Requiring only half the bitrate of its predecessor, the new standard – HEVC or H.265 – will significantly reduce the need for bandwidth and expensive, limited spectrum. HEVC (H.265) will enable the launch of new video services and in particular ultra HD television (UHDTV).
State-of-the-art video compression techniques – HEVC/H.265 – can reduce the size of raw video by a factor of about 100 without any noticeable reduction in visual quality. With estimates indicating that compressed real-time video accounts for more than 50 percent of current network traffic, and this figure is set to rise to 90 percent within a few years, HEVC/H.265 will be a welcome relief for network operators.
New services, devices and changing viewing patterns are among the factors contributing to the growth in video traffic as people watch more and more traditional TV and video-streaming services on their mobile devices.
Ericsson has been heavily involved in the standardization of HEVC since it began in 2010, and this Ericsson Review article highlights some of the contributions that have led to the compression efficiency offered by HEVC.
Requiring only half the bitrate of its predecessor, the new standard – HEVC or H.265 – will significantly reduce the need for bandwidth and expensive, limited spectrum. HEVC (H.265) will enable the launch of new video services and in particular ultra HD television (UHDTV).
State-of-the-art video compression techniques – HEVC/H.265 – can reduce the size of raw video by a factor of about 100 without any noticeable reduction in visual quality. With estimates indicating that compressed real-time video accounts for more than 50 percent of current network traffic, and this figure is set to rise to 90 percent within a few years, HEVC/H.265 will be a welcome relief for network operators.
New services, devices and changing viewing patterns are among the factors contributing to the growth in video traffic as people watch more and more traditional TV and video-streaming services on their mobile devices.
Ericsson has been heavily involved in the standardization of HEVC since it began in 2010, and this Ericsson Review article highlights some of the contributions that have led to the compression efficiency offered by HEVC.
.
This paper deals with the overview of latest video coding standard High-Efficiency Video
Coding (HEVC). Also this work presents a performance comparison of the two latest video coding
standards H.264/MPEG-AVC and H.265/MPEG-HEVC. According to the experimental results, which
were obtained for a whole test set of video sequences by using similar encoding configurations,
H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides significant average bit-rate savings of around 40%.
Keywords: - CABAC, CAVLC, H.264/AVC, HEVC PSNR and SBAC.
Requiring only half the bitrate of its predecessor, the new standard – HEVC or H.265 – will significantly reduce the need for bandwidth and expensive, limited spectrum. HEVC (H.265) will enable the launch of new video services and in particular ultra HD television (UHDTV).
State-of-the-art video compression techniques – HEVC/H.265 – can reduce the size of raw video by a factor of about 100 without any noticeable reduction in visual quality. With estimates indicating that compressed real-time video accounts for more than 50 percent of current network traffic, and this figure is set to rise to 90 percent within a few years, HEVC/H.265 will be a welcome relief for network operators.
New services, devices and changing viewing patterns are among the factors contributing to the growth in video traffic as people watch more and more traditional TV and video-streaming services on their mobile devices.
Ericsson has been heavily involved in the standardization of HEVC since it began in 2010, and this Ericsson Review article highlights some of the contributions that have led to the compression efficiency offered by HEVC.
Requiring only half the bitrate of its predecessor, the new standard – HEVC or H.265 – will significantly reduce the need for bandwidth and expensive, limited spectrum. HEVC (H.265) will enable the launch of new video services and in particular ultra HD television (UHDTV).
State-of-the-art video compression techniques – HEVC/H.265 – can reduce the size of raw video by a factor of about 100 without any noticeable reduction in visual quality. With estimates indicating that compressed real-time video accounts for more than 50 percent of current network traffic, and this figure is set to rise to 90 percent within a few years, HEVC/H.265 will be a welcome relief for network operators.
New services, devices and changing viewing patterns are among the factors contributing to the growth in video traffic as people watch more and more traditional TV and video-streaming services on their mobile devices.
Ericsson has been heavily involved in the standardization of HEVC since it began in 2010, and this Ericsson Review article highlights some of the contributions that have led to the compression efficiency offered by HEVC.
.
This paper deals with the overview of latest video coding standard High-Efficiency Video
Coding (HEVC). Also this work presents a performance comparison of the two latest video coding
standards H.264/MPEG-AVC and H.265/MPEG-HEVC. According to the experimental results, which
were obtained for a whole test set of video sequences by using similar encoding configurations,
H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides significant average bit-rate savings of around 40%.
Keywords: - CABAC, CAVLC, H.264/AVC, HEVC PSNR and SBAC.
Excerpts from the HEVC / H265 Hands-on course.
This parts of the course explains how to download the reference code (HM) compile it configure it and analyze the video output
Machine learning-based energy consumption modeling and comparing of H.264 and...IJECEIAES
Advancement of the prediction models used in a variety of fields is a result of the contribution of machine learning approaches. Utilizing such modeling in feature engineering is exceptionally imperative and required. In this research, we show how to utilize machine learning to save time in research experiments, where we save more than five thousand hours of measuring the energy consumption of encoding recordings. Since measuring the energy consumption has got to be done by humans and since we require more than eleven thousand experiments to cover all the combinations of video sequences, video bit rate, and video encoding settings, we utilize machine learning to model the energy consumption utilizing linear regression. VP8 codec has been offered by Google as a free video encoder in an effort to replace the popular H.264 video encoder standard. This research model energy consumption and describes the major differences between H.264/AVC and VP8 encoders based on of energy consumption and performance through experiments that are machine learning-based modeling. Twentynine uncompressed video segments from a standard data-set are used, with several sizes, details, and dynamics, where the frame sizes ranging from QCIF(176x144) to 2160p(3840x2160). For fairness in comparison analysis, we use seven settings in VP8 encoder and fifteen types of tuning in H.264/AVC. The settings cover various video qualities. The performance metrics include video qualities, encoding time, and encoding energy consumption.
H2B2VS (HEVC hybrid broadcast broadband video services) – Building innovative...Raoul Monnier
Broadcast and broadband networks continue to be separate worlds in the video consumption business. Some initiatives such as HbbTV have built a bridge between both worlds, but its application is almost limited to providing links over the broadcast channel to content providers’ applications such as Catch-up TV services. When it comes to reality, the user is using either one network or the other.
H2B2VS is a Celtic-Plus project aiming at exploiting the potential of real hybrid networks by implementing efficient synchronization mechanisms and using new video coding standard such as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The goal is to develop successful hybrid network solutions that enable value added services with an optimum bandwidth usage in each network and with clear commercial applications. An example of the potential of this approach is the transmission of Ultra-HD TV by sending the main content over the broadcast channel and the required complementary information over the broadband network. This technology can also be used to improve the life of handicapped persons: Deaf people receive through the broadband network a sign language translation of a programme sent over the broadcast channel; the TV set then displays this translation in an inset window.
One of the most important contributions of the project is developing and testing synchronization methods between two different networks that offer unequal qualities of service with significant differences in delay and jitter.
In this paper, the main technological project contributions are described, including SHVC, the scalable extension of HEVC and a special focus on the synchronization solution adopted by MPEG and DVB. The paper also presents some of the implemented practical use cases, such as the sign language translation described above, and their performance results so as to evaluate the commercial application of this type of solution.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9 AND H.264/MPEGAVC VIDEO CODINGijma
This study evaluates the performance of the three latest video codecs H.265/MPEG-HEVC, H.264/MPEGAVC
and VP9. The evaluation is based on both subjective and objective quality metrics. The assessment
metric Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS) is used to evaluate the subjective quality of the
compressed video sequences. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metricis used for the objective
evaluation. Moreover, this work studies the effect of frame rate and resolution on the encoders’
performance. The extensive number of experiments are conducted with similar encoding configurations for
the three studied encoders. The evaluation results show that H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides superior bitrate
saving capabilities compared to H.264 and VP9. However, VP9 shows lower encoding time than
H.265/MPEG-HEVC but higher encoding time compared to H.264.
Excerpts from the HEVC / H265 Hands-on course.
This parts of the course explains how to download the reference code (HM) compile it configure it and analyze the video output
Machine learning-based energy consumption modeling and comparing of H.264 and...IJECEIAES
Advancement of the prediction models used in a variety of fields is a result of the contribution of machine learning approaches. Utilizing such modeling in feature engineering is exceptionally imperative and required. In this research, we show how to utilize machine learning to save time in research experiments, where we save more than five thousand hours of measuring the energy consumption of encoding recordings. Since measuring the energy consumption has got to be done by humans and since we require more than eleven thousand experiments to cover all the combinations of video sequences, video bit rate, and video encoding settings, we utilize machine learning to model the energy consumption utilizing linear regression. VP8 codec has been offered by Google as a free video encoder in an effort to replace the popular H.264 video encoder standard. This research model energy consumption and describes the major differences between H.264/AVC and VP8 encoders based on of energy consumption and performance through experiments that are machine learning-based modeling. Twentynine uncompressed video segments from a standard data-set are used, with several sizes, details, and dynamics, where the frame sizes ranging from QCIF(176x144) to 2160p(3840x2160). For fairness in comparison analysis, we use seven settings in VP8 encoder and fifteen types of tuning in H.264/AVC. The settings cover various video qualities. The performance metrics include video qualities, encoding time, and encoding energy consumption.
H2B2VS (HEVC hybrid broadcast broadband video services) – Building innovative...Raoul Monnier
Broadcast and broadband networks continue to be separate worlds in the video consumption business. Some initiatives such as HbbTV have built a bridge between both worlds, but its application is almost limited to providing links over the broadcast channel to content providers’ applications such as Catch-up TV services. When it comes to reality, the user is using either one network or the other.
H2B2VS is a Celtic-Plus project aiming at exploiting the potential of real hybrid networks by implementing efficient synchronization mechanisms and using new video coding standard such as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The goal is to develop successful hybrid network solutions that enable value added services with an optimum bandwidth usage in each network and with clear commercial applications. An example of the potential of this approach is the transmission of Ultra-HD TV by sending the main content over the broadcast channel and the required complementary information over the broadband network. This technology can also be used to improve the life of handicapped persons: Deaf people receive through the broadband network a sign language translation of a programme sent over the broadcast channel; the TV set then displays this translation in an inset window.
One of the most important contributions of the project is developing and testing synchronization methods between two different networks that offer unequal qualities of service with significant differences in delay and jitter.
In this paper, the main technological project contributions are described, including SHVC, the scalable extension of HEVC and a special focus on the synchronization solution adopted by MPEG and DVB. The paper also presents some of the implemented practical use cases, such as the sign language translation described above, and their performance results so as to evaluate the commercial application of this type of solution.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9 AND H.264/MPEGAVC VIDEO CODINGijma
This study evaluates the performance of the three latest video codecs H.265/MPEG-HEVC, H.264/MPEGAVC
and VP9. The evaluation is based on both subjective and objective quality metrics. The assessment
metric Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS) is used to evaluate the subjective quality of the
compressed video sequences. The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) metricis used for the objective
evaluation. Moreover, this work studies the effect of frame rate and resolution on the encoders’
performance. The extensive number of experiments are conducted with similar encoding configurations for
the three studied encoders. The evaluation results show that H.265/MPEG-HEVC provides superior bitrate
saving capabilities compared to H.264 and VP9. However, VP9 shows lower encoding time than
H.265/MPEG-HEVC but higher encoding time compared to H.264.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Index
1. Description and introduction to standards
1.AVC H.264
2.HEVC H.265
2. Comparison in terms of theoretical features
3. Simulation data
1.H.264 and HEVC
2.Comparison between simulations data
2
4. Introduction
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (ang. Advanced Video Coding)
block-oriented motion-compensation-based video lossy
compression standard
Developed by the ITU-T VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG
The project partnership effort is known as the Joint
Video Team (JVT)
The standardization of the first version was
completed in May 2003
4
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC
International Organization for Standardization
International Organization for Standardizatio
Video Coding Expert Group
5. General assumptions
5
The intent was to create a standard capable of
providing good video quality at
substantially lower bit rates than previous
standards( half or less in comparison with
H.263)
Provide enough flexibility to allow the
standard to be applied to a wide variety of
applications on a wide variety of networks and
systems, including low and high bit rates, low
and high resolution video
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC
6. Applications
6
Streaming internet sources
Vimeo, YouTube and iTunes Store
Web software
Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight
HDTV broadcasts
ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T,DVB-T2, DVB-C, DVB-S and DVB-
S2
Blu-ray Discs
As a recording format
AVCDC - Advanced Video Coding High Definition
developed by Sony and Panasonic
Uses by Canon and Nikon DSLRs
and more !
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC
7. Comparison to previous
standards
7
The H.264 video coding based on hybrid
coding very similar to previous blocks
standards (H.26x)
New features that allow it to compress video
much more effectively than older standards
and to provide more flexibility for application
to a wide variety of network environments
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC
8. New transform and quantization
design
8
Adaptive encoder selection between the 4×4
and 8×8 transform block sizes for the integer
transform operation.
Logarithmic step size control of quantization
for easier bit rate management and simplified
inverse-quantization scaling
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
9. Intra Prediction
9
A multidirectional spatial
prediction method to
reduce spatial
redundancy by using
neighbouring samples as a
prediction for the samples
Each MB can be encoded
using blocks of pixels that
are already encoded
within the current frame
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
10. Multi-picture inter-picture
prediction
10
Allowing up to 16 reference frames, in
comparison with 1/2 for P/B frames in previous
standard
Variable block-size motion
compensation (VBSMC)
block sizes include 16×16, 16×8, 8×16, 8×8,
8×4, 4×8, and 4×4
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
12. Multi-picture inter-picture
prediction
12
The ability to use multiple motion vectors
per macroblock. Up to 32 in the case of a B
macroblock constructed of 16 4×4 partitions.
Quarter-pixel or even 1/8 pixel precision for
motion compensation, enabling precise
description of the displacements of moving
areas.
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
13. Loop filter
13
An in-loop deblocking filter that helps prevent
the blocking artifacts common to other DCT-
based image compression techniques.
A filter is applied to every decoded macroblock
to reduce blocking distortion
It results in better visual appearance and
compression efficiency
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
14. Loop filter - example
14
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
15. Loop filter - example
15
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
16. Entropy coding
16
Context-adaptive binary
arithmeticcoding (CABAC) a method of
arithmetic coding in which the probability
models are updated based on previous coding
statistics.
A common simple and highly structured variable
length coding (VLC) technique for many of the
syntax elements not coded by CABAC or
CAVLC. A symbol is converted into a binary
code with a specified length (n bits).
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
17. Block schema
17
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC - new key features
Intra frame
I(x,y,t)
Inter frame
I(x,y,t-1)
I(x,y,t)
Reference fram
mv
I(x,y,t-1)
I(x+u,y+v,t-1)
I(x,y,t)
e(x,y,t)
I(x,y,t)
We have a
reconstructed
frame which could
be a reference for
a the next one.
First frame -
intra
Next frame - inter
18. Why it so important?
18
Has huge significance to the broadcast, internet,
consumer electronics, mobile and security
industries, amongst others standards.
It describes and defines a method of coding video
that can give better performance than any of the
preceding standards(without H.265, H.266)
H.264 makes it possible to compress video into a
smaller space, which means that a compressed
video clip takes up less transmission bandwidth
and/or less storage space compared to older
codecs
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC
20. Introduction
20
Video compression format, a successor to
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
Jointly developed by the ISO/IEC Moving
Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and ITU-
T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG)
Known as MPEG-H Part 2 and I H.265
February 2012 - complete draft of standard
On November 25 2013 - the HEVC standard
was formally published by the ISO/IEC.
H.265 | HEVC
21. Standardization status
21
Strong industrial and academic interests
H.265 | HEVC
http://www.worldbroadcastingunions.org/wbuarea/library/docs/isog/presentations/2012B/2.4%20Vieron%20ATEM
E.pdf
22. General assumptions
22
“The main goal of the HEVC standardization effort
is to enable significantly improved compression
performance relative to existing standards—in the
range of 50% bit-rate reduction for equal
perceptual video quality. “
Moreover HEVC has been designed to address
essentially all existing applications of
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and to particularly focus on
two key issues:
increased video resolution
Increased use of parallel processing architectures.
H.265 | HEVC
24. Potential applications
24
What becomes possible with 50% video rate
reduction?
Existing applications and usage scenarios
IPTV over DSL : Large shift in IPTV eligibility
Facilitated deployment of OTT “Over the Top” and multi-
screen services
More customers on the same infrastructure: most IP traffic is
video
More archiving facilities
Future services
1080p60/50 with bitrates comparable to 1080i
Immersive viewing experience: Ultra-HD (4K, 8K)
Premium services (sports, live music, live events,…): home
theater, mobile
HD 3DTV Full frame per view at today’s HD delivery rates
H.265 | HEVC
25. How to achieve the
assumptions?
25
The design of most video coding standards
and also of HEVC is primarily aimed at having
the highest coding efficiency.
Coding efficiency is the ability to encode video
at the lowest possible bit rate while
maintaining a certain level of video quality
H.265 | HEVC
26. Coding structure
26
HEVC replaces macroblocks, which were used
with previous standards, with Coding Tree
Units (CTUs) and coding tree block (CTB)
structure
CTU increases coding efficiency.
HEVC initially divides the picture into 3 CTB:
1 luma CTB
2 chroma CTB
The size L×L of a luma CTB can be chosen as L
= 16, 32, or 64 samples, with the larger sizes
typically enabling better compression
Supports partitioning of the CTBs into smaller
blocks
H.265 | HEVC
27. Coding structure example
27
H.265 | HEVC
Quadtree for the partitioning of a 64 × 64 coding tree unit (CTU) into
coding units (CUs) of 8 × 8 to 32 × 32 luma samples. The
partitioning can be described by a quadtree, also referred to as a
coding tree, which is shown on the right. The numbers indicate the
coding order of the Cus
CUs are the basic unit of prediction in HEVC.
CUs can be 64x64, 32x32, 16x16 or 8x8.
28. Equipos Multimedia - H.264 vs HEVC - Escuela de Ingeniería de
Telecomunicación y Electrónica
28
In order to overcome these potential issues, another processing unit, called
coding unit (CU), has been introduced in HEVC. As illustrated for an
example in Fig. 3.4, a CTU can be split into multiple coding units (CUs) of
variable sizes. For that purpose, each CTU contains a quadtree syntax, also
referred to as coding tree, which specifies its subdivision into CUs. Similarly
as a CTU, a CU consists of a square block of luma samples, the two
corresponding blocks of chroma samples (for non-monochrome video
formats), and the syntax associated with these sample blocks. The luma
and chroma sample arrays that are contained in a CU are referred to as
coding blocks (CB). The subdivision of the chroma CTBs of a CTU is always
aligned with that of the luma CTB. Thus, in the 4:2:0 chroma sampling
format, each 2𝑁 × 2𝑁 luma CB is associated with two 2𝑁−1 × 2𝑁−1chroma
CBs.
At the CTU level, a flag named split_cu_flag is included into the bitstream,
which indicates whether the complete CTU forms a CU or whether it is split
into four equally-sized blocks corresponding to square luma sample blocks.
Coding structure cont….
29. Prediction
29
H.265 | HEVC
The decision whether to code a picture area
using interpicture or intrapicture prediction is
made at the CU level.
CUs can then be further split in size into
prediction blocks (PBs).
HEVC supports variable PB sizes from
64×64down to 4×4 samples.
30. Prediction
30
Modes for splitting a CB into PBs, subject to certain size constraints. For intrapicture-
predicted CBs, only M × M and M/2×M/2 are supported.
H.265 | HEVC
31. Intra predicting
31
Supports 33 directional modes + Planar (surface
fitting) + DC (flat) prediction modes
The selected intra picture prediction modes are encoded
by deriving most probable modes (e.g., prediction
directions) based on those of previously decoded
neighboring PBs.
H.265 | HEVC
32. Transform design
32
Transform Unit (TU)
• DCT (Discrete Cosine Tranform)
• Various sizes from 4x4 to 32x32
• To adapt the transform to the signal frequency
characteristics
• TU can overlap PU
Intra
DCT+ DST (Discrete Sine Transform) on Luma intra
4x4
1% bit rate reduction
Inter
- DCT only
H.265 | HEVC
34. Motion Vectors
34
H.265 | HEVC
Uses signed 16-bit range for both horizontal
and vertical motion vectors (MVs)
2 modes of motion vector prediction :
Advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) -
uses data from the reference picture and can also
use data from neighboring prediction blocks
A merge mode - allowing the inheritance of MVs
from temporally or spatially neighboring PBs.
35. Motion compensation
35
Multiple reference pictures are used
For each PB, either one or two motion vectors
can be transmitted, resulting either in
unipredictive or bipredictive coding.
Interpolation of fractional luma sample
positions
It uses separable application of one-dimensional
half-sample interpolation with an 8-tap filter or
quarter-sample interpolation with a 7-tap
H.265 | HEVC
36. Entropy coding
36
Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding
(CABAC) is used for entropy coding
Improve throughput speed by parallel-
processing architectures and compression
performance
H.265 | HEVC
37. What’s more
37
H.265 | HEVC
Deblocking filter similar to the one used in
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
Sample adaptive offset (SAO):
Its goal is to better reconstruct the original signal
amplitudes, to increase picture quality, reduce
banding artifacts, and reduce ringing artifacts by
using a look-up table.
39. Main differences
39
H.264 | MPEG-4 AVC VS H.265 | HEVC
H.264/AVC HEVC
Partition size Macroblock 16x16 (Large) Coding Unit
8x8 to 64x64
Partitioning Sub-block down to
4x4
Prediction Unit
Quadtree down to 4x4
Square, symmetric and
asymmetric
(only square for intra)
Transform Integer DCT 8x8, 4x4 Transform Unit square
IDCT from 32x32 to 4x4
+ DST Luma Intra 4x4
Intra prediction Up to 9 predictors 35 predictors
64x64 to 4x4