This document discusses a study to develop and test simplified reminders for using the TwoDay Method, a fertility awareness-based family planning method, among lower-literacy women in communities. Phase 1 involved formative research including interviews with current TwoDay Method users to design visual reminder approaches tailored to the local context. Phase 2 will test offering the TwoDay Method using the new reminder approach through community agents in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Guatemala to evaluate feasibility and effects. The goal is to promote a family planning method that is effective, increases awareness of fertility, and supports women's health and empowerment with no cost or commodities.
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This was a joint lecture for the Chong Hua Hospital Postgraduate Course by OB-infectious disease specialist Dr Helen Madamba and IM-infectious disease specialist Dr Mitzi Chua.
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sh...Lifecare Centre
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sharda Jain , Female sterilisation new, Dr. Sharda Jain , sterlisation , contraceptive
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This was a joint lecture for the Chong Hua Hospital Postgraduate Course by OB-infectious disease specialist Dr Helen Madamba and IM-infectious disease specialist Dr Mitzi Chua.
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sh...Lifecare Centre
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sharda Jain , Female sterilisation new, Dr. Sharda Jain , sterlisation , contraceptive
Artículo publicado en el Número 1 de la Revista Española de la Transparencia. ISSN 2444-2607. El presente texto pretende intentar explicar conceptualmente qué es transparencia y qué no, los conceptos con los que está necesariamente relacionada y otros usos que se hacen de la misma en la actualidad política y periodística.
Você está pensando em ser intérprete? Nesta apresentação eu compartilho meus (quase) 36 anos de experiência no formato de observações a serem consideradas. Perguntas? É só escrever para mim!
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Supervised machine learning based dynamic estimation of bulk soil moisture us...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper artificial neural network based sensor informatics architecture has been investigated; including proposed continuous daily estimation of area wise surface soil moisture using cosmic ray sensor’s neutron count time series. Study was conducted based on cosmic ray data available from two Australian locations. The main focus of this study was to develop a data driven approach to convert neutron counts into area wise ground surface soil moisture estimates. Independent surface soil moisture data from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP) was used as ground truth. A comparative study using five different types of neural networks, namely, Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBPN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLPN), Radial Basis Function (RBFN), Elman (EN), and Probabilistic networks (PNN) was conducted to evaluate the overall soil moisture estimation accuracy. Best performance from the Elman network outperformed all other neural networks with 94% accuracy with 92% sensitivity and 97% specificity based on Tullochgorum data. Overall high accuracy proved the effectiveness of the Elman neural network to estimate surface soil moisture continuously using cosmic ray sensors. Index Terms: Artificial Neural Network, Surface Soil Moisture, Cosmic Ray Sensors, Neutron Counts.
La ciudadanía europea ha sido testigo de cómo una oleada de privatizaciones barría sus países en los últimos años.
El informe del Transnational Institute (TNI) Privatizando Europa,1 publicado en 2013, demostraba cómo la Unión Europea (UE) y el Fondo Monetario Internacional estaban utilizando la crisis económica como una forma de impulsar programas de privatización en países endeudados de la UE, a pesar de la gran oposición popular que estos suscitaban.
Tres años después, este informe repasa las consecuencias de esas privatizaciones. Sus páginas se centran en el proceso y en los actores empresariales que se han beneficiado, y analiza si la venta de patrimonio estatal ha cumplido con las promesas que se utilizaron para justificar su privatización.
Participatory research methods to improve community engagement and programme ...COUNTDOWN on NTDs
This presentation was given by Dr Luret Lar, Research Manager COUNTDOWN Nigeria during the European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health on 17th September 2019. This was during an organised session titled 'Health systems and Neglected Tropical Diseases a policy and practice debate: Inclusion, integration, innovation and implementation.' It was chaired by Dr Rachael Thomson, COUNTDOWN Director and higlights were presented by Dr Akinola Oluwole and Professor Sally Theobald.
“Tu Decides” App and the Increase of Effective Contraceptive Use Among Adoles...YTH
Worldwide the use of mobile phones among young people is dramatically increasing. Even in remote places, young people are using their phones not only as a way of communication but also to look for information. Because of this, IPPF ‘s Member Association in Bolivia has worked with young people to develop a sexual and reproductive health app to complement its routine services. We have also developed and are evaluating a contraceptive intervention delivered through the app to increase use and acceptability of effective contraception among young people. This session will cover the youth-centered design of the app and service delivery aspects of the project, as well as the experience of collaborating with researchers to ensure robust evidence generation. This session will be of interest to those working in inclusive technology projects, researchers, health and public health providers and implementers working in adolescent health and sexual and reproductive health.
Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies: What's th...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence hosted a 60 minute webinar examining breastfeeding support interventions for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Click here for access to the audio recording for this webinar: https://youtu.be/fxDY-Q87xaY
Alison McFadden, Senior Research Fellow, Director, Mother and Infant Research Unit, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee and Anna Gavine, Research Fellow School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee will be leading the session and presenting findings from their recent Cochrane review:
McFadden A, Gavine A, Renfrew M, Wade A, Buchanan P, Taylor J, et al. (2017). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(2), CD001141.
Evidence suggests that not breastfeeding negatively impacts the health of both infants and mothers. Additionally, data demonstrates an inadequate uptake of the World Health Organization’s recommendations regarding type and duration of breastfeeding in many countries. This review examines the impact of breastfeeding support interventions on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies, compared to usual care. One-hundred trials with over 83,246 mother-infant pairs were included in this review. Seventy-three of the one-hundred trials were involved in the data analyses. Findings suggest that breastfeeding support interventions reduce cessation of ‘any breastfeeding’ before 4 to 6 weeks and 6 months, and cessation of ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ at 4 to 6 weeks and at 6 months. This webinar will provide an overview of the impact of support on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.
WhyIUD: A Peer-Led Social Communication InterventionYTH
Friends and family are a trusted source of contraceptive information for young people. However, when it comes to IUDs, negative and incorrect information is prevalent in social communication. We developed a multi-technology, peer-led intervention to encourage fact-based communication about the IUD among women. Our intervention, WhyIUD, includes text messages for IUD users and a webpage and pamphlets for IUD users and their friends. WhyIUD is delivered by clinicians to IUD users during their IUD insertion or other clinic visit, and then by IUD users to their friends. WhyIUD aims to accelerate awareness, acceptance and uptake of IUDs among women for whom this method may be a good fit, thus decreasing the rate of unintended pregnancy. WhyIUD's development and evaluation may serve as a model to other behavior change initiatives seeking to harness social influence and spread evidence-based health information by partnering technology and clinical care.
Evaluating a community media approach to promote nutrition in NigerJSI
A presentation from the SBCC Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, February 2016, presented by Peggy Koniz-Booher.
The collaboration was established between SPRING/Digital Green and 3 USAID/Niger programs - REGIS-ER (NCBA CLUSA), LAHIA (Save the Children) & Sawki (Mercy Corps)
Focused on the development and dissemination of 10 videos by community facilitators working with 4 distinct groups in each participating village.
The presentation covers the approach to community video and lessons learned from the activities.
This PPT was created for Rwanda, and is meant for Implementing Organizations at the community level to use during an orientation of the EOI3 approach for all levels of stakeholders.
“Condoms are not a family planning Method”: Why efforts to prevent HIV have failed to comprehensively address adolescent sexual and reproductive health
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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No-commodity, no-cost family planning: the TwoDay Method
1. No-Commodity, No-Cost Family
Planning:
TwoDay Method®
Presented by Arsene Binanga, MD
2011 International Conference on Family Planning
Dakar, Senegal
PROCODI
2. Study Team/Contributors
Co-Authors
Donald Cruz, Kimberly Aumack Yee, Justine Kavle
IRH Study Team/Contributors
Melissa Adams, Jeannette Cachan, N. Kate Cho,
Mame Thierno Faye, Begoña Fernandez, Rebecka
Lundgren, Elizabeth Salazar, Jen Schulz
3. Background
• While there are significant regional differences in family planning use, in
about half the countries in sub-Saharan Africa the majority of women have
never used a method, and Guatemala has one of the lowest contraceptive
prevalence rates in Central America
• Contraceptive commodities and distribution can be costly and stock-outs
common
• Method-related reasons for not using family planning include concern
about side effects or health consequences of methods
• Although women typically notice their cervical secretions, most do not
know they are a reliable fertility indicator
• Intra-vaginal practices to remove healthy, naturally occurring secretions can
be harmful
4. Fertility Awareness-Based Methods
• Identify days of the menstrual cycle when intercourse can
result in pregnancy (fertile window)
• Users of these methods:
– determine the beginning and end of the fertile window by
monitoring indicators of fertility (typically cervical
secretions or cycle length calculations)
– avoid unprotected intercourse on fertile days
• Users who select these methods often are new to family
planning, have concerns about side effects and health
consequences of other methods, and cost considerations
5. TwoDay Method®
• Uses cervical secretions
as the indicator of fertility
• A women pays attention
each day to the presence
or absence of secretions
• If she notices any
secretions today or
yesterday, she considers
herself fertile today; to
prevent pregnancy she
avoids unprotected
intercourse today
6. TwoDay Method
YES
Did I note any I can get pregnant today.
secretions
today?
NO
YES
Did I note any I can get pregnant today.
secretions
yesterday?
NO
Pregnancy is not likely today.
7. Function of Secretions
In addition to being a
reliable indicator of fertility,
cervical secretions:
• Protect sperm from the
acidic environment in the
vagina
• Transport sperm (prevent
or enhance motility)
• Provide an energy source
for sperm
8. Cervical Secretions during the Menstrual
Cycle
Pre-ovulatory days Peri-ovulatory Postovulatory days
days
-Less water
-Less fluid -More water -Less water
-More fluid -Less fluid
Yes, notices any secretions
No noticeable secretions (until there are two days in a row No noticeable secretions
with no secretions)
9. TwoDay Method Efficacy Study
• Prospective, multi-site study
5 culturally diverse sites in Guatemala, Peru and the Philippines
• 450 clients followed for up to 13 cycles
• Results: more than 96% effective preventing
pregnancy
– with correct use 3.5 (using abstinence on fertile days)
– with typical use 13.7
(Fertility and Sterility, 2004)
10. Who Can Use TwoDay Method
• Women with healthy
secretions
http://forefugees.com
• Couples who can use
condoms or abstain
for several consecutive
days each cycle
Women with cycles of any
length can use this method
11. How TwoDay Method Is Offered
• Screen for method eligibility
• Explain secretions and the
menstrual cycle
• Teach how to observe secretions
and keep track of observations
• Discuss the couple’s ability to
manage fertile days
• Describe when to return to a
provider
12. A Woman Using TwoDay Method:
1 2 3
Identifies whether Asks herself if she had any Determines whether
she has secretions secretions, and notes her today is a day she can
each day observation get pregnant, and
communicates this
with her partner
14. Study Purpose
Phase 1:
To develop and test a further-simplified reminder
approach for offering the TwoDay Method to lower-
literacy women at the community level
Phase 2:
To test the feasibility and effect of offering the
TwoDay Method using this new approach
through community agents
15. Partners
Study direction IRH/Georgetown
University
Research, training
and technical IRH/Democratic Republic of IRH/Guatemala
assistance Congo (DRC)
Community Project for
Local community- Integrated Development
Association BPD
based and research (PROCODI)
and
organizations and
The Manoff Group
Health Action Development
(ASD)
16. Study Methods
Phase 1
Formative research to design a few simplified
reminder approaches, tailored to the local context
• In-depth interviews with local women and men (N=5-10 women
and 5-10 men)
• Focus groups with local women
• Interviews with TwoDay Method providers in the region
Trials for Improved Practices (TIPS) interviews to
test new reminder approaches with women during
actual use
• Bi-weekly in-depth interviews with new users and their partners
(N=10-15 women and 10-15 men) for four to six months
17. Formative Research: Preliminary
Results
In-depth interviews with TwoDay Method providers
• Prior to TwoDay Method use some women:
N=8
-perceived their secretions as unhealthy, bad, not normal
-consulted traditional healers or used herbal compounds
• After learning the purpose of secretions:
-reported no longer being bothered by the presence of secretions
-stopped drying up their secretions
• Providers suggested using a found object, like different colored beans, to help
users remember the fertile window
• Had stock outs of client cards, and used paper and pencil to record secretions
• Suggested more pictorial representation of messages for women with lower
literacy
• Indicated breastfeeding women could use this method sooner than other fertility
awareness methods
18. Formative Research: Preliminary
Results
Focus group with women in DRC to test visual
images/drawings of TwoDay Method messages
• Suggested changes to better represent the
local community
-Families with significant resource constraints
-Engaged in activities like helping their child with
homework
-Couples of similar age (not an older man with a
younger wife)
-Use a latrine or hole in the ground to represent
where a woman would check secretions
• Suggested local words for describing
secretions
-At first women did not admit seeing secretions,
then shared experiences with the group
-Interested in learning more about the method
19. Next Steps: Trials for Improved Practices
(TIPS)
Qualitative research on behavior change with “in-use” testing
of new, simplified approaches for remembering fertile days
• Community members test health practices in their daily lives
• Interviewer/researcher and community member:
-analyze together current practices
-discuss what could be improved
-reach an agreement on what the participant will do for a trial
period
• Results help determine which behaviors are doable, motivating
factors and barriers to healthy practices, and guidance for tailoring
a TwoDay Method reminder approach to the needs and reality of
the local community
20. Phase 2
• Collaborate with community-based partners: PROCODI in DRC and
Association BPD in Guatemala
-Determine the program-specific process for offering the TwoDay
Method with the new approach that was tailored to the local
context in phase 1
-Train community agents and begin the intervention
-Evaluate the outcome through interviews with clients, community
agents and other staff, and stakeholders in the area
• Determine the feasibility and effect of offering the TwoDay Method with
the new, tested approach through community agents who have not
previously offered family planning
21. Conclusion
Potential health and human rights
benefits of community-based delivery of
family planning that is effective AND:
• Raises awareness and personal power to
control one’s fertility
• Fosters gender equity
• Supports vaginal health and alerts the
woman to signs of possible reproductive
tract infection
TwoDay Method is always available
• No commodity
• No distribution
• No cost, and
eventually may be offered
direct-to-consumers
Public sector facilities remain a main source for family planning methods. Information-based methods, like the Two Day Method, have the potential to expand family planning options through community-based programs as well as explore future possibilities for direct-to-consumer availability.References for background, if needed:Khan, S., Mishra, M., Arnold, F., Abderrahim, N., Contraceptive Trends in Developing Countries. DHS Comparative Reports No. 16. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Macro International Inc. 2007: 62, 69-70.Grace, K., DHS Working Papers Guatemala Regional Fertility Patterns 1987-2002, No. 51. 2008.Gribble, JN., Lundgren, R., Velasquez, C., Anastasi, E., Being Strategic about Contraceptive Introduction: the Experience of the Standard Days Method. Contraception 2008; 77: 147-154.Arévalo, M., Jennings, V., Sinai, I., Efficacy of a New Method of Family Planning: The Standard Days Method. Contraception 2002; 65: 333-338.Klebanoff, M., Nansel, T., Brotman, R., et al., Personal Hygienic Behaviors and Bacterial Vaginosis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2010; 37 (2) 94-99.Arévalo, M., Jennings, V., Nikula, M., Sinai, I., Efficacy of the New TwoDay Method of Family Planning. Reproductive Endocrinology 2004; 82 (4): 885-892.
Fertility Awareness Methods (FAM) of family planning,also called “natural methods,” rely on naturally occurring indicators of fertility the woman and/or couple can observe, to determine the days of the menstrual cycle that the woman can become pregnant. The woman and her partner either abstain from intercourse on fertile days, or use a barrier method of family planning (like condoms) to prevent pregnancy on those fertile days.
If a woman has had two days in a row with NO secretions, pregnancy is NOT likely.
In addition to the efficacy study, other studies have been conducted in different settings including a study in Peru that determined TwoDay Method can be offered at any time of the woman’s menstrual cycle. Studies have found that most users find secretion checking to be simple, acceptable and meaningful to them. They describe the method as easy-to-use, and some include couple communication and enhanced couple relationship as non-contraceptive benefits.
Male involvement and partner communication is very important with this method as both the woman and man need to be able to avoid unprotected sex on fertile days for the method to work for them, as individuals and as a couple.Women also need to be willing to check/note their secretions daily
TwoDay Method has been offered in Peru, Guatemala and the Philippines through the efficacy study, in Peru through an introduction study which determined that the method can be offered at any time of a woman’s menstrual cycle, and through faith-based programs with providers in Rwanda and DRC who had previous experience teaching other, more complex secretion-based methods.
FYIIssues that have come up with different reminder approaches:On the versions without a calendar , women forgot which day they were onThe chips/buttons were not self-contained, and chips were lostCombined recording with a standard calendar was too busy for someClient card with many words has challenges for women and couples with lower literacy skills The current project involves the design and testing of reminder approaches that are simple and relevant to the local context
The Georgetown University Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH), addressing global RH & FP issues through a research-to-practice agenda, emphasizes fertility awareness-based methods of family planning; strategies for developing equitable gender norms for youth; and improved quality of HIV/AIDS services by reducing stigma and discrimination. IRH work includes network and system strengthening, scale up of innovations and incorporating gender perspectives in reproductive health. DRCCommunity Project for Integrated Development (PROCODI) is a community-based non-profit organization that conducts microcredit programs and small animal husbandry and gardening initiatives to increase local food production to improve the health of women and families in Kinshasa. Health Action Development (ASD) is a local research organizationGuatemalaBehrhorstPartners for Development , a community-based organization, partnering with indigenous (i.e. Mayan) Guatemalan communities and the Ministry of Health to provide nutrition, water and sanitation, education and family planning information and services to improve maternal and child health in rural Guatemala. The ManoffGroup developed the TIPS methodology utilized by this project and is available to provide TA for study direction as well as local support to research and community-based organizations as they employ this approach.
In many countries women follow intra-vaginal practices to wash away or dry up secretions (for hygiene, curative, preventative, and/or sexual appeal purposes) While some TwoDayMethod providers have reported that women often abandon these practices, and then follow healthier vaginal care practices after learning about the purpose and function of secretions, this has not been studied. The 8 interviews were with TwoDay Method providers in Rwanda, who had previously offered other, more complex secretion-based methods.
The focus group, conducted in Mont Ngafula, neighborhood MassangaMbila, Kinshasa, DRC. Included 6 women ages 30-48, members of PROCODIThe recommended word for talking about secretions was “pertes blanche” for vaginal discharge, mucus, stretchy gooey water.Recommended word for talking about menstruation was “monisanza” which means “I saw the month.”
An effective, no-cost, no-commodity family planning method, based on self-observation of cervical secretions, is available and can easily be used by most women who want to use it….called TwoDayMethod