The document discusses the history and evolution of wearable computing. It begins with Steve Mann inventing the concept of wearable computing in the 1970s and his development of one of the first wearable computers in 1995. It then covers the key aspects of wearable computing including operational modes, input/output devices, power sources, advantages like enhanced communication and flexibility, and disadvantages like equipment weight and security concerns. It concludes by discussing future applications in areas like healthcare and how wearable devices will continue to develop and integrate with other technologies.

1. ARYA COLLEGE of ENGG. & IT
Submitted To:
Er. Sandeep Tomar
(Assistant Professor)
Submitted By:
Arpit Jain
(10EARCS021)
Wearable Computing
1

2. Content
1. The Early Days
2. Evolution of Wearable Computing Techniques
3. Introduction
4. Operational Modes
5. Technology Implementation
6. Powering the Device
7. Advantages
8. Disadvantages
9. Future Scope
10.Conclusion
11.References
2

3. The Early Days
“How Did it Start?”
3

4. STEVE MANN-The Inventor of Wearable Computing
 1991: Started the ”Wearable Computing Project” at MIT.
 1995: World’s first Wearable Computer- Camera and display
concealed in ordinary Eyeglasses.
 1997: PhD from MIT in the field he himself had invented.
 The current moves in standardization with IEEE, IETF and several
industry groups (e.g. Bluetooth) leads to more various interfacing
under the WPAN (wireless personal area network) and the WBAN
(Wireless body area network) offer new classification of designs for
interfacing and networking.
4

5. Evolution of Wearable Computing Technology:
5

6. Introduction:
 Wearable computers, also known as body-borne computers or wearables are miniature electronic devices that are
worn by the bearer under, with or on top of clothing.
 Modular computers whose components are small and light enough to be worn on a user's body for convenient
operation.
 The input and output components of wearables are worn close to the user's sensors (eyes and ears) and actuators
(hands and mouth).
 The computer evolution has moved from mainframes, to the desktop, and now the computing power is moving
onti the person.
 The user actually “Wearing” the computer, can utilize the power and functionality virtually anywhere in the
environment.
 The technology is developing and changing rapidly primarily due to vast changes in computer speed, wireless
technology and miniaturization of components.
6

7. Operational Modes:
 Constancy
 Augmentation
 Mediation
7

8. Technology Implementation: Input Devices
 Speech Recogniser
 Keyboard alternative including chording keyboards
and special purpose keyboards
 Mouse alternatives including trackballs, joysticks
 Eye tracker
 Head Mounted Display
 Camera Recording View
 Gesturing
 Audio eg. Speaker and Mic
 Network Availability
 Video Capture devices, microphones, GPS locators
 Other exotic devices such as skin sensors
8

9. Head Mounted Display:
• Small screen, typically covering one of your eyes.
• Works like an ordinary monitor, providing an
image floating in the air in front of you.
• Transparent displays
– Allows augmented reality, where virtual
information overlaps the real world.
• Opaque displays
– Less sensitive to the background noise.
State of the art.
– Smallest.
– Advanced.
9

10. Camera
• Any small camera.
– Ordinary web camera.
– Custom made camera.
• Suitable placement
– Head, follows user’s gaze.
– Shoulder, more stable.
10

11. Input Devices
• Keyboard
Canasta's IR keyboard.
Arm-strapped keyboard.
• Mouse
• Gestures
The Gesture pendant
Fingers for dialing numbers
• Voice recognition
Suitable at times, but not as a generic
solution for everything.
• Multi-modal interfaces
Combining several types of input, e.g.
voice and gestures. 11

12. Output Devices:
• Sight – Visual output
HMD, wrist watch...
• Hearing – Audio/sound/speech/music.
Speakers, earplug/headset...
• Touch – Tactile feedback
Example: The radar vest, allowing a person to
”feel” objects in the surrounding.
• Taste and smell – Not that common, yet.
12

13. Computer Itself
Anything small but powerful enough!
– Laptop or TabletPC
– PC104 (a small PC)
– Xybernaut
– PDA, iPAQ, Toshiba
– Or something else...
13

14. Network Connectivity
• Benefits of having a network
– Access to the Internet.
– Communication.
• Wireless network connection
– WaveLAN, IEEE802.11b
– GPRS or UMTS (3G)
– Bluetooth
– Infra-red
14

15. Powering the Device:
• Power is a significant problem!
– You don’t want to drag a power cable behind you...
– All devices consume power.
• Tradeoff between functionality and power.
– Batteries never last long enough.
E.g. a laptop can run ~2-4 hours.
• Typical power consumptions
– Desktop computer, 100W
– Laptop computer, 10W
– Embedded CPU, 1W
• Human body uses ~120W.
– We need, let’s say, 5W for a wearable.
15

16. Human Powered Devices
Examples of human power availability
– Body heat, 0.6 – 4.8W (wetsuit clothes)
– Breath, 0.4 – 2.5W (pressure mask)
– Blood pressure, 0.2W (turbine)
– Limb motion, 0.3 – 1.5W (pulleys)
– Finger motion, 0.019W (keyboard typing)
– Walking, 5 – 8W (shoe generator)
Walking is the best method so far.
16

17. Advantages:
 Enhanced Communication
 Able to use wearable computers to complete daily tasks such
as a computer which tracks the movements and habits of a
person.
• Flexibility
• Freedom
• Work from anywhere
• Convenience
17

18. Disadvantages:
 Equipment can be heavy, Expensive
 Some wearable computer can consist of a lot of wiring
 Can cause irritation in heat, Side-Effects such as Headaches
 Can be used to gain an unfair advantage over others
 Security Concerns:
i. Threat of being attacked
ii. Threat of false read and write to memory
iii. Security and protection by context control
iv. Threat residually with pairing
18

19. Future Scope:
 These would dominate in the near future.
 All the electronic devices would be able to communicate
with each other and recognise who you are similar as
shown in the movie Minority Report
 Fitness and health bands will remain king
 The "Internet of Things" will be a driver of wearables.
 The Internet of Things, where regular items such as
refrigerators or washing machines have enough smarts to
talk to each other, is another hot trend.
19

20. Conclusion:
• Wearable computing
– Invented by Steve Mann in the 1970s.
• Technology
– HMD, I/O devices, networks, power, etc.
• Applications
– Augmented memory.
– Mediated reality.
– Enhanced senses.
– Avalanche rescue.
– Market network.
– Health-care.
• Research issues
– Interaction, merging with pervasive computing.
– Much more remains...
20

21. References:
[1] http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=02000000H1ZW
[2] http://www.campustechnology.com/articles/40766/
[3] http://about.eyetap.org/fundamentals
[4] http://wearcam.org/cyborg.htm
[5] L. Gorlenko and R. Merrick, No wires attached: Usability challenges in the connected mobile world. IBM Systems
Journal. Volume 42, Number 4, 2003
[6] Weiss, Handheld Usability, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ (2002).
[7] B. J. Rhodes, “The Remembrance Agent,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Practical
Application of Intelligent Agents and Multi-Agent Technology (PAAM'96), 487–495 (1996).
21

22. Thank You !!
22