This document discusses the nomenclature (naming systems) for inorganic compounds, which differ depending on whether the compound is ionic or molecular. For ionic compounds, the cation is named first followed by the anion. Binary ionic compounds consisting of a metal and nonmetal are generally named by removing the ending from the nonmetal and adding -ide. For transition metals that form multiple ions, the modern system uses Roman numerals in parentheses after the metal to indicate charge. Molecular compounds are named by identifying the number of atoms of each element present using prefixes, and adding -ide to the second element. Several elements exist as diatomic molecules like H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br
This document discusses arguments for banning homework. It provides 17 facts supporting this position, including that students are given too much homework, which stresses them out and provides no real educational benefits. It takes away from family time, sleep, and other activities. Too much homework can negatively impact test scores while also threatening students' mental health. However, the document also notes potential downsides to eliminating homework, such as increased screen time, and benefits like developing time management, independence, and research skills. In conclusion, while homework is meant to be helpful, in excess it can decrease motivation and health instead of enhancing learning.
This document summarizes the key rules and concepts for using degrees of comparison in English grammar, including:
1. It provides examples of filling in blanks with the appropriate comparative or superlative form of adjectives such as "most difficult", "tallest", etc.
2. It identifies errors in examples comparing people, metals, months, and other nouns incorrectly.
3. It provides exercises changing examples from positive to comparative to superlative degrees of comparison, such as making "No other country is more populated than China" into "China is more populated than any other country."
4. It fills in blanks with comparative adjectives like "better/worse", provides sentences
This document discusses classifying and naming ionic and covalent compounds, as well as writing their formulas. It provides rules for:
- Classifying compounds as ionic or covalent based on their formula
- Naming ionic compounds using stock systems and identifying polyatomic ions
- Naming covalent compounds using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms
- Writing formulas for ionic compounds by balancing charges and for covalent compounds using prefixes
It also discusses acids, bases, and how to name and write formulas for acids based on their anion name endings.
Chemistry is involved with various and diverse interactions of matter either around us or simply inside the laboratory. These are described using the language of chemistry which consists of symbols, formulas and equations.
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This document covers naming and writing formulas for ions, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and bases. It provides objectives and definitions for each section, examples of naming and writing formulas, and explanations of naming conventions and rules including prefixes, charges, and endings for different types of compounds.
This document discusses writing formulas for ionic compounds and naming ionic compounds and oxyanions. It provides rules for determining the formula unit of ionic compounds based on the ratio of ions present. Cation symbols are always written first, followed by anion symbols. Subscripts indicate the number of each ion. Polyatomic ions act as individual units in formulas. Oxyanions contain nonmetals bonded to oxygen. Five rules are provided for naming ionic compounds based on cation and anion names and oxidation states.
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds including:
1. Ionic compounds consisting of monatomic and polyatomic ions are named by writing the cation first followed by the anion. Transition metal ions have stock and classical naming systems.
2. Molecular compounds consisting of two nonmetals are named using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element followed by the "-ide" suffix.
3. Acids are named based on the anion present, using prefixes like "hydro-", "-ous", or "-ic" depending on the anion suffix. Their formulas are written with hydrogen and the anion.
4. Bases are named by writing the cation
This document discusses arguments for banning homework. It provides 17 facts supporting this position, including that students are given too much homework, which stresses them out and provides no real educational benefits. It takes away from family time, sleep, and other activities. Too much homework can negatively impact test scores while also threatening students' mental health. However, the document also notes potential downsides to eliminating homework, such as increased screen time, and benefits like developing time management, independence, and research skills. In conclusion, while homework is meant to be helpful, in excess it can decrease motivation and health instead of enhancing learning.
This document summarizes the key rules and concepts for using degrees of comparison in English grammar, including:
1. It provides examples of filling in blanks with the appropriate comparative or superlative form of adjectives such as "most difficult", "tallest", etc.
2. It identifies errors in examples comparing people, metals, months, and other nouns incorrectly.
3. It provides exercises changing examples from positive to comparative to superlative degrees of comparison, such as making "No other country is more populated than China" into "China is more populated than any other country."
4. It fills in blanks with comparative adjectives like "better/worse", provides sentences
This document discusses classifying and naming ionic and covalent compounds, as well as writing their formulas. It provides rules for:
- Classifying compounds as ionic or covalent based on their formula
- Naming ionic compounds using stock systems and identifying polyatomic ions
- Naming covalent compounds using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms
- Writing formulas for ionic compounds by balancing charges and for covalent compounds using prefixes
It also discusses acids, bases, and how to name and write formulas for acids based on their anion name endings.
Chemistry is involved with various and diverse interactions of matter either around us or simply inside the laboratory. These are described using the language of chemistry which consists of symbols, formulas and equations.
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This document covers naming and writing formulas for ions, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and bases. It provides objectives and definitions for each section, examples of naming and writing formulas, and explanations of naming conventions and rules including prefixes, charges, and endings for different types of compounds.
This document discusses writing formulas for ionic compounds and naming ionic compounds and oxyanions. It provides rules for determining the formula unit of ionic compounds based on the ratio of ions present. Cation symbols are always written first, followed by anion symbols. Subscripts indicate the number of each ion. Polyatomic ions act as individual units in formulas. Oxyanions contain nonmetals bonded to oxygen. Five rules are provided for naming ionic compounds based on cation and anion names and oxidation states.
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds including:
1. Ionic compounds consisting of monatomic and polyatomic ions are named by writing the cation first followed by the anion. Transition metal ions have stock and classical naming systems.
2. Molecular compounds consisting of two nonmetals are named using prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element followed by the "-ide" suffix.
3. Acids are named based on the anion present, using prefixes like "hydro-", "-ous", or "-ic" depending on the anion suffix. Their formulas are written with hydrogen and the anion.
4. Bases are named by writing the cation
This document discusses chemical formulas and compounds. It covers:
- The importance of chemical formulas in showing elemental composition compared to common names.
- How to write formulas for binary compounds and name them.
- Charges of transition metals and how they are represented in names using Roman numerals.
- Writing formulas for compounds containing polyatomic ions by treating them as whole units.
- Naming molecular compounds using prefixes to indicate number of atoms.
- Common acids and how to name salts containing acid anions.
- Oxidation numbers and how to determine them based on element properties and charge balance.
Grade 9 chemistry, ions and writing chemical formulaeNellexo
This document provides information on writing chemical formulas for ionic compounds. It discusses how ions are formed by elements gaining or losing electrons to achieve stability like the nearest noble gas. The charge on simple ions relates to the number of electrons gained or lost. Polyatomic ions contain two or more combined atoms and usually have a negative charge except for ammonium. To write formulas for ionic compounds, the numbers of positive and negative ions must balance to give an electrically neutral compound. The names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by the anion name changed to end in "-ide".
NOMENCLATURE OF BINARY POLY-ATOMIC COMPOUNDSGrinty Babu
Giving names to chemical compounds, formulae, common polyatomic atoms. introduction about binary compounds, ionic bonds. provided with examples of binary ionic compounds.
The document discusses the nomenclature of inorganic compounds according to IUPAC rules. It covers naming conventions for binary ionic compounds such as metal oxides, salts, metal hydrides, non-metal halides, and binary acids. It also discusses determining oxidation states and writing chemical formulas. Key points include naming metal oxides as "stock name of metal cation" + "oxide", salts as "stock name of metal cation" + "root name of non-metal anion" + "-ide", and distinguishing between ionic and molecular compounds in nomenclature.
This document provides information about naming and writing formulas for ionic and molecular compounds. It defines ions and discusses how to predict ionic charges based on location on the periodic table. Rules are explained for naming monoatomic and polyatomic ions as well as cations with multiple possible charges. The document outlines the process for writing formulas for ionic compounds using criss-cross method and provides examples. It also introduces prefixes used for naming molecular compounds and indicates formulas can be determined directly from these prefixes.
This document provides information about naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds including:
1) Ions and how to predict their charges based on location on the periodic table. Common monatomic and polyatomic ions are identified.
2) Ionic compounds - rules for writing formulas based on cation and anion identities and balancing charges. Rules for naming ionic compounds are also outlined.
3) Molecular compounds - uses prefixes to indicate number of each atom in the compound name which then directly provides the formula.
4) Acids - three main rules for identifying if the anion ends in -ide, -ate or -ite and how this determines the acid name and whether a prefix like "hydro
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds. It discusses binary ionic compounds composed of a metal and nonmetal, where the metal takes a Roman numeral charge and the nonmetal suffix is changed to "-ide". Ternary ionic compounds containing a polyatomic ion are also described. Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that behave as a unit with a charge. The document outlines steps for writing formulas and uses examples like calcium phosphate and aluminum nitrate to illustrate the process. Finally, it defines binary molecular compounds as those containing two nonmetals covalently bonded, requiring the use of numerical prefixes in the naming.
First, lets start with naming binary ionic comp.pdfvenkt12345
First, let\'s start with naming binary ionic compounds. A binary ionic compound
has one metal and one nonmetal present in the compound. Let\'s consider my username
(rubidium.chloride) as an example. Rubidium chloride, or RbCl, is a binary ionic compound.
The metal here is Rb (rubidium, group 1A) and the nonmetal is Cl (chlorine, group 7A). When
you name binary ionic compounds, you mention the cation (positively charged ion) first (usually
metals, those elements that appear on the left side of the periodic table have the tendency to form
positively-charged ions). Then mention the anion (negatively charged ion). The cation is
rubidium (Rb). We mention it thus: Rubidium The anion is chlorine. When we write the name
of the anion [alongside with the cation], we drop the ending -ine (or whatever ending it may
have) and replace it with -ide. So chlorine now becomes chlor + ide = chloride. Therefore, the
name of the compound is Rubidium Chloride. When you write the formulas of binary ionic
compounds, you use the criss-cross method. Here\'s how it works: Rubidium has a charge of +1.
Chlorine has a charge of -1. You interchange the charges of both ions. These charges, when
interchanged, become the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Hence, the compound
now looks Rb1Cl1. Since the subscripts are all 1, we can remove them and write the formula as
RbCl. Here\'s another example: Give the formula of the compound magnesium chloride. Mg
has a charge of +2. Chlorine has a charge of -1. When you interchange the respective charges of
magnesium and chlorine, we get the following formula: Mg1Cl2 We simplify this as MgCl2. A
list of the common cations and ions is found at the back page or on the chapter of naming
chemical compounds of your chemistry book. Take time to know them by heart. But what if...
you\'ve got a compound named sodium nitrate. Ok. The formula is NaNO3. How did I know?
Sodium nitrate is an example of a ternary ionic compound. A ternary ionic compound has two or
more elements present in it. In this case, there are 3 (Na, N and O). The naming system of
ternary ionic compounds is the same as that of binary ionic compounds. Let\'s name the
participating ions: Na+ NO3- NO3- is the formula for the polyatomic ion (two or more
elements joined together sharing a common charge; they act as one unit when they combine with
other elements) nitrate. We interchange the charges of sodium and nitrate. Interchanging them
gives us the formula NaNO3 To name this formula, just combine the name of the cation and
anion together. In this case, it is sodium nitrate. What if we have a formula like this? Ba(OH)2
Don\'t worry. This is just barium hydroxide. Let\'s analyze why this came about. The charge of
Ba is +2 and hydroxide (OH-) is -1. When you combine them together by interchanging
subscripts, we get the following: BaOH2 Wait. The formula doesn\'t make sense. H is not the
only atom having two of its kind, but O too. So we put parentheses around hydroxide to i.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and chemical bonding:
- It describes early theories of atoms proposed by thinkers like Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson. Experiments by Thomson, Millikan, and Rutherford provided evidence for the atom's internal structure.
- The document defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It introduces concepts like isotopes, ions, ionic and covalent bonding.
- Naming conventions for ions, ionic compounds, acids, and hydrates are outlined. Rules for writing chemical formulas are also summarized.
- Key models and experiments that advanced understanding of atomic structure are highlighted, including Dalton's atomic theory and the discoveries of the
This document provides information on binary compounds and ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions. It defines binary compounds as those containing only two elements and ionic binary compounds as those where one element is a metal and the other is a non-metal. Rules are provided for naming ionic compounds containing metals and non-metals or polyatomic ions. Key points include that polyatomic ions are charged groups that don't occur alone and ionic compounds contain positive and negative ions to be neutral overall. Formulas show how to write names and formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions.
This document discusses the classification and naming of chemical compounds. It defines molecular and ionic compounds, and explains that molecular compounds are formed from nonmetals and consist of discrete molecules, while ionic compounds are formed from metals and nonmetals and consist of a 3D array of ions. It also discusses naming conventions for ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and polyatomic ions. Key aspects covered include chemical formulas, charges on monatomic ions, formula units, and suffixes or prefixes used to name different compound types.
Chapter 7.1 : Chemical Names and FormulasChris Foltz
Chemical formulas indicate the relative number and type of atoms in a chemical compound or molecule. A chemical formula for an ionic compound represents one formula unit and uses the simplest whole number ratio of ions present. Binary ionic compounds are composed of two elements and the total positive charges must equal the total negative charges. Molecular compounds use a prefix system to indicate the number of atoms of the less electronegative element present. Polyatomic ions are named as units within chemical formulas.
This document discusses chemical concepts related to combustion analysis, oxidation states, assigning oxidation states, naming inorganic compounds, binary compounds, polyatomic ions, and oxoacids. It provides examples and rules for determining oxidation states, naming inorganic compounds based on their formulas, and identifying common polyatomic ions and their names. Key points include that combustion analysis can be used to analyze chemical substances, oxidation states are related to electrons gained or lost by atoms, and there are systematic rules for naming inorganic compounds and identifying polyatomic ions based on their structures and formulas.
First, lets start with naming ionic compounds. .pdfLalkamal2
First, let\'s start with naming ionic compounds. A binary ionic compound has one
metal and one nonmetal present in the compound. Rubidium chloride, or RbCl, is a binary ionic
compound. The metal here is Rb (rubidium, group 1A) and the nonmetal is Cl (chlorine, group
7A). When you name binary ionic compounds, you mention the cation (positively charged ion)
first (usually metals, those elements that appear on the left side of the periodic table have the
tendency to form positively-charged ions). Then mention the anion (negatively charged ion).
The cation is rubidium (Rb). We mention it thus: Rubidium The anion is chlorine. When we
write the name of the anion [alongside with the cation], we drop the ending -ine (or whatever
ending it may have) and replace it with -ide. So chlorine now becomes chlor + ide = chloride.
Therefore, the name of the compound is Rubidium Chloride. When you write the formulas of
binary ionic compounds, you use the criss-cross method. Here\'s how it works: Rubidium has a
charge of +1. Chlorine has a charge of -1. You interchange the charges of both ions. These
charges, when interchanged, become the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Hence, the
compound now looks Rb1Cl1. Since the subscripts are all 1, we can remove them and write the
formula as RbCl. Here\'s another example: Give the formula of the compound magnesium
chloride. Mg has a charge of +2. Chlorine has a charge of -1. When you interchange the
respective charges of magnesium and chlorine, we get the following formula: Mg1Cl2 We
simplify this as MgCl2. A list of the common cations and ions is found at the back page or on
the chapter of naming chemical compounds of your chemistry book. Take time to know them by
heart. But what if... you\'ve got a compound named sodium nitrate. Ok. The formula is NaNO3.
How did I know? Sodium nitrate is an example of a ternary ionic compound. A ternary ionic
compound has two or more elements present in it. In this case, there are 3 (Na, N and O). The
naming system of ternary ionic compounds is the same as that of binary ionic compounds. Let\'s
name the participating ions: Na+ NO3- NO3- is the formula for the polyatomic ion (two or
more elements joined together sharing a common charge; they act as one unit when they
combine with other elements) nitrate. We interchange the charges of sodium and nitrate.
Interchanging them gives us the formula NaNO3 To name this formula, just combine the name
of the cation and anion together. In this case, it is sodium nitrate. What if we have a formula like
this? Ba(OH)2 Don\'t worry. This is just barium hydroxide. Let\'s analyze why this came about.
The charge of Ba is +2 and hydroxide (OH-) is -1. When you combine them together by
interchanging subscripts, we get the following: BaOH2 Wait. The formula doesn\'t make sense.
H is not the only atom having two of its kind, but O too. So we put parentheses around
hydroxide to indicate that there are two units of the hydroxide ion, each of which h.
The document discusses naming conventions and rules for molecular and ionic compounds. It describes how to determine the formula mass from atomic masses and how to write formulas based on the order of elements. It provides rules for naming binary ionic compounds, acids, and compounds containing polyatomic ions based on their formulas.
7. chemical formulas and naming compnds [Autosaved].pptxJeromeSarsonas
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of compounds. It discusses binary ionic compounds and how their names and formulas are determined based on the ions present. It also covers binary covalent compounds and how prefixes are used in their names to indicate the ratio of elements. Finally, it mentions polyatomic ions and how their names are used in ionic compound names and formulas.
This document provides information about the periodic table, including the location and properties of metals, non-metals, and metalloids. It discusses periodic trends such as atomic radius and ionic charge. Various topics are covered, including oxidation-reduction reactions, ionic and covalent bonding, naming ionic and covalent compounds, and common polyatomic ions.
Unit b matter and chemical change notes(naming ionic compounds)RileyAntler
The document provides steps for naming ionic compounds:
1) Determine if the substance is molecular or ionic.
2) Write the full name of the metal first.
3) Add the name of the non-metal second, dropping the "-ine" and replacing it with "-ide".
4) For metals not in groups 1 or 2, include the ionic charge of the metal in Roman numerals within brackets between the metal and non-metal names.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
This document discusses chemical formulas and compounds. It covers:
- The importance of chemical formulas in showing elemental composition compared to common names.
- How to write formulas for binary compounds and name them.
- Charges of transition metals and how they are represented in names using Roman numerals.
- Writing formulas for compounds containing polyatomic ions by treating them as whole units.
- Naming molecular compounds using prefixes to indicate number of atoms.
- Common acids and how to name salts containing acid anions.
- Oxidation numbers and how to determine them based on element properties and charge balance.
Grade 9 chemistry, ions and writing chemical formulaeNellexo
This document provides information on writing chemical formulas for ionic compounds. It discusses how ions are formed by elements gaining or losing electrons to achieve stability like the nearest noble gas. The charge on simple ions relates to the number of electrons gained or lost. Polyatomic ions contain two or more combined atoms and usually have a negative charge except for ammonium. To write formulas for ionic compounds, the numbers of positive and negative ions must balance to give an electrically neutral compound. The names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by the anion name changed to end in "-ide".
NOMENCLATURE OF BINARY POLY-ATOMIC COMPOUNDSGrinty Babu
Giving names to chemical compounds, formulae, common polyatomic atoms. introduction about binary compounds, ionic bonds. provided with examples of binary ionic compounds.
The document discusses the nomenclature of inorganic compounds according to IUPAC rules. It covers naming conventions for binary ionic compounds such as metal oxides, salts, metal hydrides, non-metal halides, and binary acids. It also discusses determining oxidation states and writing chemical formulas. Key points include naming metal oxides as "stock name of metal cation" + "oxide", salts as "stock name of metal cation" + "root name of non-metal anion" + "-ide", and distinguishing between ionic and molecular compounds in nomenclature.
This document provides information about naming and writing formulas for ionic and molecular compounds. It defines ions and discusses how to predict ionic charges based on location on the periodic table. Rules are explained for naming monoatomic and polyatomic ions as well as cations with multiple possible charges. The document outlines the process for writing formulas for ionic compounds using criss-cross method and provides examples. It also introduces prefixes used for naming molecular compounds and indicates formulas can be determined directly from these prefixes.
This document provides information about naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds including:
1) Ions and how to predict their charges based on location on the periodic table. Common monatomic and polyatomic ions are identified.
2) Ionic compounds - rules for writing formulas based on cation and anion identities and balancing charges. Rules for naming ionic compounds are also outlined.
3) Molecular compounds - uses prefixes to indicate number of each atom in the compound name which then directly provides the formula.
4) Acids - three main rules for identifying if the anion ends in -ide, -ate or -ite and how this determines the acid name and whether a prefix like "hydro
This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for different types of chemical compounds. It discusses binary ionic compounds composed of a metal and nonmetal, where the metal takes a Roman numeral charge and the nonmetal suffix is changed to "-ide". Ternary ionic compounds containing a polyatomic ion are also described. Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that behave as a unit with a charge. The document outlines steps for writing formulas and uses examples like calcium phosphate and aluminum nitrate to illustrate the process. Finally, it defines binary molecular compounds as those containing two nonmetals covalently bonded, requiring the use of numerical prefixes in the naming.
First, lets start with naming binary ionic comp.pdfvenkt12345
First, let\'s start with naming binary ionic compounds. A binary ionic compound
has one metal and one nonmetal present in the compound. Let\'s consider my username
(rubidium.chloride) as an example. Rubidium chloride, or RbCl, is a binary ionic compound.
The metal here is Rb (rubidium, group 1A) and the nonmetal is Cl (chlorine, group 7A). When
you name binary ionic compounds, you mention the cation (positively charged ion) first (usually
metals, those elements that appear on the left side of the periodic table have the tendency to form
positively-charged ions). Then mention the anion (negatively charged ion). The cation is
rubidium (Rb). We mention it thus: Rubidium The anion is chlorine. When we write the name
of the anion [alongside with the cation], we drop the ending -ine (or whatever ending it may
have) and replace it with -ide. So chlorine now becomes chlor + ide = chloride. Therefore, the
name of the compound is Rubidium Chloride. When you write the formulas of binary ionic
compounds, you use the criss-cross method. Here\'s how it works: Rubidium has a charge of +1.
Chlorine has a charge of -1. You interchange the charges of both ions. These charges, when
interchanged, become the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Hence, the compound
now looks Rb1Cl1. Since the subscripts are all 1, we can remove them and write the formula as
RbCl. Here\'s another example: Give the formula of the compound magnesium chloride. Mg
has a charge of +2. Chlorine has a charge of -1. When you interchange the respective charges of
magnesium and chlorine, we get the following formula: Mg1Cl2 We simplify this as MgCl2. A
list of the common cations and ions is found at the back page or on the chapter of naming
chemical compounds of your chemistry book. Take time to know them by heart. But what if...
you\'ve got a compound named sodium nitrate. Ok. The formula is NaNO3. How did I know?
Sodium nitrate is an example of a ternary ionic compound. A ternary ionic compound has two or
more elements present in it. In this case, there are 3 (Na, N and O). The naming system of
ternary ionic compounds is the same as that of binary ionic compounds. Let\'s name the
participating ions: Na+ NO3- NO3- is the formula for the polyatomic ion (two or more
elements joined together sharing a common charge; they act as one unit when they combine with
other elements) nitrate. We interchange the charges of sodium and nitrate. Interchanging them
gives us the formula NaNO3 To name this formula, just combine the name of the cation and
anion together. In this case, it is sodium nitrate. What if we have a formula like this? Ba(OH)2
Don\'t worry. This is just barium hydroxide. Let\'s analyze why this came about. The charge of
Ba is +2 and hydroxide (OH-) is -1. When you combine them together by interchanging
subscripts, we get the following: BaOH2 Wait. The formula doesn\'t make sense. H is not the
only atom having two of its kind, but O too. So we put parentheses around hydroxide to i.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and chemical bonding:
- It describes early theories of atoms proposed by thinkers like Democritus, Dalton, and Thomson. Experiments by Thomson, Millikan, and Rutherford provided evidence for the atom's internal structure.
- The document defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It introduces concepts like isotopes, ions, ionic and covalent bonding.
- Naming conventions for ions, ionic compounds, acids, and hydrates are outlined. Rules for writing chemical formulas are also summarized.
- Key models and experiments that advanced understanding of atomic structure are highlighted, including Dalton's atomic theory and the discoveries of the
This document provides information on binary compounds and ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions. It defines binary compounds as those containing only two elements and ionic binary compounds as those where one element is a metal and the other is a non-metal. Rules are provided for naming ionic compounds containing metals and non-metals or polyatomic ions. Key points include that polyatomic ions are charged groups that don't occur alone and ionic compounds contain positive and negative ions to be neutral overall. Formulas show how to write names and formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions.
This document discusses the classification and naming of chemical compounds. It defines molecular and ionic compounds, and explains that molecular compounds are formed from nonmetals and consist of discrete molecules, while ionic compounds are formed from metals and nonmetals and consist of a 3D array of ions. It also discusses naming conventions for ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and polyatomic ions. Key aspects covered include chemical formulas, charges on monatomic ions, formula units, and suffixes or prefixes used to name different compound types.
Chapter 7.1 : Chemical Names and FormulasChris Foltz
Chemical formulas indicate the relative number and type of atoms in a chemical compound or molecule. A chemical formula for an ionic compound represents one formula unit and uses the simplest whole number ratio of ions present. Binary ionic compounds are composed of two elements and the total positive charges must equal the total negative charges. Molecular compounds use a prefix system to indicate the number of atoms of the less electronegative element present. Polyatomic ions are named as units within chemical formulas.
This document discusses chemical concepts related to combustion analysis, oxidation states, assigning oxidation states, naming inorganic compounds, binary compounds, polyatomic ions, and oxoacids. It provides examples and rules for determining oxidation states, naming inorganic compounds based on their formulas, and identifying common polyatomic ions and their names. Key points include that combustion analysis can be used to analyze chemical substances, oxidation states are related to electrons gained or lost by atoms, and there are systematic rules for naming inorganic compounds and identifying polyatomic ions based on their structures and formulas.
First, lets start with naming ionic compounds. .pdfLalkamal2
First, let\'s start with naming ionic compounds. A binary ionic compound has one
metal and one nonmetal present in the compound. Rubidium chloride, or RbCl, is a binary ionic
compound. The metal here is Rb (rubidium, group 1A) and the nonmetal is Cl (chlorine, group
7A). When you name binary ionic compounds, you mention the cation (positively charged ion)
first (usually metals, those elements that appear on the left side of the periodic table have the
tendency to form positively-charged ions). Then mention the anion (negatively charged ion).
The cation is rubidium (Rb). We mention it thus: Rubidium The anion is chlorine. When we
write the name of the anion [alongside with the cation], we drop the ending -ine (or whatever
ending it may have) and replace it with -ide. So chlorine now becomes chlor + ide = chloride.
Therefore, the name of the compound is Rubidium Chloride. When you write the formulas of
binary ionic compounds, you use the criss-cross method. Here\'s how it works: Rubidium has a
charge of +1. Chlorine has a charge of -1. You interchange the charges of both ions. These
charges, when interchanged, become the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Hence, the
compound now looks Rb1Cl1. Since the subscripts are all 1, we can remove them and write the
formula as RbCl. Here\'s another example: Give the formula of the compound magnesium
chloride. Mg has a charge of +2. Chlorine has a charge of -1. When you interchange the
respective charges of magnesium and chlorine, we get the following formula: Mg1Cl2 We
simplify this as MgCl2. A list of the common cations and ions is found at the back page or on
the chapter of naming chemical compounds of your chemistry book. Take time to know them by
heart. But what if... you\'ve got a compound named sodium nitrate. Ok. The formula is NaNO3.
How did I know? Sodium nitrate is an example of a ternary ionic compound. A ternary ionic
compound has two or more elements present in it. In this case, there are 3 (Na, N and O). The
naming system of ternary ionic compounds is the same as that of binary ionic compounds. Let\'s
name the participating ions: Na+ NO3- NO3- is the formula for the polyatomic ion (two or
more elements joined together sharing a common charge; they act as one unit when they
combine with other elements) nitrate. We interchange the charges of sodium and nitrate.
Interchanging them gives us the formula NaNO3 To name this formula, just combine the name
of the cation and anion together. In this case, it is sodium nitrate. What if we have a formula like
this? Ba(OH)2 Don\'t worry. This is just barium hydroxide. Let\'s analyze why this came about.
The charge of Ba is +2 and hydroxide (OH-) is -1. When you combine them together by
interchanging subscripts, we get the following: BaOH2 Wait. The formula doesn\'t make sense.
H is not the only atom having two of its kind, but O too. So we put parentheses around
hydroxide to indicate that there are two units of the hydroxide ion, each of which h.
The document discusses naming conventions and rules for molecular and ionic compounds. It describes how to determine the formula mass from atomic masses and how to write formulas based on the order of elements. It provides rules for naming binary ionic compounds, acids, and compounds containing polyatomic ions based on their formulas.
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2) Write the full name of the metal first.
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4) For metals not in groups 1 or 2, include the ionic charge of the metal in Roman numerals within brackets between the metal and non-metal names.
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1. 1
INORGANIC NOMENCLATURE ~ NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Every compound has its own CHEMICAL FORMULA and its own NAME. The nomenclature
(naming systems) for IONIC and MOLECULAR compounds are different.
IONIC COMPOUNDS:
These consist of any positive ion (except H+
) combined with any negative ion. (If H+
is the
positive ion, the compound is an acid, as we will see later on page 6.)
The positive ion (cation) may be a monatomic metal ion (such as Na+
) or a polyatomic ion (such as NH4
+
)
The negative ion (anion) may be a monatomic non-metal ion (such as Cl-
) or a polyatomic ion (such
as SO4
2-
or NO3
-
)
When writing formulas for ionic compounds, the net charge of the formula unit must be zero.
(Because the actual formula units are neutral! Oppositely charged ions will come together in a ratio that makes
neutral units of the compound. "Neutrality principle")
Ex: Ca2+
and Cl-
2 Cl-
and 1 Ca2+
together have a net charge of zero
So the formula is CaCl2
Case 1. Binary Ionic compounds: Representative (Type I) Metal + Non-Metal
Examples: KBr potassium bromide AlCl3 aluminum chloride Li3N lithium nitride
Note 1: Metal is always first (name unchanged), non-metal second (the ending of the non-metal is
dropped, and the –IDE ending is added).
Note 2: The name does not indicate how many of each ion are in a formula unit.
Exercise: Write formulas for the following cations:
barium ion _Ba2+
_ aluminum ion _ Al3+
_ potassium ion _ K+
_ radium ion _ Ra2+
__
Exercise: Write formulas for the following anions:
bromide _Br-
_ nitride _ N3-
_ iodide _ I-
_ oxide _ O2-
_ sulfide _ S2-
_
Exercise: Name the following:
NaF __sodium fluoride___ MgS __magnesium sulfide_
SrI2 ___strontium iodide__ Ca3N2 __calcium nitride__
K2O __potassium oxide__ Al2O3 __aluminum oxide__
Ba3N2 __barium nitride__ Na3P ___sodium phosphide
Exercise: Give formulas for the following compounds (refer to periodic table only).
cesium phosphide __Cs3P__ calcium iodide _CaI2_ barium fluoride __BaF2__
magnesium nitride __Mg3N2__ aluminum bromide __AlBr3__ sodium selenide _Na2Se
2. 2
Case 2. Binary Ionic Compounds: Type II Metal + Non-Metal
In general, it is NOT possible to use the periodic table to predict what cations (i.e., what the charge
on the cation is) are formed by transition metals or the main group metals that are not in Group 1A
or 2A. Furthermore, unlike the Group 1A and 2A metals, these other metal elements usually form
more than one kind of stable ion. These kinds of metals (and their cations) are called Type II
metals (or cations). You will see that you can figure out the charge on a Type II metal cation in a
given compound from either its formula or from its name.
A few metals not in Group 1A or 2A do form only one kind of stable ion. In this class, the
three you need to know are: Al3+
, Zn2+
, and Ag+
. Name ionic compounds with these cations as
in Case 1. Examples: ZnCl2 zinc chloride; Ag2S silver sulfide; AlF3 aluminum fluoride.
If the metal forms two ions (Type II), the naming systems are as follows:
Modern (Stock) system: A Roman numeral after the metal name, in parentheses, indicates the
charge on the metal ion. THIS IS THE SYSTEM YOU MUST LEARN IN THIS CLASS!
Examples: Fe3+
is iron(III) Sn4+
is tin(IV) Cu+
is copper(I)
Old system: -ous ending refers to the ion with lower charge.
-ic ending refers to the ion with the higher charge.
Fe2+
ferrous Fe3+
ferric Cr2+
chromous Cr3+
chromic
Cu+
cuprous Cu2+
cupric Hg2
+2
mercurous Hg2+
mercuric
Sn2+
stannous Sn4+
stannic Pb2+
plumbous Pb4+
plumbic
Note: The charge on a transition metal ion can be determined from the formula of the
compound it is in by using the charge on the anion and applying the "neutrality
principle" (for a formula unit).
Examples: In FeF2 there are 2 F-
ions per formula unit (net charge of -2) so the charge on the
(one) Fe must be +2 (the ion is Fe2+
) Name: iron(II) fluoride (or ferrous fluoride)
In Fe2O3 there are 3 O2-
ions per formula unit (total charge = -6) so here the ion is
Fe3+
(two of them must add up to +6). Name: iron(III) oxide (or ferric oxide)
Note: In this class you will ONLY be required to know/give the modern (Stock) name
Exercise: Name the following compounds:
AgCl ____ silver chloride ____ FeBr3 ____ iron(III) bromide___
Cu3N ____ copper(I) nitride_____ Cr2S3 __ chromium(III) sulfide__
Exercise: Give formulas for the following compounds:
chromium(III) oxide _ Cr2O3_ tin(II) fluoride __ SnF2__ iron(III) iodide _ FeI3__
zinc nitride _ Zn3N2__ copper(II) bromide __ CuBr2_ cobalt(II) oxide __ CoO__
This information is only
included so that if you see these
names elsewhere, you'll have
some idea why. You do not
need to learn these for my
class!!
3. 3
Case 3. Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions.
Cases 1 and 2 above involve ionic compounds that consist of a metal cation and a non-metal
anion – two types of elements only. These are called binary compounds. Now let us turn to
ionic compounds that are formed from polyatomic ions: (mostly ternary compounds)
Note: As before, the charge on a transition metal ion can be determined from the formula of
the compound it is in, if the charge on the anion is known. You simply apply the
"neutrality principle". You must learn the charges (and names and formulas) of the
polyatomic anions!
NOTE: you need not memorize C2O4
2-
(oxalate), although it appears in this handout.
As with all ionic compounds, the cation is named first, then the anion:
Examples:
(NH4)2S ammonium sulfide K3PO4 potassium phosphate
Zn(NO3)2 zinc nitrate Fe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfate (or ferric sulfate)
CuCO3 copper(II) carbonate (or cupric carbonate)
Note: In a formula, parentheses ( ) are used around a polyatomic ion only when there are 2
or more of that polyatomic ion in a formula unit (i.e., when the subscript is not 1).
Exercise: Name the following:
(NH4)2O _ ammonium oxide______ Na2SO3 ____ sodium sulfite______
FeC2O4 __ iron(II) oxalate_______ (or ___ferrous oxalate__)
CuNO2 ___ copper(I) nitrite______ (or ___cuprous nitrite___)
Zn3(PO4)2 _ zinc phosphate_______ Ca(HSO4)2 __ calcium hydrogen sulfate__
Sn(NO2)2 __ tin(II) nitrite________ (or ___stannous nitrite___)
Exercise: Give formulas for the following:
copper(II) nitrate ____ Cu(NO3)2_______ lithium phosphate ______ Li3PO4________
silver carbonate ____Ag2CO3 chromium(II) hydroxide Cr(OH)2____
barium permanganate Ba(MnO4)2 mercury(II) cyanide Hg(CN)2
nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 magnesium bicarbonate ___Mg(HCO3)2
potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 aluminum hydrogen sulfate Al(HSO4)3
or bisulfate
4. 4
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
When non-metal atoms share electrons with other non-metal atoms, they often form basic units
called molecules. Compounds composed of molecules are thus called molecular compounds.
We shall learn the nomenclature of (only) binary molecular compounds.
Exercise: Define a binary compound ___ A compound made up of only two kinds of atoms (i.e., would
separate chemically into exactly two elements) _
Case 4. Binary Molecular Compounds
As with binary ionic compounds, the second atom in the formula gets an –IDE ending
(though it is NOT an ion in these compounds!!! I would not have made this rule!!).
Unlike ionic compounds, the number of each atom in each molecule (or formula unit) must
be specified with a prefix (because there is no single ratio of combination dictated by the
"neutrality principle" [atoms are neutral; there are NO IONS in a molecule!]; there are often
many molecular compounds with the same two kinds of atoms [NO2, NO, N2O4, N2O, etc.]).
These are the prefixes you need to know:
1 is mono- 2 is di- 3 is tri- 4 is tetra- 5 is penta-
6 is hexa- 7 is hepta- 8 is octa- 9 is nona- 10 is deca-
Note: When there is only one atom of the first element, the mono prefix is omitted.
Examples: NF3 nitrogen trifluoride I2S diiodine monosulfide
P4O10 tetraphosphorus decaoxide B2Cl6 diboron hexachloride
Exercise: Name the following:
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide PCl5 phophorus pentachloride
SO2 sulfur dioxide SO3 sulfur trioxide
CS2 carbon disulfide Br2O7 dibromine heptoxide
CO carbon monoxide P2O3 diphosphorus trioxide
Cl2O dichlorine monoxide SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
Exercise: Give formulas for the following:
iodine pentabromide IBr5 chlorine dibromide ClBr2 oxygen difluoride OF2
carbon tetrachloride CCl4 sulfur hexafluoride SF6 silicon dioxide SiO2
iodine heptafluoride IF7 nitrogen monoxide NO dinitrogen trioxide N2O3
Also: You must remember these three very important common names:
H2O (water) NH3 (ammonia) CH4 (methane)
5. 5
Case 5. Diatomic Molecular Elements
Several common non-metal elements have basic units that are diatomic molecules. The name of
the element refers to the diatomic molecular element. For example, “hydrogen” refers to H2 and
“oxygen” refers to O2. (If we mean the atom, we say atomic hydrogen or atomic oxygen). The
common diatomic elements are the four halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
Exercise: List the names and formulas of the 7 elements whose basic units are diatomic molecules:
hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2),
and iodine (I2)
Exercise: Write both the name and formulas (or symbols) of the gases in the following sentence.
Dry air contains about 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with small amounts of carbon dioxide,
neon, and argon. Polluted air may contain small amounts of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide, chlorine, ammonia, methane, and carbon monoxide.
nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O),
chlorine (Cl2), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO)
Exercise: Write the name or formula of each compound (or element) in the following paragraph.
Probably the most important element found uncombined in nature is O2. O2 is quite reactive,
forming compounds with the halogens F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. O2 forms two compounds with H2.
Following the usual rules of nomenclature, the most common oxide of hydrogen, whose
formula is H2O, would be named dihydrogen monoxide. The other oxide of hydrogen is
H2O2. O2 forms a series of compounds with N2, many of which are atmospheric pollutants,
including NO, N2O, NO2, N2O4, N2O5.
O2 (oxygen), F2 (fluorine), Cl2 (chlorine), Br2 (bromine), I2 (iodine), H2 (hydrogen), H2O
(dihydrogen monoxide), H2O2 (dihydrogen dioxide, by following the rules you know,
although that isn't actually the formal name—don't worry about it for now), N2 (nitrogen), NO
(nitrogen monoxide), N2O (dinitrogen monoxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), N2O4
(dinitrogen tetroxide), N2O5 (dinitrogen pentoxide)
6. 6
Case 6. ACIDS
As a group, ACIDS are a somewhat unusual subcategory of molecular compounds. They have
the (seemingly strange) property that when dissolved in water, at least some of the formula units
separate into a hydrogen ion, H+
, and an anion. So even though they are molecular compounds,
we can think of them as being like an ionic compound formed from H+
and an anion. Since they
form at least some ions in aqueous solution, they are called "electrolytes" (soluble ionic
compounds are also called "electrolytes" for the same reason). The naming system for acids is
different from that of either ionic or molecular compounds. The key to naming all acids is
knowing the name of the anion from which it is derived.
If the anion does NOT contain oxygen: Add the prefix “hydro” and suffix "-ic" to the root of
the anion name (and add the word "acid").
Ex: HCl. Anion is chloride, root is chlor. Name of acid is hydrochloric acid.
HCN. Anion is cyanide, root is cyan. Name of acid is hydrocyanic acid
If the anion DOES contain oxygen: Look at the ending of the anion name:
If the ending is -"ate", add the suffix "-ic" to the root of the anion (and add the word "acid")
Ex: HNO3. Anion is nitrate, root is nitr. Name of acid is nitric acid.
If the ending is -"ite", add the suffix "-ous" to the root of the anion (and add the word "acid")
Ex: HNO2. Anion is nitrite, root is nitr. Name of acid is nitrous acid.
Some acids, called strong acids, have the property that ALL of their formula units separate into
ions in aqueous solution. These acids are often used in industry and in the laboratory. You must
learn the names and formulas of the six common strong acids:
HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid HI hydroiodic acid
HNO3 nitric acid HClO4 perchloric acid
Other acids, called weak acids, have the property that only a few percent or less of their
dissolved formula units separate into ions—most of the formula units remain as intact molecules
in aqueous solution. You need not memorize which acids are weak acids! Why not? You can
use deductive reasoning here! If an acid is not one of the six strong ones that you memorized
above, then it must be weak!! Several common weak acids are:
HC2H3O2 acetic acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
H2C2O4 oxalic acid
Exercise: Write the formulas for the underlined acids in the following paragraph:
In industry, hydrochloric acid is known as muriatic acid and is used in concrete work.
Since sulfuric acid is used in automobile batteries, it is commonly called battery acid.
Nitric acid is probably the most common oxidizing agent used in laboratories. Acetic
acid is the acid in vinegar. Phosphoric acid and carbonic acid are added to soft drinks to
provide a pleasantly tart taste. Oxalic acid is found in many plants, including rhubarb
and spinach. A high concentration of this acid is toxic.
HCl (hydrochloric acid); H2SO4 (sulfuric acid); HNO3 (nitric acid); HC2H3O2 (acetic acid);
H3PO4 (phosphoric acid); H2CO3 (carbonic acid); H2C2O4 (oxalic acid)
7. 7
Exercises for Further Practice
Name the following (HINT: You must first decide whether or not the substance is an ionic
compound, a molecular compound (that is not an acid), an acid, or a molecular element):
Na2SO4 sodium sulfate
P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide
Br2 bromine
BaCO3 barium carbonate
Fe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrate
PbO2 lead(IV) oxide
SiCl4 silicon tetrachloride
AgClO silver hypochlorite
(NH4)2C2O4 ammonium oxalate
HNO3 nitric acid
CuCrO4 copper(II) chromate
PbCr2O7 lead(II) dichromate
SeI2 selenium diiodide
CuHPO4 copper(II) hydrogen phosphate (or copper(II) biphosphate)_
SF4 sulfur tetrafluoride
HgCl2 mercury(II) chloride
Br2O dibromine monoxide
KClO potassium hypochlorite
Sn(ClO3)2 tin(II) chlorate
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate