment for superficial
BCCs in patients for whom conventional methods are
impractical, such as individuals with multiple lesions or difficult
treatment sites.
Safety and efficacy in other indications have not been
established.
Given the superficial nature of its effects, non-visible dermal
involvement may persist, giving a false impression of treatment
success. In addition, the brisk accompanying inflammatory
reaction may cause substantial skin toxicity and discomfort in a
large proportion of patients.
22.
23.
24. Treatment for Recurrent BCC of the Skin
Most recurrences occur within 5 years, with about 18% of recurrences
are diagnosed beyond that point.
Patients who develop a primary BCC are also at increased risk of
subsequent primary skin cancers because the susceptibility of their sun
damaged skin to additional cancers persists (field carcinogenesis).
Age at diagnosis of the first BCC (<65 years), red hair, and initial BCC
on the upper extremities appear to be associated with higher risk of
subsequent new BCCs.
Mohs micrographic surgery is commonly used for local recurrences of
BCC.
25. Treatment for Advanced & Metastatic BCC
Cisplatin, alone or in combination with other drugs, is the most commonly
reported systemic therapy and appears to be associated with the best tumor
response rates.
A variety of other agents have been reported but have low associated
response rates, including cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, 5FU, methotrexate,
and doxorubicin.
Since there is no standard therapy, clinical trials are appropriate if available.
Hedgehog/PTCH1signaling pathway inhibitor Vismodegib was approved by
FDA at 2012 foe advanced BCC.
Orally administered Hedgehog pathway inhibitor (GDC0449) has produced
objective responses in patients with advanced or metastatic sporadic BCC.
26. Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Localized squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a highly curable
disease.
Absent high-quality evidence from controlled clinical trials, the management
of clinically localized cutaneous SCC is based upon case series and consensus
statements from experts.
Treatment options include the following:
1. Surgical excision with margin evaluation.
2. Mohs micrographic surgery.
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Curettage and electrodesiccation.
5. Cryosurgery.
27. Surgical excision with margin evaluation
Excision is probably the most common therapy for SCC.
This traditional surgical treatment usually relies on surgical margins ranging from
4 -10 mm, depending on the diameter of the tumor and degree of
differentiation.
In a prospective case series of 141 SCCs, a 4mm margin was adequate to
encompass all subclinical microscopic tumor extension in more than 95% of well-
differentiated tumors up to 19 mm in diameter.
Wider margins of 6 -10 mm were needed for larger or less-differentiated tumors
or tumors in high-risk locations (e.g., scalp, ears, eyelids, nose, and lips).
Re-excision may be required if the surgical margin is found to be inadequate on
permanent sectioning.
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Brodland DG, Zitelli JA: Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell
carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 27 (2 Pt 1): 2418, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract]
28. Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a logical treatment choice, particularly for patients with primary
lesions requiring difficult or extensive surgery (e.g., nose, lip, or ears).
Radiation therapy eliminates the need for skin grafting when surgery would result in an
extensive defect.
Cosmetic results are generally good, with a small amount of hypopigmentation or
telangiectasia in the treatment port.
Radiation therapy can also be used for lesions that recur after a primary surgical
approach.
Radiation therapy is avoided in patients with conditions that predispose them to
radiation-induced cancers, such as xeroderma pigmentosum or basal cell nevus
syndrome.
Although radiation therapy, with or without excision of the primary tumor, is used for
histologically proven clinical lymph node metastases and has been associated with
favorable disease-free survival rates, However it is difficult to know the impact of nodal
radiation on survival.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. Treatment for Recurrent SCC of the Skin
SCCs have definite metastatic potential, and patients should be followed regularly
after initial treatment.
Overall, local recurrence rates after treatment of primary SCCs ranged from about 3%
- 23%, depending upon anatomic site.
About 58% of local recurrences manifest within 1 year, 83% within 3 years, and 95%
within 5 years.
The metastatic rate for primary tumors of sun-exposed skin is 5%; for tumors of the
external ear, 9%; and for tumors of the lip, 14%. Metastases occur at an even higher
rate for primary SCCs in scar carcinomas or in non-exposed areas of skin (about 38%).
About 69% of metastases are diagnosed within 1 year, 91% within 3 years, and 96%
within 5 years.
Tumors that are 2 cm or larger in diameter, 4 mm or greater in depth, or poorly
differentiated have a relatively bad prognosis and even higher local recurrence and
metastasis rates than those listed.
35. Reported rates also vary by treatment modality, with the lowest rates
associated with Mohs micrographic surgery, but at least some of the
variation may be the result of patient selection factors; no randomized
trials directly compare the various local treatment modalities.
Recurrent non-metastatic SCCs are considered high risk and are
generally treated with excision, often using Mohs micrographic surgery.
Radiation therapy is used for lesions that cannot be completely
resected.
As is the case with BCC, patients who develop a primary SCC are also
at increased risk of subsequent primary skin cancers because the
susceptibility of their sun-damaged skin to additional cancers persists.
36. Treatment for Metastatic & Advanced SCC
As is the case with BCC, metastatic and far advanced SCC is
unusual, and reports of systemic therapy are limited to case reports
and very small case series with tumor response as the endpoint.
Cisplatin-based regimens appear to be associated with high initial
tumor response rates.
High response rates have also been reported with the use of 13-cis-
retinoic acid plus interferonalpha-2a.
Since there is no standard therapy, clinical trials are appropriate if
available.
37. The main source of this presentation is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Skin Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National
Cancer Institute.
Date last modified <4/28/2015>.
Available at:
http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/HealthProfessional