Cellonics technology allows for modem speeds that are 1,000 times faster than current modem speeds by mimicking the way biological cells communicate. It was developed after studying how human cells respond to stimuli by generating waveforms of pulses separated by silence. This technology encodes digital data into predictable fast pulse outputs from slow analog waveforms, allowing incredible communication speeds while using simple and low power implementations. Major telecommunications companies will benefit greatly from this new technology through higher speeds, lower costs, and better performance.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Development of a Wavelet-ANFIS based fault location system for underground po...IOSRJEEE
In the past decade, electricity demand has increased rapidly in metropolitan areas. All over the world, large scale underground power cable installations networks are replacing overhead transmission lines due to environmental concerns in densely populated areas. Underground cable systems are manufactured to have long life with reliability. However, the useful life span of these cables is not infinite. The increase in failure rates and system breakdowns on older underground power cables are now adversely impacting system reliability and many losses involved; therefore it is readily apparent that necessary action has to be taken to manage the consequences of this trend. In this paper, a method that combines wavelets and Neuro-fuzzy technique for fault location and identification is proposed. A 10km, 34.5KV, 50Hz power transmission line model was developed and different faults and locations simulated, and then certain selected features of the wavelet transformed signals were extracted to develop an ANFIS for fault location. Comparison of the ANFIS output values and the actual values show that the percentage error was established to be less than 1%. Thus, it can be concluded that the wavelet-ANFIS technique is accurate enough to be used in identifying and locating underground power line faults.
What is VLC
Visible light & Spectrum
VLC process
-Transmitter
-Receiver
-Modulation
VLC characteristics
Comparison with RF & IR
Demerits of VLC
Applications
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Development of a Wavelet-ANFIS based fault location system for underground po...IOSRJEEE
In the past decade, electricity demand has increased rapidly in metropolitan areas. All over the world, large scale underground power cable installations networks are replacing overhead transmission lines due to environmental concerns in densely populated areas. Underground cable systems are manufactured to have long life with reliability. However, the useful life span of these cables is not infinite. The increase in failure rates and system breakdowns on older underground power cables are now adversely impacting system reliability and many losses involved; therefore it is readily apparent that necessary action has to be taken to manage the consequences of this trend. In this paper, a method that combines wavelets and Neuro-fuzzy technique for fault location and identification is proposed. A 10km, 34.5KV, 50Hz power transmission line model was developed and different faults and locations simulated, and then certain selected features of the wavelet transformed signals were extracted to develop an ANFIS for fault location. Comparison of the ANFIS output values and the actual values show that the percentage error was established to be less than 1%. Thus, it can be concluded that the wavelet-ANFIS technique is accurate enough to be used in identifying and locating underground power line faults.
What is VLC
Visible light & Spectrum
VLC process
-Transmitter
-Receiver
-Modulation
VLC characteristics
Comparison with RF & IR
Demerits of VLC
Applications
Data transmission through visible light communication (li fi)Omkar Omkar
To transfer data from one device to another using the visual medium as the route of transmission. Our project involves transferring data through Visible light communication (VLC). We designed and implemented VLC transceiver circuit and verified the transmission
of data using DSO in Prototype I. We implemented the Audio transmission of data through VLC in Prototype II. We studied the characteristics of LED, its limitations and studied the different modulation techniques, discussed the issues and challenges faced in implementing the hardware design. We have defined the problem of nonlinearity of LED’s and have studied to mitigate this problem. Based on the change in the signal characteristics due to several phenomena from LED to photo receiver, introduced the channel modeling techniques.
Subscribers are often complaint about not finding any information about fiber optics aimed specifically at them. Because most materials about fiber optics is written to train optical technicians, people who have no experience in telecommunication can not understand these industry standards. So they have to ask an optical technician for help every time they met a problem or even a tiny error. Today’s article has provided detailed information so that end users can find answers to their questions on fiber optics.
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
Design and Implementation of Re-configurable AntennaIJARIIT
This paper introduces a design of advanced and efficient technique used for antenna reconfiguration. Conventional
antennas are designed for specific application as it operates at a particular frequency range. On the other hand reconfigurable
antenna provides performance enhancement and gives single antenna structure to operate at various frequency range. In
order to obtain this, we use the technique of frequency reconfiguration i.e. PIN diode switching through which it can switch
among different frequency band. Antenna design is simulated and analyzed using HFSS software.
RedTacton is a Human Area Networking technology which uses the surface of the human body as a safe, high speed network transmission path. It is completely distinct from wireless and infrared technologies as it uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the human body.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
Data transmission through visible light communication (li fi)Omkar Omkar
To transfer data from one device to another using the visual medium as the route of transmission. Our project involves transferring data through Visible light communication (VLC). We designed and implemented VLC transceiver circuit and verified the transmission
of data using DSO in Prototype I. We implemented the Audio transmission of data through VLC in Prototype II. We studied the characteristics of LED, its limitations and studied the different modulation techniques, discussed the issues and challenges faced in implementing the hardware design. We have defined the problem of nonlinearity of LED’s and have studied to mitigate this problem. Based on the change in the signal characteristics due to several phenomena from LED to photo receiver, introduced the channel modeling techniques.
Subscribers are often complaint about not finding any information about fiber optics aimed specifically at them. Because most materials about fiber optics is written to train optical technicians, people who have no experience in telecommunication can not understand these industry standards. So they have to ask an optical technician for help every time they met a problem or even a tiny error. Today’s article has provided detailed information so that end users can find answers to their questions on fiber optics.
The following ppt gives overview about Optical Communication and the underlying principle with the general overview of all the contents for optical communication
Design and Implementation of Re-configurable AntennaIJARIIT
This paper introduces a design of advanced and efficient technique used for antenna reconfiguration. Conventional
antennas are designed for specific application as it operates at a particular frequency range. On the other hand reconfigurable
antenna provides performance enhancement and gives single antenna structure to operate at various frequency range. In
order to obtain this, we use the technique of frequency reconfiguration i.e. PIN diode switching through which it can switch
among different frequency band. Antenna design is simulated and analyzed using HFSS software.
RedTacton is a Human Area Networking technology which uses the surface of the human body as a safe, high speed network transmission path. It is completely distinct from wireless and infrared technologies as it uses the minute electric field emitted on the surface of the human body.
AREA EFFICIENT 3.3GHZ PHASE LOCKED LOOP WITH FOUR MULTIPLE OUTPUT USING 45NM ...VLSICS Design
This paper present area efficient layout designs for 3.3GigaHertz (GHz) Phase Locked loop (PLL) with four multiple output. Effort has been taken to design Low Power Phase locked loop with multiple output, using VLSI technology. VLSI Technology includes process design, trends, chip fabrication, real circuit parameters, circuit design, electrical characteristics, configuration building blocks, switching circuitry, translation onto silicon, CAD and practical experience in layout design. The proposed PLL is designed using 45 nm CMOS/VLSI technology with microwind 3.1. This software allows designing and simulating an integrated circuit at physical description level. The main novelties related to the 45 nm technology are the high-k gate oxide, metal gate and very low-k interconnect dielectric. The effective gate length required for 45 nm technology is 25nm. Low Power (0.211miliwatt) phase locked loop with four multiple outputs as PLL8x, PLL4x, PLL2x, & PLL1x of 3.3 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 0.825 GHz, and 0.412 GHz respectively is obtained using 45 nm VLSI technology.
On-chip ESD protection for Silicon PhotonicsSofics
In the past, Fiber-optic communication was used only for long distance communication (50 km and beyond). Only a limited number of these high-end interface products were required worldwide. More recently, companies running large data centers (Facebook, Google, Amazon,...) like to replace the traditional cabling between server racks. The copper-based approach is considered a bottleneck for further improvements in data transfer capacity. Optical fiber can dramatically increase the bandwidth between servers and reduce complexity.
Thus, the optical interconnect suppliers now need to produce a large number of their products. To reduce the cost, they separate the optical parts (laser diodes, photo detectors) from the digital controller circuits. That allows to rely on advanced, standard CMOS technology for those controller circuits, enabling a cost-effective high-volume production. Both elements are combined within a single IC package using advanced packing techniques.
The 25-56Gbps interfaces consist of SerDes-type circuits and are integrated into advanced CMOS technology like 28nm CMOS. To create such high-speed differential I/O circuits, designers utilize the thin oxide transistors. However, those transistors are very sensitive and can be easily damaged during transient events like electrostatic discharge (ESD).
Despite the fact that the sensitive pads are not connected outside of the package, they could still receive ESD stress during assembly. Therefore, adequate protection clamps need to be inserted at the bond pads. On the other hand, for signal integrity, it is important to limit the capacitance between the interface pads and the supply lines.
Sofics has worked with several companies developing these optical interconnect interfaces. Sofics developed ESD protection with parasitic capacitance below 15fF, ten times lower than the typical low-cap ESD protection devices in TSMC 28nm CMOS.
The project manages to derive the range of operation of a user in interference based scenarios between Femtocells and Macrocells, in terms of Signal to Noise and Interference ratios. The simulation was carried out for both the uplink and the downlink scenario. It could be successfully concluded that the environment that the user is in plays an important part in performance evaluation of the user.
Development of an Audio Transmission System Through an Indoor Visible Light ...Mohammad Liton Hossain
This study presents an approach to develop an indoor visible light communication system capable of transmitting audio signal over light beam within a short distance. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a pretty new technology which used light sources to transmit data for communication. In any communication system, both analog and digital signal transmission are possible, though, due to having the capability of providing a faithful quality of signal regeneration after the transmission process, digital communication system is much more popular than the analog one. In the current project, digital communication process was adopted also. To convert the analog audio signal into the digital transmission signal and vice versa, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) was used as the signal encoding strategy. As the light emitter, white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) were used and as photo sensor, a solar cell was used instead of a photodiode to obtain greater signal power and sensitivity. In the system, the carrier signal for transmission was chosen to have a frequency of 50 KHz. At the receiving end, a 4th order Butterworth lowpass filter having a cutoff frequency of 8 KHz was used to demodulate the audio signal. Using only 2 white LEDs, the indoor transmission range of this visible light communication system was found to be 5 meters while reproducing a satisfactory quality audio.
Free-Space Optical Networking Using the Spectrum of Visible LightIJTET Journal
Radio frequency technology suffers from limited bandwidth and electromagnetic interference. The recent
developments in solid-state Light Emitting Diode (LED) materials and devices are driving resurgence into the use of Free-Space Optical (FSO) wireless communication. LED-based network transceivers have a variety of competitive advantages over RF
including high bandwidth density, security, energy consumption, and aesthetics. They also use a highly reusable unregulated part of the spectrum (visible light). Many opportunities exist to exploit low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units for widespread deployment of optical communication. The prime focus is to reducing cost, and for that, we have to make appropriate selection
of system’s components, e.g. modulation, coding, filtering. The objective is to describe the viability of an optical free-space visible light transceiver as a basis for indoor wireless networking and to achieve acceptable bit error rate (BER) performance for indoor use, with a low cost system.
Design and Implementation of Digital PLL using Self Correcting DCO SystemIJERA Editor
The mainstay of the paper is to use a PLL using self healing pre-scalar. When a CMOS technology approaches to a nanometer scale, the non-idealities like variability and leakage current may affect the circuit performances. The process variability leads to the large variations to degrade the device matching and performances. The leakage current is highly dependent upon the process variations. In the existing method the key parameter is to be change the modulus value of the pre- scalar. By changing the value of the pre-scalar the PLL frequency range will be extended. In the proposed design we are planning to implement the digital PLL technique with self correcting DCO. The structure utilizes the DDR synthesizer as a base for generating the DCO frequency, so many methods are there to correct the DCO errors , here we detect the error or delay and correct it by using smooth jumping method. The DPLL varies from minimum system clock frequency 60 to 1489 MHZ (Minimum) maximum of GHZ frequency of any range we can generate, since our design act as a general platform for any kind of application.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIAN RAILWAYS, OFCformohitchauhan
An Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber used in Indian Railways
Methods of Jointing a Fiber Optic Cable
Mechanical Splicing
Fusion Splicing
Measurement And Testing Of Signals in an OFC
Indian Railway Telephone Exchange
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies
PDH
SDH
1. CELLONICS TECHNOLOGY
Abstract- Cellonics Incorporated has developed new technology that may end
problems like slow modem connections and other communication problems forever.
The new modulation and demodulation technology is called Cellonics. In general,
this technology will allow for modem speeds that are 1,000 times faster than our
present modems. The development is based on the way biological cells communicate
with each other and nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS). Major Telcos, which are
telecommunications companies, will benefit from the incredible speed, simplicity,
and robustness of this new technology, as well as individual users.
1. INTRODUCTION
In current technology, the ASCII uses a combination of ones and zeros to display a single
letter of the alphabet. Then the data is sent over radio frequency cycle to its destination
where it is then decoded. The original technology also utilizes carrier signals as a
reference which uses hundreds of wave cycles before a decoder can decide on the bit
value, whether the bit is a one or a zero, in order to translate that into a single character.
The Cellonics technology came about after studying biological cell
behavior. The study showed that human cells respond to stimuli and generate waveforms
that consist of a continuous line of pulses separated by periods of silence. The Cellonics
technology found a way to mimic these pulse signals and apply them to the
communications industry.
The Cellonics element accepts slow analog waveforms as input and in return
produces predictable, fast pulse output, thus encoding digital information and sending it
over communication channels. Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) are the
mathematical formulations required to simulate the cell responses and were used in
building Cellonics. Because the technique is nonlinear, performance can exceed the
norm, but at the same time, implementation is straight forward.This technology will be
most beneficial to businesses that do most of their work
by remote and with the use of portable devices. The Cellonics technology will provide
these devices with faster, better data for longer periods of time. Cellonics also utilizes a
few discrete components, most of which are bypassed or consume very little power. This
reduces the number of off the shelf components in portable devices while dramatically
decreasing the power used, leading to a lower cost for the entire device. The non-portable
devices of companies will benefit from the lack of components the machines have and the
company will not have to worry so much about parts breaking.
2. PRINCIPLE OF CELLONICS TECHNOLOGY
The Cellonics™ technology is a revolutionary and unconventional approach
based on the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) and modelled after biological
cellbehaviour1. In essence, the term Cellonics is an euphemism for ‘electronic cells’.
When used in the field of communications, the technology has the ability to encode,
transmit and decode digital information powerfully over a variety of physical channels,
be they cables or wirelessly through the air. There have been much research over the past
decades to study inter-cell communications. Laboratory studies have recorded electrical
waveforms that show burst of spikes separated by periods of silence
Note that while the fast pulse trains are always the same, the slow time-varying stimulus
analog waveforms can take many arbitrary shapes. The number of the pulse trains varies
according to the parameters of the slow analog waveforms. Thus, if a circuit can be found
that accept an analog input waveform and output a set of pulse trains with predictable
number of pulses in each burst, we have a very powerful means of encoding digital
information and communicating it over a variety of physical channels. Cellonics Inc. has
invented and patented a number of circuits that mimic the above biological cell
behaviour. The Cellonics™ circuits are incredibly simple with advantages of low-cost,
low power consumption and smallness of size. They can and have been used in various
applications such as communications and electronic circuits (gated oscillator, sigma delta
modulator, delta modulator, clock multipliers, etc). When applied in communications, the
Cellonics™ technology is a fundamental modulation and demodulation technique. The
Cellonics™ receivers are used as devices that generate pulses from the received analog
signal and perform demodulation based on pulse counting and related algorithms.
1 The study of biological cell behaviour is ONLY an inspiration to the invention of
Cellonics™ circuits. The Cellonics™ technology is NOT related to any neural network
communications or neurophomic electronics.
2 Slow waveforms: Analogue waveforms that vary slowly with time. These waveforms
can be in any arbitrary shape.
3 Fast waveforms/fast pulse trains: Waveform in the shape of pulses that varies rapidly
with time
3. APPLICATIONS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS
The Cellonics™ technology can be used as a modulation/demodulation technique with
the Cellonics™ Element embedded in the demodulator. One of the most important
features of the Cellonics™ demodulation technique is its powerful inherent Carrier-rate
Decoding™, which enables one information symbol to be carried in one RF carrier cycle.
Convention systems require thousands of cycles to capture one symbol. Cellonics™
unique Carrier-rate Decoding™ offers throughput at maximum rate.
To further illustrate the Cellonics™ inherent Carrier-rate Decoding™, an FSK- like
signal is taken as an example5. As shown in Fig 4b, the information symbols are encoded
in this FSK- like signal that is transmitted through the channel. At the receiver, the
Cellonics™ circuit produces different sets of pulses with respect to the different
frequencies of the signal. The information symbol can be recovered by simply counting
the pulses i.e. f1 produces 2 spikes, f2 produces 3spikes, f3 produces 4 spikes etc.
Fig 4c shows the different conventional modulation/demodulation schemes and the
Cellonics™ approach. In the conventional communication systems, thousands of RF
carrier cycles are required to reliably extract the information contained in a carrier signal.
This is because the receiver requires time to synchronize with the carrier signal. With the
Cellonics™ technology, information can be decoded in every transmitted cycle. Thus,
this breakthrough promises very high-speed data transmission.
Besides its application in decoding circuits, the Cellonics™ technology also offers
simplicity in receiver architecture with its attributes of low cost, smallness in size and
low power consumption. Its robustness in noisy environment
also offers a system that has better performance and receiver sensitivity. Fig
4d shows a conventional Super heterodyne receiver which is complex in design and has
many practical drawbacks. Some issues that need considerable attention include: device
noise inter modulation, local oscillators/mixer isolation, Phase Lock Loop (PLL)
switching time and noise immunity. Moreover, these subsystems consume considerable
amount of power. A newer technique uses the Super homodyne approach with no IF
stage (i.e. zero-IF). But these solutions are difficult to manufacture, have some tricky
problems (e.g. DC offset) and still require power hungry subsystems as mentioned
earlier. With the Cellonics™ technology, a very simple receiver architecture can be
realized without oscillators, phase lock loops etc. This is a paradigm shift in design.
4. Fig 4e shows a more detailed diagram of the 4thgeneration Super homodyne GSM
receiver and the Cellonics™ receiver. It clearly shows the simplicity of the Cellonics™
receiver as no oscillators and crystals are required. To improve the spectral efficiency,
multi-level
modulation scheme is usually employed. Fig 4fcompares a conventional M-ary FSK
receiver and a Cellonics™ receiver. Each increase in the modulation level requires a
significant number of circuits to be added in the conventional receiver. For the
Cellonics™ receiver, no additional circuit elements are required due to its inherent multi-
level modulation property. This is achieved using different number of spikes per cycle to
represent different sets of information symbols