Nitric oxide regulates many physiological and pathological modalities in a human body. Manipulation of this characteristic for advancement in Pharmacotherapy of various diseases is the aim of ongoing NO trials.
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Nitric Oxide in Therapeutics Dr. Prerana.pptx
1. NITRIC OXIDE
AND ITS ROLE IN
THERAPEUTICS
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam – JR3
Guide : Dr. Smita Anand Tiwari
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 1
2. Introduction
Synthesis of Nitric oxide (NO)
OVERVIEW
Role in Physiology and Disease
NO synthesis inhibitors and donors
Therapeutic uses
Other drugs
Conclusion
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 2
3. Gaseous signaling
molecule
Nitric oxide
(NO)
INTRODUCTION
Readily diffuses across
cell membranes
Produced endogenously
- enzyme Nitric oxide
synthase (NOS)
Rapid and short
acting
Regulates
- cardiovascular
- inflammatory
- neuronal functions
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 3
4. History
KEYS
Ascanio
Sobrero
(1846)
- Synthesized nitroglycerin
- Cerebral vasodilation
- Treat angina
- Unstable and explosive
Studies of
macrophages
Release by products of
NO breakdown
Injection of endotoxin
Elevated urinary
nitrites and nitrates
NO
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 4
5. History
KEYS
Ferid Nurad
(1977)
Studied release of NO from
NTG
Louis Ignarro and
Salvador Moncada
(1987)
Recognized NO
as “EDRF”
Robert Furchgott
(1998)
Nobel prize in
medicine – NOS pathway
NO
MOLECULE OF
THE YEAR
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 5
6. SYNTHESIS OF NITRIC OXIDE
𝑪𝒂𝟐+
Calmodulin
𝑪𝒂𝟐+/Calmodulin
NOS
L-arginine Citrulline
NO
NO
Activation of 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ channels
Endothelial cell
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 6
7. TYPES OF NOS
Property nNOS iNOS eNOS
Other names NOS-1 NOS-2 NOS-3
Tissues
Neurons
Skeletal muscle
Macrophages
Smooth muscle
cells
Endothelial cells
Neurons
Expression Constitutive Inducible Constitutive
Calcium regulation Yes No Yes
Function
Regulatory
Synaptic plasticity
Independent
Inflammatory and
neurodegenerative
disorders
Regulatory
Vascular
compliance
Skeletal muscle
relaxation
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 7
10. (AA cysteine)
THIOLS (-SH Group)
NO
Alter :-
Function
Stability
Localization
of target proteins
Major targets:
H-ras – regulator of cell
proliferation (Stimulation)
THIOL
Nitroso-
thiols
S-nitrosylation
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 10
11. (Immune cells)
NO
Nitation of tyrosine
causes :-
DNA damage
Oxidation of cysteine
Clinical significance :-
Irreversible modification +/- of protein function
Tyrosine
Superoxide
TYROSINE NITRATION
Peroxynitrite
(ONOO-)
Glutathione
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 11
13. ROLE OF NO IN PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASE
• Vascular Effects
• Infection and Inflammation
• Septic shock
• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 13
15. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
• Peroxynitrite is an important microbicide
• Activates COX-2 – synthesis of inflammatory
prostaglandins
• Increase in iNOS - in leukocytes, fibroblasts
and other cells
• In acute inflammation -
Erythema
Vascular permeability
Oedema
BENEFICIAL
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 15
16. INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
• Excessive NO - tissue injury
• Elevated levels of NO, iNOS
Psoriasis lesions,
Bronchial asthma,
Inflammatory bowel lesions show
DETRIMENTAL
iNOS inhibitors
Inhibition of NO pathway
Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 16
17. Endotoxins and cytokines
Macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells
Induce synthesis of iNOS
Excessive NO generation
Hypotension, Shock, in some cases death
SEPTIC SHOCK
sGC inhibitors NOS inhibitors
No improvement
NOS inhibitors in gram-negative sepsis
Improvement
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 17
18. On demand – neurotransmitter
Activate nNOS - NMDA receptor activation
NO diffuse to presynaptic terminal
Enhance efficiency of NT release
Improves Synaptic plasticity and Synapse strengthening
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NORMAL
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 18
19. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ABNORMAL
Aberrant NMDA activation
Excessive NO synthesis
Excitotoxic neuronal death
Several neurologic diseases
Eg: Stroke, ALS, Parkinson’s disease
Reduce neuronal damage NOS inhibitors
Challenge-
Non selectivity of
inhibitors
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 19
20. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurons
Release NO
Relaxation of smooth muscles in corpora cavernosa
Penile erection
Eg: PDE-5 inhibitors enhance the effect of NO signaling
Treatment of Erectile dysfunction.
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 20
21. Condition Diseases/Disorders
Therapeutic
strategy
Treatment
Hypofunctioning
L-arginine NO
system
Hypertension
Vasospastic diseases
Impotency
Hypoxic Pulmonary
Ventilation
Diabetes
(1)Preserving the
endothelial
Integrity
(2) Boosting the failing
L-arginine/NO pathway
(3) Pretreatment with
antioxidants
Use of precursors of
L-arginine or NO
donors or indirect
potentiators of NO
activity
NO BASED - PROPOSED THERAPY
Reference: [Katzung B. G. (2004). Basic & clinical pharmacology (14th ed.). Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill)]
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 21
26. I) AMYL NITRITE
- Mixed arteriovenous dilator including coronaries
- Like nitrates - needs conversion to a NO species
Advantages
- Inhalation route - rapid
- Was used for angina pectoris
- Nitrate-like rapid tolerance – not observed with amyl
nitrite
Disadvantages
- Produces throbbing headache
- Abuse liability
CURRENT STATUS
Cyanide poisoning
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 26
27. II) ORGANIC NITRATES
Mechanism of
action
Mixed arteriovenous
dilator – veins and
coronary arteries
Reference: [Tripathi, K. D. (2018). Essentials of medical pharmacology (8th ed.)]
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 27
28. II) ORGANIC NITRATES
Antianginal effects of nitroglycerin
Decrease in cardiac preload
Decreases in cardiac afterload
Redistribution of coronary blood flow
ANGINA PECTORIS
It is a pain syndrome due to induction of an
adverse oxygen supply/demand situation in a
portion of the myocardium.
Reference: [Tripathi, K. D. (2018). Essentials of medical
pharmacology (8th ed.)]
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 28
29. PHARMACOKINETICS
- Route: sublingual and oral
- Extensive and variable first pass
metabolism
II) ORGANIC NITRATES
Prophylaxis
Acute attack
Reference: [Tripathi, K. D. (2018). Essentials of medical
pharmacology (8th ed.)]
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 29
30. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Throbbing headache
Flushing, weakness,
sweating
Dizziness and fainting
Methemoglobinemia
Rashes Prolong bleeding time
Pulmonary oedema
II) ORGANIC NITRATES
Palpitation
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 30
31. - Frequently repeated
- Intermittent use
II) ORGANIC NITRATES TRUE VASCULAR
TOLERANCE
Reduced capacity of
the vascular smooth
muscle to convert
nitroglycerin
PSEUDO TOLERANCE
activation of
mechanisms unrelated
to the vessel wall
PREVENT NITRATE
TOLERANCE
Provide nitrate free
intervals everyday
• Inhibition of enzymes
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and soluble
guanylyl cyclase
• Depletion of sulfhydryl groups
• Activation of compensatory mechanisms :-
Volume expansion
Neurohumoral activation
Generation of free radicals
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 31
32. DRUG POTENTIATION
Sildenafil
PDE-5 inhibitors
Vasodilators
CAUTION
Dangerous in MI –
Carefully titrated i.v. infusion to avoid
hypotension and tachycardia
II) ORGANIC NITRATES
WHY SHOULD NITRATES BE
WITHDRAWN GRADUALLY?
-Loss of response /decrease angina
threshold
- Sudden withdrawal spasm of
coronary and peripheral blood vessels
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 32
33. MECHANISM OF ACTION
- Dilates pulmonary vessels, better ventilated areas, reduces ventilation-perfusion
mismatch and improves gaseous exchange
- Elevated pulmonary artery pressure lowered and cardiopulmonary function
improved
USES :-
- Neonatal and Adult PAH
DOSE :-
- 0.1 to 40 ppm by inhalation - monitor
III) INHALED NITRIC OXIDE
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 33
34. Dilates arterioles and venules
• Indications :
Hypertensive emergencies and severe heart failure
• Route:
IV, rapidly lowers blood pressure, short acting - 1–10 minutes
• Adverse effects –
- Breaks down to generate five cyanide molecules and a single NO
- Accumulation of cyanide; metabolic acidosis, arrhythmias, excessive
hypotension, and death.
IV) SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 34
35. OTHER DRUGS
• Nitric Oxide releasing analogues of Amodiaquine - Antimalarial
• Nitric Oxide releasing esters of Timolol – IOP lowering activity
• NO- releasing NSAIDs – with paracetamol
• NO-donor as analogues of Tolbutamide - Diabetes mellitus
• NO releasing analogues as anti-platelet agents – under evaluation
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 35
36. CONCLUSION
• Nitric oxide is a double edged sword as it is an important regulator in various
physiological and pathological processes.
• Synthesized by 3 isoforms of NOS- nNOS, iNOS and eNOS. NO increases cGMP levels
and brings about vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
• Deleterious effects due to non selectivity of NO limit the use of its donors and
inhibitors.
• Vast potential - use of NO in inflammatory conditions and cancer treatment is being
investigated.
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 36
37. REFERENCES
• Samie R. Jaffrey, nitric oxide, Bertram G. Katzung –basic & clinical pharmacology, p 339- 345.
• Hemal H.Patel et al, general anesthetics and therapeutic gases, Goodman & gillman’s 13th
edition, the pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
• Kumar, S., Singh, R. K., & Bhardwaj, T. R. (2017). Therapeutic role of nitric oxide as emerging
molecule. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie [Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy], 85, 182–201.
• Vong, L. B., & Nagasaki, Y. (2020). Nitric oxide nano-delivery systems for cancer therapeutics:
Advances and challenges. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(9), 791.
37
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam
38. Drugs with additional property of NO production :-
Nitric Oxide releasing analogues of Beta blockers- Nebivolol
Nitric Oxide releasing analogues of Dihydropyridines Nitrendipine – CCB
Nitric Oxide releasing analogues of K+ channel opener- Nicorandil
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 38
41. CORONARY STEAL PHENOMENON/ REVERSE
ROBINHOOD PHENOMENON
H – Hydralazine
I – Isoflurane
D – Dipyridamole
E – Enflurane
ROBINHOOD PHENOMENON
Beta blockers
Dr. Prerana Manik Kadam 41
Editor's Notes
These NOS isoforms generate NO from the amino acid l-arginine in an O2 and NADPH dependent reaction
involves enzyme-bound cofactors, including heme, tetrahydrobiopterin, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Isoenzymes- each of which is encoded by a separate gene and named for the initial cell type from which it was isolated
Synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses to neighbouring cells
NMDA receptor activation
Synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses to neighbouring cells
NMDA receptor activation
Synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses to neighbouring cells
NMDA receptor activation
Diabetes
Cerebral malaria
Arrow
Dosage range- Minimal effective dose should be determined and used
Discontinuation should be gradual- to avoid rebound PAH
Pulmonary toxicity can occur with levels >50 – 100 ppm
Monitor blood methemoglobin levels