The document describes an experiment demonstrating the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), resulting in a solution with a pH of 7, indicating neutrality. It explains how excess hydroxide ions combine with excess hydrogen ions to form water, and outlines the formation of different types of salts based on the strength of the acids and bases involved. Additionally, it briefly mentions various reactions involving acids and bases, including their interactions with metals and carbonates.

1. BY…
SHARIYAM ALI

2. EXPERIMENT:
 10 ml dil HCl in a beaker
 Record pH using pH paper
 Now add few drops of dil.NaCl
 Record the pH
 Repeat
 A time comes when the pH recorded is 7
pH 7 = Neutral
 Acid(dil HCl) pH < 7
 Base (dil NaOH) pH >7
 Resulting solution pH = 7
How did this happen??

3.  Both HCl and NaOH dissociate in their aq. Soln
 Adding HCl to NaOH means
Adding large concentration of OH- ions
To a large concentration of H+ ions
 Whereas water ,
It also dissociates into H+ & OH- ions but to a very
small extent
 ∴ the excess OH- ions combine with
the excess H+ ions to form
H2O molecules
(This mixes with the solvent water )

4. ∴ the pH goes on decreasing

5.  When enough NaOH is added to HCl, the resulting aqueous solution contains
only salt and water
 This reaction is called the neutralization reaction.
 It is represented by the following equation

6. Types of salts : acidic, basic and neutral salts
• Salts are formed by the reaction between acids
and bases.(neutralization reaction)
• The resulting salts are not always neutral.
• Because,
• Strong Acid+ Strong Base Neutral Salt(pH 7)
• Strong Acid + Weak Base Acidic Salt (pH<7)
• Weak Acid + Strong Basic Basic Salt (pH<7)

7. 1) Reaction of acids with metals:
 Eg:
2)Reaction of acids with oxides of metals
CaCl2 H2O (l)Eg:

8. 3) Reaction of bases with oxides of non-metals
Eg:
4)Reaction of acids with carbonates and bicarbonates of metals