3. What are Earthquakes?What are Earthquakes?
 An earthquake is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves
 Earthquakes are recorded with a
seismometer, also known as a seismograph

4. Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake
 The largest recorded earthquake in the United
states was a magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince
William Sound, Alaska on Good Friday, March 28,
1964

5. Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake
 The Largest Recoded Earthquake in the world
was a Magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960

6. Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake
 World’s deadliest recoded earthquake occurred
in1556 in Central China, killing an estimated 830,000
people in 1976 another deadly earthquake struck
Tangshan, China where more than 250,00 people were
killed.

7. Tidal waveTidal wave vsvs TsunamiTsunami
 Although both are sea waves the two has two
different and unrelated phenomena
• Tidal Wave – is a shallow water wave caused by the
gravitational interaction between the sun, moon, and earth.
•Tsunami – is a sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake
or landslide (usually triggered by an earthquake) displacing
the ocean water

8. Hypocenter of an earthquake is
the location beneath the earth’s
surface where the rupture of the
fault begins
Epicenter of an earthquake is the
location directly above the
hypocenter on the surface of the
earth
 It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the
world each year. 100,000 of those can be felt, 100 of them cause
damage.

9. MagnitudeMagnitude && IntensityIntensity
Magnitude is a measured value of the earthquake
size. The Magnitude is the same no matter where you
are, or how strong or weak the shaking was in various
location
Intensity is a measure of the shaking created b the
earthquake, and this value does vary with location

10. Kinds of ShakingKinds of Shaking
1. Lateral
2. Vertical
Baguio Earthquake, 1990

11. How to ConductHow to Conduct
an Earthquake Drill ?an Earthquake Drill ?

12. Why do we need to Conduct anWhy do we need to Conduct an
Earthquake Drill ?Earthquake Drill ?
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot beEarthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be
prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.
Earthquake can damage lives and properties.Earthquake can damage lives and properties.
No available technology that give anNo available technology that give an
accurate earthquake prediction.accurate earthquake prediction.
TO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTERTO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTER..

13. Date : 17 January 1995Date : 17 January 1995
Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)
Magnitude : 6.9Magnitude : 6.9
Depth : 22 kmsDepth : 22 kms
Casualties : 5,502Casualties : 5,502
Injured : 36,896Injured : 36,896
~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.
~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary
sheltersshelters
Source: USGSSource: USGS
The Great Hanshin EarthquakeThe Great Hanshin Earthquake
KOBE, JAPANKOBE, JAPAN

14. How to Conduct an Earthquake DrillHow to Conduct an Earthquake Drill

15. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
 To ensure the safety of everybodysafety of everybody during and after a damaging
earthquake.
 To help the building administrators and their disaster action
groups to design a specific response planto design a specific response plan for earthquakes.
 To train the building occupantstrain the building occupants on proper action and
response during earthquakes.
 To test various elementstest various elements of the response plan designed by the
Disaster Management Committee (DMCDMC).

16. Stage 1Stage 1
Planning/
Organizing
Stage 2Stage 2
Developing an
Evacuation Plan
Stage 3Stage 3
Orientation prior to
Earthquake drill
Stage 4Stage 4
Actual Conduct of
Earthquake Drill
Stages in Conducting Earthquake DrillStages in Conducting Earthquake Drill

17. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill

18. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
A. Form a Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC)(DMC) composed
of several teams with specific task and designate an over-all
coordinator.
First Aid orFirst Aid or
Medical TeamMedical Team
Fire SafetyFire Safety
TeamTeam
OverallOverall
CoordinatorCoordinator
Site SecuritySite Security
TeamTeam
CommunicationCommunication
TeamTeam
EvacuationEvacuation
TeamTeam

19.  Have the following information available yearly:
Total numberTotal number of building occupantsof building occupants
Total number of occupants at each roomeach room
Total number of occupants at each flooreach floor
Total number of occupants at each buildingeach building
Identify occupants with special needsspecial needs (sick, old, disabled) and theirtheir
locationlocation
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
 Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC)(DMC)
should evaluate the building.

20. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
 Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC)(DMC)
should evaluate the building.
 Acquire the most recent grounds layoutgrounds layout or vicinity plan/mapvicinity plan/map.

21. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
 Observe hazardous areas/practiceshazardous areas/practices within the building premises and
dangerous conditions that may exist which people have not noticed
before. This should be plotted on the layout.
Examples: * Any hanging, unstable objects or structure
* Condition of power lines and utility poles
* Narrow alleys between buildings
* Corridors are too narrow
* Are there blockages along the corridors and exit points?
* Do exit point remain open during working hours?
* Doors that swing in instead of swing out.
B. Members of the DMC should conduct building watchingbuilding watching
exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the
building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’sdont’s.

22. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Swing Out DoorSwing Out Door
Shelf nearShelf near
EntranceEntrance
Narrow ExitNarrow Exit
Glass WindowGlass Window
DecorationDecoration
Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise

23. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Electic PostElectic Post
and wiringsand wirings
Gate’s ShadeGate’s Shade
Flower PotsFlower Pots
Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise

24. STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
 Suggest corrections or improvementscorrections or improvements of current set-up.
Examples: * clean up stuff that blocks the corridors and exit points.
* exit points must remain unlocked during working hours.
 Assess the structural integritystructural integrity of the building/s by a qualified
civil/structural engineer.
The engineer could be tapped from the local city/municipal
engineer’s office
 Members of the DMC should conduct building watchingbuilding watching
exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the
building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’s.dont’s.

25. STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building EarthquakeDeveloping the Building Earthquake
Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan

26. STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building EarthquakeDeveloping the Building Earthquake
Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
 The Building Earthquake Evacuation Plan should have
provisions to utilize all available open spacesopen spaces nearest the
building that are evaluated as safesafe from falling debris and
other materials that may cause injuries.
Parking AreaParking Area ParkPark

27. STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building EarthquakeDeveloping the Building Earthquake
Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
 Determine if there is sufficient open space for all. Areas to
be occupied should be computed assuming 4 ‘evacuees’4 ‘evacuees’
would occupy a 1 sq m area1 sq m area.
Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.
Assumption 1 : 800 persons
Assumption 2 : 4 persons/m2
(800 persons) ÷ (4 persons/m2
) = 200 m2
Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?

28. STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building EarthquakeDeveloping the Building Earthquake
Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
 Determine the flow of trafficflow of traffic from each building along the
street using the information on actual number of occupants
per building and their designated evacuation area.
 Indicate by arrows, the flow of evacuation coming out of
each room down to their designated evacuation site. This
will be the suggested earthquake evacuation route for theevacuation route for the
building occupantsbuilding occupants.
One way traffic:
Determine the flow
of traffic

29. STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building EarthquakeDeveloping the Building Earthquake
Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
Flow of Traffic and Evacuation RouteFlow of Traffic and Evacuation Route
One way traffic: personsOne way traffic: persons
shall walk in one directionshall walk in one direction
Evacuation SiteEvacuation Site
Use arrows to indicateUse arrows to indicate
the flow of evacuationthe flow of evacuation

30. Earthquake Survival Kits
First Aid Kits
Prepare

31. STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to theOrientation Prior to the
Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill

32. STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to theOrientation Prior to the
Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
A. Prepare the building occupants a week beforea week before the scheduled
earthquake drill.
 Identify safe spotsIdentify safe spots (e.g. under tables, desks, doors, etc) and dangerdanger
zoneszones (e.g. windows and glass, shelves, machinery, cabinets and
furniture that may topple or slide as well as all hanging and heavy
objects).
 When dangerous areas have been identified, ask the building
occupants/administrators to correctcorrect these and to take actiontake action.
 Introduce the suggested evacuation routeevacuation route prepared by the DMC.
 Also introduce the assigned open areaopen area where they should evacuate
after an earthquake.
 Assign somebody who will be in charge of making sure that all exitall exit
points are open during the shakingpoints are open during the shaking.

33. STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to theOrientation Prior to the
Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to
protect oneself.protect oneself.
 Give specific instructions on what to dowhat to do DURINGDURING an earthquakean earthquake.
Duck, Cover and HoldDuck, Cover and Hold
Take coverTake cover under a sturdy table or strongly supported doorway.
Watch outWatch out for falling objects.
Keep calmKeep calm and don’t panic.

34. STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to theOrientation Prior to the
Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to
protect oneself.protect oneself.
 Give specific instructions about what to dowhat to do AFTERAFTER as soon as theas soon as the
shaking stopsshaking stops::
Be alert…Be alert…
ListenListen to the Teacher’s instructions.
Walk outWalk out of the building in an orderly manner.

35. STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to theOrientation Prior to the
Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to
protect oneself.protect oneself.
 While walking along the alleys/streets, be alertbe alert and watch outwatch out for
falling debris.
DON’T RunDON’T Run
DON’T PushDON’T Push
DON’T TalkDON’T Talk
DON’T ReturnDON’T Return
DON’T bring your thingsDON’T bring your things

36. STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill

37. STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
1. Prior to the scheduled drill, inform the neighborhoodinform the neighborhood
regarding the conduct of the drill.
2. Identify and assign observersassign observers for each exit points of the
building and evacuation areas. They will give their
comments and observations during the evaluation of the
drill.

38. STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.
Assumptions:
 1-minute strong shaking1-minute strong shaking signified by 1 minute siren/bell
 Person can not standcan not stand.
 Buildings may have been damaged but no collapsedamaged but no collapse.
 Possible falling objectsfalling objects including glass windows
 No immediate assistanceNo immediate assistance will be available for at least several hours.
 Self-help and sustenanceSelf-help and sustenance are required.
 Possible injuriesPossible injuries, fear, panic among building occupants.

39. STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.
Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s:
 once the siren is heard, do the proper and expected actionsdo the proper and expected actions.
 Participants during this 1-minute siren should perform the
duck, cover and holdduck, cover and hold
 After the 1-minute siren, participants quietly go out of the
building/s and proceed to previously designated open spaceproceed to previously designated open space.
Team leaders should make head counthead count while in the ground.
 While the drill is ongoing, observers should take noteobservers should take note on how
the participants performed.

40. STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.
Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s:
 When all the participants have converged at the designated
evacuation area, the assigned observers will give theirgive their
commentscomments (if drill was conducted properly, if the evacuation
proceeded smoothly, etc.) and suggestions on how to correct
and improve.
To be effective earthquake drillsTo be effective earthquake drills
must be done regularly.must be done regularly.

41. PHASES OF ANPHASES OF AN
EARTHQUAKE DRILLEARTHQUAKE DRILL

42. Phase 1. ALARMPhase 1. ALARM
siren / bell rings for 1 minutesiren / bell rings for 1 minute
ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”

43. Phase 2. RESPONSEPhase 2. RESPONSE
during the “shaking”during the “shaking”
perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”
Remain in that positionRemain in that position
until “shaking” stopsuntil “shaking” stops
Still BE ALERT, open your eyesStill BE ALERT, open your eyes
Observers should take note
of how teachers and students performed

44. Phase 3. EVACUATIONPhase 3. EVACUATION
after the “shaking”after the “shaking”
All building occupants evacuate,All building occupants evacuate,
following pre-determined routes, to thefollowing pre-determined routes, to the
EVACUATION AREASEVACUATION AREAS

45. Phase 4. ASSEMBLYPhase 4. ASSEMBLY
At the designated evacuation area, the
‘evacuees’ must be grouped togethergrouped together.

46. Phase 5. HEAD COUNTPhase 5. HEAD COUNT
Team leaders (Teachers) should checkcheck
and make sure all ‘evacuees’ are
accounted for.

47. Phase 6. EVALUATIONPhase 6. EVALUATION
An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to
identify problemsidentify problems encountered during the drill and how
this can be corrected in future earthquake drills.

48. Thank you!Thank you!