1. The document discusses cognate and non-cognate language families, including their genetic relationships and influences of language contact. 2. Key differences are explained between cognate languages, which share common ancestral origins, and non-cognate languages, which developed separately and show influence through language contact over long periods of time rather than genetic relationship. 3. Several structural features are provided as examples of characteristics that may diffuse from one language to another through prolonged contact and cultural exchange, even between non-cognate languages, including basic features of syntax, phonology, writing systems, greeting conventions, and more.

1. .
-

2. -
(Cognate and Non Cognate Language Families)
(Genetic Relationship) (Cognate) .
 (Non cognate) .

3. (Heritage Language)
, ,
,
(Heritage Language)
, - ,
, ,
( . ,2008)

4. Cognate and Non-Cognate Languagess
. .

5. Cognate vs Non - Cognate
•
.
.
•
(Language contact )
.
-
.

6. (1956)
(Linguistic area)
.
:
(SOV)


(Reduplication),-(Half-duplication)
(Syllable based pronunciation system)
(Alphabet system )

+


7. (Over and Under differentiation)

.

.

Sorrow,Mourning, Grief,Sad,
Condolence ,Bereavement
( ,2003)

8. , , , ,
- .
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- -
.

9. ( )
1) 2) 3)
.
-
Good morning
Good evening
- Good Day
Good Afternoon
Good Night
Good Bye

10. •
•
-, -,
• --
• , , , , ...

11. -
•.
• -.
- “”
•

12. -
:
1.-
-/
-
-
2.( )
()
/ /
(-)
()

14. /
Usage of Taboos or Offensive words
•
•
/
•
-
// / /
///
/ /

15. • , /
•
•
•
/ / /
• / / /
•
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16. ///
•// //
•/
•-/-,// /-/
•//
•//
•//
•:-: , -,-!
•/
•!
•

17. //
Praise /Encouragement
/ ! /! !
! !
/
!
!
/
/
/

18. -.
-
-
-

19. /
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20. - ! .
-

21.  -
.

.

-
 /
.

22. 


 -

23.
 /( symbolic of a fraudulent person)
 -
 /

24.  -
.
 -,
 -
! ?


25. 






26.  -

 (to feel shy )

 /

.





27.  -

 /


 -

28. 





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