More than 1 million skin cancer cases are diagnosed in the United States each year, with basal cell carcinoma making up about 80% of cases, squamous cell carcinoma making up about 16% of cases, and malignant melanoma making up about 4% of cases. Risk factors for skin cancer include sun exposure, older age, fair skin, and genetic factors. Common signs of skin cancer include changes to moles and lesions including asymmetry, irregular borders, varied color, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size or appearance. Diagnosis involves examination, biopsy, and sometimes imaging, while treatment involves surgical excision and may include lymph node assessment and other procedures depending on cancer type and stage. Prognosis depends on cancer type, thickness or
Dr Patrick Treacy on Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Melanoma Dr. Patrick J. Treacy
A 23-year-old Siberian female patient presented with a changing lesion on her abdomen. The patient stated the lesion was present for about two years and it started
off from within a freckle, which started to grow larger and somewhat darken in appearance. It had the clinical appearance of a melanoma and the dermoscopy three-point checklist (designed to allow non-experts not to miss detection of melanomas) was used to determine whether this had a high likelihood of malignancy. It included:
Asymmetry: asymmetry of colour and structure in one or
two perpendicular axes
Atypical network: pigment network with irregular holes
and thick lines
Blue-white structures: there was some evidence of blue-
white veil and regression structures
Dr Patrick Treacy shares some of his most challenging cases.
This month he talks about treating Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. They typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown
Dr Patrick Treacy on Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Melanoma Dr. Patrick J. Treacy
A 23-year-old Siberian female patient presented with a changing lesion on her abdomen. The patient stated the lesion was present for about two years and it started
off from within a freckle, which started to grow larger and somewhat darken in appearance. It had the clinical appearance of a melanoma and the dermoscopy three-point checklist (designed to allow non-experts not to miss detection of melanomas) was used to determine whether this had a high likelihood of malignancy. It included:
Asymmetry: asymmetry of colour and structure in one or
two perpendicular axes
Atypical network: pigment network with irregular holes
and thick lines
Blue-white structures: there was some evidence of blue-
white veil and regression structures
Dr Patrick Treacy shares some of his most challenging cases.
This month he talks about treating Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. They typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye. In women they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on the back. Sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown
Hello! Today we prepared for you a biology capstone project example. If you need more go to https://www.capstonewritingservice.com/biology-capstone-project-ideas/
Includes most common tumors of oral cavity including scc,bcc, melanoma, ameloblastoma, odontoma, fibromas, pindborg tumors etc.
Presented by Dr. Binaya Subedi
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most common
cancer of the skin (after basal cell carcinoma but more
common than melanoma). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun. Sunlight exposure and immunosuppression are risk factors for SCC of the skin, with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor
Hello! Today we prepared for you a biology capstone project example. If you need more go to https://www.capstonewritingservice.com/biology-capstone-project-ideas/
Includes most common tumors of oral cavity including scc,bcc, melanoma, ameloblastoma, odontoma, fibromas, pindborg tumors etc.
Presented by Dr. Binaya Subedi
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second-most common
cancer of the skin (after basal cell carcinoma but more
common than melanoma). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun. Sunlight exposure and immunosuppression are risk factors for SCC of the skin, with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Skin Cancers. Malignant Melanoma.
Igor Y. Galaychuk, MD, DSc,
Professor, Head of Oncology
and Radiology Department,
Ternopil State Medical University
2. Statistical data:
More than 1 million cases of skin cancer
will be diagnosed in the United States
every year. About 80 % of these new
skin cancer cases will be basal cell
carcinoma, 16 % will be squamous cell
carcinoma, and only 4 % will be
malignant melanoma.
3. Definition:
Cutaneous malignant
melanoma is a
neoplasm arising from
the melanocytes that
can occur de novo or
from a preexisting
lesion such as a
congenital, acquired, or
atypical (dysplastic)
nevus.
6. Screening:
Self-Examination for Melanoma:
examine your body front and back in
the mirror, arms and palms, legs and
feet, neck and scalp –
If you have any doubt about a mole,
see a dermatologist-oncologist
(American Academy of Dermatology)
7. Malignant Melanoma: Risk Factors
Age > 40 yr.
Race: white
Sun exposure: UVA, UVB
Hereditary factors:
“melanoma families“,
atypical mole syndrome or
dysplastic nevus syndrome
Trauma of moles,
Giant congenital nevi
Oncogene mutations
8. Dysplastic Nevi (Atypical Moles)
Atypical moles are not
melanoma, but they can
become melanoma. They can
be found in sun-exposed or sun-
protected areas of the body.
Atypical moles are larger and
more irregular in shape, with
notched or fading borders. They
may be flat or raised or the
surface smooth or rough. They
are typically of mixed color,
including pink, red, tan, and
brown.
Precursor Lesions
9. ABCDE rules:
'A' is Asymmetry
Asymmetry means one half
of a mole does not match
the other half. Normal moles
are symmetrical. When
checking your moles or
freckles, draw an imaginary
line through the middle and
compare the two halves. If
they do not look the same
on both sides, have it
checked by a dermatologist.
10. 'B' is for Border
If the border or
edges of the mole
are ragged, blurred,
or irregular, have it
checked by a
dermatologist.
Melanoma lesions
often have uneven
borders.
11. 'C' is for Colour
A mole that does not
have the same color
throughout or that has
shades of tan, brown,
black, blue, white, or
red is suspicious.
Normal moles are
usually a single shade
of color. A mole of
many shades or that
has lightened or
darkened should be
checked by a doctor.
12. 'D' is for Diameter
A mole is suspicious
if the diameter is
larger than 6 mm.
Benign moles are
usually less than 6
millimeters in
diameter.
13. 'E' is for Evolving
A mole that is evolving
– shrinking, growing
larger, changing color,
begins to itch or bleed –
should also be checked.
If a portion of the mole
appears elevated, or
raised from the skin,
have it looked at by a
doctor. Melanoma
lesions often grow in
size or change in height
rapidly.
14. ABCDE: summary
Asymmetry of lesion;
Border irregularity;
Color change;
Diameter larger than
6 mm;
Evolving (surface
changes [raised,
bleeding, crusting] or
symptomatic [itchiness
or tenderness]).
25. melanoma Wide local
excision
Sentinel node biopsy,
or regional lymph node
dissection
Metastatic cells
Surgical approach to lymphogenous metastases of melanoma
26. Surgery of regional lymph nodes
Elective lymph node dissection is defined as removing
regional lymph nodes that drain the site of the
primary melanoma in the absence of any clinical
evidence of nodal metastases. Elective lymph node
dissection is a much-debated topic in the
management of melanoma.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy, a staging and possibly
therapeutic procedure, is the most powerful predictor
of melanoma recurrence and survival. Initially,
lymphoscintigraphy is used to precisely map the
draining nodal basin.
Therapeutic regional lymph node dissection carried
out when clinically present metastatic lymph nodes.
30. Survival rates:
J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3635-3648.
Melanoma in situ: 100% survival at 5 years and 10 years.
Lesions ≤1 mm: 91%–95% at 5 years; 83%–88% at
10 years
Lesions 1.01–2 mm: 77%–89% at 5 years; 64%–79% at
10 years
Lesions 2.01–4 mm: 63%–79% at 5 years; 51%–64% at
10 years
Lesions >4 mm: 45%–67% at 5 years; 32%–54% at
10 years
31. Skin cancers
More than 1 million estimated new
nonmelanoma skin cancers were
diagnosed in the United States in
2005, a number that was nearly
equivalent to the number of all
other cancers diagnosed in the US
the same year.
Of these cases, approximately 80%
are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and
20% are squamous cell carcinoma
(SCC), making cutaneous SCC the
second most common skin cancer
and one of the most common
cancers overall in the US.
BCC, T1
32. The following are exposure-related risk factors
in the development of cutaneous cancers:
UV radiation exposure (high cumulative dose of
sunshine, tanning beds, or medical UV treatments)
Immunosuppression (eg, HIV), including iatrogenic
immunosuppression (eg, transplant recipients)
Ionizing radiation (eg, medical treatments,
occupational or accidental radiation exposure)
Infections (eg, HPV, osteomyelitis, acne conglobata,
hidradenitis suppurativa, dissecting cellulitis of scalp,
lupus vulgaris, lymphogranuloma venereum,
granuloma inguinale, and chronic deep fungal
infection)
Chemical carcinogens (eg, arsenic, tar, polyaromatic
hydrocarbons)
33. Host responses that influence cutaneous SCC
development include the following:
Genetic susceptibility and dermatoses (eg, xeroderma
pigmentosum, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa,
epidermodysplasia verruciformis, xeroderma pigmentosum,
oculocutaneous albinism, dyskeratosis congenita,
porokeratosis [Mibelli type, disseminated superficial actinic
type, linear type], nevus sebaceous, and KID syndrome
[keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness])
Susceptibility to UV radiation (eg, fair skin [Fitzpatrick skin
types I and II], blond or red hair, light-colored eyes)
Chronic inflammation, such as nonhealing burns or scars
(eg, Marjolin ulcer, burn scar or thermal injury, venous
ulcer, lymphedema, discoid lupus erythematosus, erosive
oral lichen planus, lichen sclerosis et atrophicus, mutilating
keratoderma, and necrobiotic lipoidica)
35. SCC in situ:
Clinically, lesions of SCC in situ
(SCCIS) range from a scaly pink
patch to a thin keratotic papule
or plaque similar to an actinic
keratosis.
Bowen disease is a subtype of
SCCIS characterized by a sharply
demarcated pink plaque arising
on non–sun-exposed skin (see
the first image below).
Erythroplasia of Queyrat refers to
Bowen disease of the glans
penis, which manifests as one or
more velvety red plaques
36. Every patient with suspected skin carcinoma
should undergo a comprehensive examination,
including the following:
Location of lesion
Size of lesion
Character of lesion
(smooth/nodular, vascularity,
color) – SCC may appear as
plaques or nodules with variable
degrees of scale, crust, or
ulceration
Presence of ulceration
Evaluation of subcutaneous
tissues (depth of lesion, bony
involvement)
Palpation of regional lymph
nodes
37. Methods of morphological confirmation of
skin cancer:
For cytological exam:
- superficial scraping
- fine-needle aspiration
For histological exam:
complete excision
(Breslow’s thickness,
Clark’ levels)
38. High-risk tumor features include the
following:
Greater than 2 mm
thickness or Clark level IV
or higher
Perineural invasion
Primary anatomic location
on the ear or non–hair-
bearing lip
Poorly differentiated or
undifferentiated cellular
histology
39. Precancerous lesions: Actinic (Solar) Keratosis)
These small, scaly patches are
caused by too much sun, and
commonly occur on the head,
neck, or hands, but can be
found elsewhere. They can be
an early warning sign of skin
cancer, but it's hard to tell
whether a particular patch will
continue to change over time
and become cancerous. Most do
not, but we recommend early
treatment to prevent the
development of squamous cell
skin cancer. Fair-skinned, blond,
or red-haired people with blue or
green eyes are most at risk.
40. Cutaneous Horns
The cutaneous horn appears as
a funnel-shaped growth that
extends from a red base on the
skin. It is composed of
compacted keratin. The size and
shape of the growth can vary
considerably, but most are a
few millimeters in length.
Squamous cell carcinoma can
be found at the base. It usually
occurs in fair-skinned elderly
adults with a history of
significant sun exposure.
42. Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most
common and easiest-to-treat
skin cancer. Because basal cell
carcinoma spreads slowly, it
occurs mostly in adults. Basal
cell tumors can take on many
forms, including a pearly white
or waxy bump, often with
visible blood vessels, on the
ears, neck, or face. Tumors can
also appear as a flat, scaly,
flesh-colored or brown patch on
the back or chest, or more
rarely, a white, waxy scar.