1. The document discusses the neuroendocrine basis of behavioural disorders in farm animals. It explores how behaviours are influenced by both innate and acquired factors, as well as hormones and stress.
2. Specific behavioural disorders that are mentioned include stereotypic disorders, aggression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. Stereotypies can involve repetitive motions with no function.
3. Factors like genetics, environment, hormones, and stress are discussed in influencing the development of behavioural disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is particularly important in the stress response.
The document discusses body-mind-environment dynamics and expression. It proposes studying these interactions as a complex dynamical system across multiple levels, from neural dynamics to emotional states and behaviors. It suggests that disturbances in these dynamics may be linked to mental disorders and creativity. The questions posed relate to characterizing this dynamical system approach, the qualities and properties of the dynamic processes involved, and how modulating body-mind-environment dynamics could be used therapeutically.
The biological perspective views behavior as arising from physiological and genetic factors that interact with the environment. Key aspects of this perspective include Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, research on the brain and nervous system using methods like experiments and case studies, and theories about how genes and biological processes influence behavior. Studies have linked specific behaviors to brain regions and shown that splitting the brain's hemispheres can produce two separate streams of awareness, supporting the biological view that the brain determines behavior. Gender differences are also studied from this perspective in terms of both nature and nurture influences.
Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience. For example,
In humans
The rooting reflex as is the suckling reflex (a reflex in which babies begin sucking when a finger or nipple places pressure on the roof of their mouth,)
The Moro reflex (a startle reaction seen in babies less than 6 months of age) and
The Babkin reflex (a reflex in which babies open their mouths and flex their arms in response to rubbing the palms of their hands.)
Birds have an innate need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.
In animals example may be
A dog shaking after it gets wet,
A sea turtle seeking out the ocean after hatching
All of these behaviors occur naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be displayed.
Fro TYBA psychology, Mumbai university students. This is abnormal psychology perspective. This is explanation of biological perspective an this PPT will give you a perfect information about it.
This document discusses using cytokines and homeopathic dilutions therapeutically. It argues that cytokines, which are protein molecules that regulate the immune system, can be used in homeopathic form to help defend the body against illness. The document states that homeopathy uses extremely diluted stimuli that are able to precisely target ultrafine body structures. It asserts that this approach can help restore balance to the complex fractal dynamics of various biological systems interacting in the body. Overall, the document proposes that cytokines can be applied homeopathically to provide a balanced, non-toxic stimulation that supports the body's natural healing responses.
Biological Approach in explaining Abnormality & Psychological DisordersSandra Arenillo
Following the Biopsychosocial Model of Psychological Disorders. The presentation will discuss the Biological Basis for Abnormality & Psychological Disorders
This document discusses common physiological pathways involved in both addiction and evolutionary processes in mammals. Specifically:
- Reward mechanisms like dopamine signaling evolved to encourage behaviors important for survival like caring for offspring and are hijacked by addictive substances.
- Studies show similarities in brain regions and neuronal circuits involved in maternal behaviors in early offspring care and those exploited by addictive drugs.
- Understanding these evolutionary similarities can provide insight into addiction and inform treatment approaches by targeting shared neurobiological mechanisms.
Heredity is transmitted from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. The chromosome theory of inheritance developed by Sutton and Mendel's principles of genetics explain how traits are passed down. Heredity and environment interact to determine characteristics. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It uses neurons and neurotransmission to carry signals. The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones secreted by glands. Both systems work together to control and coordinate the body.
The document discusses body-mind-environment dynamics and expression. It proposes studying these interactions as a complex dynamical system across multiple levels, from neural dynamics to emotional states and behaviors. It suggests that disturbances in these dynamics may be linked to mental disorders and creativity. The questions posed relate to characterizing this dynamical system approach, the qualities and properties of the dynamic processes involved, and how modulating body-mind-environment dynamics could be used therapeutically.
The biological perspective views behavior as arising from physiological and genetic factors that interact with the environment. Key aspects of this perspective include Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, research on the brain and nervous system using methods like experiments and case studies, and theories about how genes and biological processes influence behavior. Studies have linked specific behaviors to brain regions and shown that splitting the brain's hemispheres can produce two separate streams of awareness, supporting the biological view that the brain determines behavior. Gender differences are also studied from this perspective in terms of both nature and nurture influences.
Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience. For example,
In humans
The rooting reflex as is the suckling reflex (a reflex in which babies begin sucking when a finger or nipple places pressure on the roof of their mouth,)
The Moro reflex (a startle reaction seen in babies less than 6 months of age) and
The Babkin reflex (a reflex in which babies open their mouths and flex their arms in response to rubbing the palms of their hands.)
Birds have an innate need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.
In animals example may be
A dog shaking after it gets wet,
A sea turtle seeking out the ocean after hatching
All of these behaviors occur naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be displayed.
Fro TYBA psychology, Mumbai university students. This is abnormal psychology perspective. This is explanation of biological perspective an this PPT will give you a perfect information about it.
This document discusses using cytokines and homeopathic dilutions therapeutically. It argues that cytokines, which are protein molecules that regulate the immune system, can be used in homeopathic form to help defend the body against illness. The document states that homeopathy uses extremely diluted stimuli that are able to precisely target ultrafine body structures. It asserts that this approach can help restore balance to the complex fractal dynamics of various biological systems interacting in the body. Overall, the document proposes that cytokines can be applied homeopathically to provide a balanced, non-toxic stimulation that supports the body's natural healing responses.
Biological Approach in explaining Abnormality & Psychological DisordersSandra Arenillo
Following the Biopsychosocial Model of Psychological Disorders. The presentation will discuss the Biological Basis for Abnormality & Psychological Disorders
This document discusses common physiological pathways involved in both addiction and evolutionary processes in mammals. Specifically:
- Reward mechanisms like dopamine signaling evolved to encourage behaviors important for survival like caring for offspring and are hijacked by addictive substances.
- Studies show similarities in brain regions and neuronal circuits involved in maternal behaviors in early offspring care and those exploited by addictive drugs.
- Understanding these evolutionary similarities can provide insight into addiction and inform treatment approaches by targeting shared neurobiological mechanisms.
Heredity is transmitted from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. The chromosome theory of inheritance developed by Sutton and Mendel's principles of genetics explain how traits are passed down. Heredity and environment interact to determine characteristics. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It uses neurons and neurotransmission to carry signals. The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones secreted by glands. Both systems work together to control and coordinate the body.
Role of oxytocin and vasopressin neuropsychiatric condition psy conditionsArubSultan
Oxytocin and vasopressin are two important neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. They play crucial roles in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes, and their dysregulation can contribute to various neurophyhric conditions.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from biological influences, particularly evolutionary processes and genetic factors. Historically, philosophers and scientists have explored the relationship between the physical body and mental processes. In the 18th-19th centuries, thinkers like Descartes, James, and Dunlap contributed to understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology. The biological perspective examines behavior through comparative studies, physiology, and inheritance. Major theories like dualism, materialism, heredity, and natural selection helped develop this perspective. Biological psychology analyzes behaviors in relation to genetics, the nervous system, neurotransmitters, and other biological factors.
The document discusses models of abnormal behavior including biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural models. It notes that the biopsychosocial model recognizes the interaction between these potential causes. Genetic factors can influence brain structure and neurotransmitter functioning, placing individuals at risk for disorders if exposed to stress. However, not all people exposed to the same factors develop the same disorders. The environment can also influence gene expression through interactions and niche-picking behaviors.
This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the causes of psychopathology and abnormal behavior, including:
1. Biological perspectives focus on genetic and neurological factors, examining topics like neurotransmitters, brain structures, and the effects of conditions like infections.
2. Psychodynamic perspectives are based on Freudian concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychodynamic therapy.
3. Behavioral perspectives emphasize learned behaviors and conditioning principles from theorists like Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.
4. Cognitive perspectives examine schemas, distortions, and the impact of thoughts, as described by Aaron Beck in cognitive therapy.
5. Sociocultural and family systems perspectives look at the influences
GENETIC, NEUROLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL FACTORS.pptxWendyLynLabatete
How does genetics influence human Behaviour?
Genes do not specify behavior directly, but rather encode molecular products that build and govern the functioning of the brain through which behavior is expressed.
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docxsleeperharwell
This document discusses the genetic determinants of personality from multiple perspectives. It begins by explaining that both nature and nurture influence personality, as humans have innate predispositions due to evolution but are also shaped by their environments. The document then explores several topics related to the genetic influences on personality, including the possibility of instincts, universal facial expressions and behaviors across cultures, and evidence that personality traits have genetic components. It also discusses evolutionary psychology perspectives on behaviors having biological bases aimed at maximizing survival and reproduction.
This document discusses theories of mind and behavior. It explains that behavior is an outward reflection of one's inner thoughts, feelings, beliefs and value systems. Behavior is impacted by one's attitudes, beliefs, conditioning, past experiences, and the conclusions drawn from those experiences. The mind has both a conscious and subconscious aspect. The subconscious mind stores memories from the present and past lives and influences behavior through inherent fears and responses learned through the senses. Changing behavior requires influencing one's perceptions by bypassing the critical filter and rewiring neuropathways through techniques like hypnosis that access the subconscious mind in a state of hyper suggestibility.
The document discusses the biological and neurological bases of abnormal behavior. It describes how genetics and biological factors like neurotransmitters and nervous system functioning can contribute to conditions. The central and peripheral nervous systems are involved in transmitting signals through neurons. Disturbances in these biological systems may underlie many psychological disorders. Environmental influences also interact with biological factors to shape abnormal behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between amygdala dysfunction and criminal or aggressive behavior. It reviews studies showing amygdala activation is involved in behaviors like anger, anxiety, fear and aggression. The amygdala is connected to other brain regions implicated in emotional processing and moral behavior. Neuroimaging studies of violent offenders and those with psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder show amygdala abnormalities. The paper argues we need objective ways to diagnose pathological amygdala activation levels and determine if drug therapies could treat amygdala dysfunctions, potentially helping to prevent some criminal behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand the links between amygdala function, aggression and crime.
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
The biology of behavior involves the interaction between the body and mind. The document discusses the key bodily factors involved - receptors (sense organs), effectors (muscles and glands), and the nervous system. It provides details on the structure and functions of neurons, neurotransmitters, and the main parts of the brain and nervous system involved in behavior. The biology of behavior examines how activity in the nervous system relates to both behavior and mental processes.
The document discusses genetics and its impact on human behavior. It begins by defining behavioral genetics and inheritance patterns. It then summarizes several twin and gene studies that examine the role of genetics in antisocial behavior. The studies found genetics account for about 50% of variations in antisocial behavior. The document also discusses the role of epigenetics in influencing gene expression and behavior based on environmental factors and parental experiences. In particular, it examines how stress and enriched environments in parents can lead to epigenetic changes that impact offspring behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind in human behavior. It explains that behavior involves the interaction of sense organs (receptors), muscles/glands (effectors), and the nervous system (integrator). The biology of behavior studies how nervous system activity relates to behavior and mental processes. Physiological psychology examines this relationship between bodily functions and the mind. Human behavior is influenced both by internal bodily conditions and external environmental factors interacting with innate hereditary traits.
The biological approach focuses on three key areas:
1) Genetic influences on behavior and inheritance of traits from parents.
2) The role of neurotransmitters in the brain and how they guide behavior.
3) Differences in brain structure between areas and between males and females.
Research methods examined include twin and adoption studies to analyze genetic and environmental factors, as well as scanning techniques like PET and MRI to study brain activity and structure. While animal studies provide some insights, they have limitations in applicability to humans given biological differences.
AS level AQA
Approaches in psychology
Behaviourism, classical and operant conditioning, social learning theory, cognitive approach and biological approach
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. It is considered a disorder of the brain reward system involving neurotransmitters like dopamine. Addiction has biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components. Treatment involves a biopsychosocial approach including medication, psychotherapy, and addressing co-occurring psychiatric disorders and social support systems to help patients maintain recovery and prevent relapse.
Few list of neuropsychiatric disordersSanityPharma
The neuropsychiatric disorders enhance widely if not cared for properly. A few of the neuropsychiatric disorders which should be taken care of are included here.
Record keeping in dairy farm management.pdfHari Om Pandey
Presentation tries to explain role of record keeping in sound planning of breeding, feeding and heeding and health management of dairy farm
in order to efficiently and effectively manage growth, production and reproduction. It assists in livestock management decisions and evaluates overall activities of the dairy farm.
Livestock farm Data Acquisition-Processing and management ..pdfHari Om Pandey
Livestock data acquisition essentially used in Smart Farming where a large amount of connected technologies produces a huge amount of data in order to maximize productions by reducing: human efforts, environment impact and wasting natural resources. It helps in improving livestock production, animals’ welfare, and farming processes, allowing to ease monitoring operations that can help farmers.
More Related Content
Similar to Neuro-endocrine basis of Behavioural Disorders in Farm Animals
Role of oxytocin and vasopressin neuropsychiatric condition psy conditionsArubSultan
Oxytocin and vasopressin are two important neuropeptides synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. They play crucial roles in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes, and their dysregulation can contribute to various neurophyhric conditions.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
The biological perspective views behavior and mental processes as ultimately resulting from biological influences, particularly evolutionary processes and genetic factors. Historically, philosophers and scientists have explored the relationship between the physical body and mental processes. In the 18th-19th centuries, thinkers like Descartes, James, and Dunlap contributed to understanding the biological underpinnings of psychology. The biological perspective examines behavior through comparative studies, physiology, and inheritance. Major theories like dualism, materialism, heredity, and natural selection helped develop this perspective. Biological psychology analyzes behaviors in relation to genetics, the nervous system, neurotransmitters, and other biological factors.
The document discusses models of abnormal behavior including biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural models. It notes that the biopsychosocial model recognizes the interaction between these potential causes. Genetic factors can influence brain structure and neurotransmitter functioning, placing individuals at risk for disorders if exposed to stress. However, not all people exposed to the same factors develop the same disorders. The environment can also influence gene expression through interactions and niche-picking behaviors.
This document provides an overview of different perspectives on the causes of psychopathology and abnormal behavior, including:
1. Biological perspectives focus on genetic and neurological factors, examining topics like neurotransmitters, brain structures, and the effects of conditions like infections.
2. Psychodynamic perspectives are based on Freudian concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychodynamic therapy.
3. Behavioral perspectives emphasize learned behaviors and conditioning principles from theorists like Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura.
4. Cognitive perspectives examine schemas, distortions, and the impact of thoughts, as described by Aaron Beck in cognitive therapy.
5. Sociocultural and family systems perspectives look at the influences
GENETIC, NEUROLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL FACTORS.pptxWendyLynLabatete
How does genetics influence human Behaviour?
Genes do not specify behavior directly, but rather encode molecular products that build and govern the functioning of the brain through which behavior is expressed.
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docxsleeperharwell
This document discusses the genetic determinants of personality from multiple perspectives. It begins by explaining that both nature and nurture influence personality, as humans have innate predispositions due to evolution but are also shaped by their environments. The document then explores several topics related to the genetic influences on personality, including the possibility of instincts, universal facial expressions and behaviors across cultures, and evidence that personality traits have genetic components. It also discusses evolutionary psychology perspectives on behaviors having biological bases aimed at maximizing survival and reproduction.
This document discusses theories of mind and behavior. It explains that behavior is an outward reflection of one's inner thoughts, feelings, beliefs and value systems. Behavior is impacted by one's attitudes, beliefs, conditioning, past experiences, and the conclusions drawn from those experiences. The mind has both a conscious and subconscious aspect. The subconscious mind stores memories from the present and past lives and influences behavior through inherent fears and responses learned through the senses. Changing behavior requires influencing one's perceptions by bypassing the critical filter and rewiring neuropathways through techniques like hypnosis that access the subconscious mind in a state of hyper suggestibility.
The document discusses the biological and neurological bases of abnormal behavior. It describes how genetics and biological factors like neurotransmitters and nervous system functioning can contribute to conditions. The central and peripheral nervous systems are involved in transmitting signals through neurons. Disturbances in these biological systems may underlie many psychological disorders. Environmental influences also interact with biological factors to shape abnormal behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between amygdala dysfunction and criminal or aggressive behavior. It reviews studies showing amygdala activation is involved in behaviors like anger, anxiety, fear and aggression. The amygdala is connected to other brain regions implicated in emotional processing and moral behavior. Neuroimaging studies of violent offenders and those with psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder show amygdala abnormalities. The paper argues we need objective ways to diagnose pathological amygdala activation levels and determine if drug therapies could treat amygdala dysfunctions, potentially helping to prevent some criminal behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand the links between amygdala function, aggression and crime.
This PPT contains Unit 2 Biology of behaviour for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing students. The biology of behavior, also known as behavioral neuroscience or psychobiology, explores the relationship between biological processes and behavior. It delves into how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological factors influence behavior, emotions, thoughts, and actions. Understanding this relationship helps us comprehend various aspects of human and animal behavior.
The biology of behavior involves the interaction between the body and mind. The document discusses the key bodily factors involved - receptors (sense organs), effectors (muscles and glands), and the nervous system. It provides details on the structure and functions of neurons, neurotransmitters, and the main parts of the brain and nervous system involved in behavior. The biology of behavior examines how activity in the nervous system relates to both behavior and mental processes.
The document discusses genetics and its impact on human behavior. It begins by defining behavioral genetics and inheritance patterns. It then summarizes several twin and gene studies that examine the role of genetics in antisocial behavior. The studies found genetics account for about 50% of variations in antisocial behavior. The document also discusses the role of epigenetics in influencing gene expression and behavior based on environmental factors and parental experiences. In particular, it examines how stress and enriched environments in parents can lead to epigenetic changes that impact offspring behavior.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind in human behavior. It explains that behavior involves the interaction of sense organs (receptors), muscles/glands (effectors), and the nervous system (integrator). The biology of behavior studies how nervous system activity relates to behavior and mental processes. Physiological psychology examines this relationship between bodily functions and the mind. Human behavior is influenced both by internal bodily conditions and external environmental factors interacting with innate hereditary traits.
The biological approach focuses on three key areas:
1) Genetic influences on behavior and inheritance of traits from parents.
2) The role of neurotransmitters in the brain and how they guide behavior.
3) Differences in brain structure between areas and between males and females.
Research methods examined include twin and adoption studies to analyze genetic and environmental factors, as well as scanning techniques like PET and MRI to study brain activity and structure. While animal studies provide some insights, they have limitations in applicability to humans given biological differences.
AS level AQA
Approaches in psychology
Behaviourism, classical and operant conditioning, social learning theory, cognitive approach and biological approach
Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. It is considered a disorder of the brain reward system involving neurotransmitters like dopamine. Addiction has biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components. Treatment involves a biopsychosocial approach including medication, psychotherapy, and addressing co-occurring psychiatric disorders and social support systems to help patients maintain recovery and prevent relapse.
Few list of neuropsychiatric disordersSanityPharma
The neuropsychiatric disorders enhance widely if not cared for properly. A few of the neuropsychiatric disorders which should be taken care of are included here.
Similar to Neuro-endocrine basis of Behavioural Disorders in Farm Animals (20)
Record keeping in dairy farm management.pdfHari Om Pandey
Presentation tries to explain role of record keeping in sound planning of breeding, feeding and heeding and health management of dairy farm
in order to efficiently and effectively manage growth, production and reproduction. It assists in livestock management decisions and evaluates overall activities of the dairy farm.
Livestock farm Data Acquisition-Processing and management ..pdfHari Om Pandey
Livestock data acquisition essentially used in Smart Farming where a large amount of connected technologies produces a huge amount of data in order to maximize productions by reducing: human efforts, environment impact and wasting natural resources. It helps in improving livestock production, animals’ welfare, and farming processes, allowing to ease monitoring operations that can help farmers.
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MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They are involved in many biological processes. The document discusses microRNA biogenesis, classification, nomenclature, genomic organization, and roles in ovarian function and follicular development. It specifically examines how microRNA-424 and microRNA-503 are highly expressed in dominant follicles and predicted to target SMAD7 and ACVR2A, genes important for follicular growth. Experiments were designed to validate these targets using luciferase assays and overexpression/inhibition of the microRNAs in bovine granulosa cells.
The document discusses livestock farming zones and production systems in India. It divides India into 15 agro-climatic zones based on factors like climate and cropping patterns. The major zones discussed are tropical, temperate, dry northern, northeastern, southern, coastal, and those in extreme climates. It provides details on the dominant livestock species, feed and fodder situation, and livestock products in each zone. The document also categorizes livestock production systems in India into solely livestock systems and mixed farming systems.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Neuro-endocrine basis of Behavioural Disorders in Farm Animals
1. Neuro-endocrine basis of Behavioural Disorders in Farm
Animals
Hari Om Pandey
ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar
Bareilly-243122 (UP), INDIA
2. Behaviour
Observable activity in a
human or animal
The aggregate of responses
to internal and external
stimuli
A stereotyped, species-
specific activity
Behaviour?
4. Behaviour
qInstinct in the inherent inclination of a living organism toward
a particular complex behavior
qPerformed without exposure of prior experience
qAn instinct should be distinguished from a reflex, which is a
simple response of an organism to a specific stimulus
5. Fixed Action Pattern
q Sequence of unlearned innate behavior that is unchangeable
q Once initiated, usually carried to completion
q Triggered by sign stimulus
7. Acquired Behaviour
qConditional reflexes
qLearned responses
qGeneral habits
q A conditioned reflex is one acquired as the
result of experience
q When an action is done repeatedly the
nervous system becomes familiar with the
situation and learns to react automatically,
and a new reflex is built into the system
q Habits: a settled tendency or usual manner of
behavior
8. Acquired Behaviour
General habits
qA settled tendency or usual manner of
behaviour
qNew behaviours can become
automatic through the process of
habit formation
qOld habits are hard to break and new
habits are hard to form because the
behavioural patterns which become
imprinted in neural pathways,
qBut it is possible to form new habits
through repetition
11. Basis of Behavioural Disorders
Emotional and
feelings:
qHunger
qPain
qFear
qRage
qStress
qExcitement
(Fraser, 1980)
12. Behavioural Disorders
Emotional and Behavioral
Disorders
Anxiety disorders:
q Excessive fear
q Excessive worrying about
incidents
q Unnecessary repeated
behavior and thought
patterns
q Sudden rapid heartbeats
and dizziness
q Repeated flashbacks of
traumatizing events that
have occurred in the life
13. Emotional and Behavioral
Disorders
1. Biological factors:
q Genetics
q Abnormalities in the
neurological and
biochemical development
q Injuries to the central
nervous system
2. Psychoanalytical factors
Traumatic experience
3. Behavioural factors
q Lack of adaptive behaviours
q Exposure to maladaptive
behaviours
q Exposure to poor
environment
Emotional and Behavioral
Disorders
4. Phenomonological
q Improper use of defense
mechanisms
q Failure to learn about
oneself
5. Sociological/Ecological
q Destructive family
q Poor living condition
q Rejection by peers
q Expectation
q Culture
Factors Responsible for Behavioural Disorders
14. Factors Responsible for Behavioural Disorders
Emotional and Behavioral
Disorders
1. Biological factors:
q Genetics
q Abnormalities in the
neurological and
biochemical development
q Injuries to the central
nervous system
2. Psychoanalytical factors
Traumatic experience
3. Behavioural factors
q Lack of adaptive behaviours
q Exposure to maladaptive
behaviours
q Exposure to poor
environment
Emotional and Behavioral
Disorders
4. Phenomonological
q Improper use of defense
mechanisms
q Failure to learn about
oneself
5. Sociological/Ecological
q Destructive family
q Poor living condition
q Rejection by peers
q Expectation
q Culture
15. Denial of Behavioural Needs
Feelings and emotions
Kinetic behavior—intensive
animal husbandry
16. Animal Sociology
q Communication
q Aggression
q Territorialism
q Dominance and
q Symbiotic relationship
q Space
q Ventilation
q Illumination
q Bedding
q Diet
q Companionship
17. Behavioural Disorder?
q Discomfort relates to any adverse interference with animals normal
state of health and well being
q Stress is physical condition with extensive manifestations revealing
undue ‘tension’ or ‘anxiety’ relating to environmental factors
q Pain is recognizable by more positive behavioural signs such as
struggling, screaming, squealing, and convulsions
Stress and pain
(Fraser, 1980)
19. Neuro Endocrine Basis of Behaviour
qNeurons in neural system collect information
from both external and internal environment of
animal and produce responses to the
environment
qEndocrine system relies on hormones that
carry signals from glands via the body fluids or
blood to target organs
qSensory systems, a subset of the neural system,
act as the interface between an animal and its
external environment
(Breed and Moore, 2015)
21. Neural circuits and social decision
qNeural circuits are organized at three stages of social
processing i.e. input, integrative and output
qThe input stage contains specialized sensory channels that
eventually transduce socially important information like
pheromone-sensing systems —vomeronasal organ in rodents
(Keverne, 1999)
22. Neural circuits and decision
qThe input stage contains specialized
sensory channels that eventually
transduce socially important
information like pheromone-sensing
systems —vomeronasal organ in
rodents
qThe output stage of social processing
comprises socially-specific motor
patterns, including highly stereotyped
behaviours like allogrooming,
ritualized play, and threat and
submission gestures
(Keverne, 1999; Schino et al., 1988; Grant and Mackintosh; 1963, Deag, 1977; Moll et al., 2005)
23. Social Interactions
qAcute sensory inputs are
recognized by another individual
and are transformed into a
behavioural decision; the decision
of second individual may in turn
generate new sensory cues for the
first individual, who will
consequently exhibit a behavioural
decision based on these cues
Figure adapted from; Chen and Hong, 2018
24. qThe behavioural decision of an individual is influenced by a high level of
uncertainty due to the inability to reliably predict the behavioural response
from the other individual
qFor instance, if a male is exposed to a male intruder, it may initially engage
in sniffing or close investigation and subsequently decide to attack the
intruder, or, alternatively, simply ignore it
qDifferences in behavioural progression and action selection can be shown
by the same animal, despite the fact that the exact same sensory cues are
present
q Factors that are internal to the individual, which we loosely and broadly
refer to as internal states, may directly modulate the sensorimotor
transformation into behavioural decisions
Social Interactions
(Anderson, 2016; Dayan, 2012)
25. • The diversity and social specificity of
sensory cues make social behaviours
uniquely complex
• The coordinated combinations of cues
are used in shaping the behavioural
output
• A classic example is that a male mouse
exposed to female cues may initiate
behavioural programs related to
mating, while exposure to male cues
may lead to displays of aggression
Social Interactions
(Figure reproduced from; Chen and Hong, 2018)
26. Influence of Hormones on Animal Behaviour
qHormones are strongly involved in brain
development and expression of
fundamental behaviours like feeding,
fleeing, fighting, and mating
qNeuropeptides, set the tone for state-
specific neuronal signaling by altering
chemical transmission within individual
neurons as well as across networks of
neurons
(McEwen, 2007, Keverne, 2004, Adkins-Regan, 2005; Belin and Moos, 1986)
27. qOxytocin and vasopressin are primarily involved in basic reproductive
functions in mammals for example parturition and lactation in females and
erection and ejaculation in males
qExogenous application of oxytocin can promote emotions like trust and
encourage generosity, in a context-dependent and sometimes
idiosyncratic fashion
qThe anxiolytic effects of oxytocin may have served as a preadaptation for
the prolonged interaction necessary for high-intensity parental care in
mammals by promoting approach behaviour and enhancing tolerance
Influence of Hormones on Animal Behaviour
(Donaldson and Young, 2008; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007; Bartz et al., 2011)
28. Neuro Endocrine basis of behaviour
q Physiologically both endocrine and nervous system are highly integrated affecting animal
behaviour to a great extent.
q Nerve cells can synthesize and secrete hormones; the behavioural effects of hormones are mediated
by their actions on neurons, and the brain regulates the endocrine axes.
30. Influence of stress on animal behaviour
qSAM axis parameters such as assessment of
heart rate variability and endocrinological
parameters like cortisol levels are typically
taken into account to measure acute stress
qHypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor
(CRF), arginine vasopressin (AVP), pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone, and adrenal
glucocorticoids comprise the HP Aaxis
qBehavioural measures and HPA axis
functioning are most often used to infer
potential chronic stress
(Bunt, 1986 ; Smith and Vale, 2006) SAM: Sympathetic-adrenal medulla
HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex
31. Influence of stress on animal behaviour
qGlucocorticoids are produced in
response to disruptions of the
homeostasis and are necessary to
mobilize the energy required to cope
up from prevailing stress
qChronic stress has always been of
major interest in animal welfare
research, since concerning behaviour
stereotypies were associated with
compromised welfare and chronic
stress
(Smith and Vale, 2006; Goel and Bali, 2006; Mastorakos and Pavlatou, 2005; Baker et al., 2015)
32. Influence of stress on animal behaviour
qAlternation in long-term HPA axis is assessed by measuring fecal or hair
cortisol
qHPA axis stimulation tests such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) challenge tests are considered as potential
tools for the assessment of long-lasting effects of stress
(Bunt, 1986; Mastorakos and Pavlatou, 2005; Baker et al., 2015)
33. qSeveral management factors as well as personality traits have been
investigated in relation to stress responsivity in horses. For instance, a
lack of social contact was linked to changes in stress-related
physiology and behaviour
q Feeding patterns, a restriction of forage intake or pasture time —
stereotypies as indicators of chronic
qIn captive and domesticated animals, chronic stress can be seen as a
result of unnatural husbandry practices, such as early weaning, social
isolation, or dietary restriction, which can negatively affect the HPA-
axis
Influence of stress on animal behaviour
(Denver, 2009; Turnbull et al., 1995; Gross et al., 2015; Redei, 2008; Myers et al., 2014)
34. Different behavioural disorders
In conflictive or frustrating situations,
a particular fixed-action pattern is
observed with no apparent goal or
function
Stereotypic disorders
Stereotypies can be defined as repetitive,
relatively invariant or constant patterns of
behaviour and appear to serve no obvious
purpose
(Dantzer, 1986; Mason, 1991; Mason, 2006; Cooper and Dourish, 1990, Stein, 1992)
35. Different behavioural disorders
• Represent a partial sequence of
the fixed-action pattern
• In horses and other ungulates,
different forms of stereotypies
exist, including crib-biting,
windsucking and weaving
• The neurobiological substrate for
these phenomena is complex,
there is evidence for involvement
of the dopaminergic and
serotonergic systems
(Mason, 2006; Cooper and Dourish, 1990, Stein, 1992)
36. • Crib-biting: the horse anchors its upper incisor teeth on
a surface, leans back, tenses its neck muscles, retracts
its larynx, and engulfs a bolus of air
• Sequelae include teeth erosion, neck hypertrophy, and
flatulence
• Horses may occasionally present with self-mutilation
stereotypies. There is anecdotal evidence of response
to narcotic antagonists
• Horses with self-directed aggression may have other
abnormalities such as circling, kicking and head
movements, and squealing
(Kiley-Worthington, 1983; Ralston, 1982; Dodman et al., 1988; Rushen, 1984, Appleby and Lawrence, 1987 )
Different behavioural disorders
37. • These symptoms may respond to neuroleptics,
clomipramine, and opioid antagonists
• These behaviours are initially locomotive and
investigatory, but may progress to become self-
directed
• Endogenous opioids may play a role in the
persistence of swine stereotypies, and naloxone
has been shown to inhibit these behaviours
(Kiley-Worthington, 1983; Ralston, 1982; Dodman et al., 1988; Rushen, 1984, Appleby and Lawrence, 1987 )
Different behavioural disorders
38. Aggression
• Moyer (1968) classified these into seven classes,
predatory, intermale, fear-induced, irritable,
territorial, maternal, and instrumental.
• They are normal forms of aggression and should not
necessarily be labelled as pathological aggression.
• Reis (1971) reclassified these classes into two
categories, affective aggression and predatory
aggression.
• Affective aggression is generally between members
of the same species, is accompanied by significant
arousal, and may be offensive or defensive
(Borchelt, 1983, Hart, 1985).
39. Aggression
• Predatory aggression is generally between
members of different species and is not
accompanied by marked arousal
• In the cat, for example, stimulation of the
lateral hypothalamus leads to predatory
aggression, whereas stimulation of the medial
hypothalamus evokes affective aggression.
• Tricyclic antidepressants decrease predatory
aggression but increase affective aggression in
rats
• Intermale aggression and maternal aggression
are mediated by hormonal factors, but other
forms of aggression may be less hormonally
dependent
(Moyer, 1968; Eichelman, 1992; Houpt and Wolski, 1982)
40. • Environmental factors
• Crowding or prior social isolation
• Threat to the young has a specific role in
initiating maternal aggression
• Pathological aggression
• Psychomotor epilepsy with aggressive
episodes has been documented in dogs
• Simple environmental measures may be
useful in reducing
Aggression
(Carithers, 1973; Borchlet and Voith, 1985; Chapman and Voith, 1990
41. • Providing pigs with objects to chew on or soil to root in reduces
tail-biting
• Socialization during development is important in reducing
territorial social aggression toward humans
• Castration is commonly used to prevent intermale aggression,
and long-acting progestins may also be helpful
• Hormonal treatments and ovariohysterectomy may be useful in
controlling maternal aggression
• Antiaggression psychotropics for domestic animals
(Van Putten, 1969; Hart, 1973, Hopkins et al., 1976, Blackshaw, 1991; (Hart, 1980, Symoens and van
den Brande, 1969)
Aggression
42. Anxiety disorders
• Fearful responses to harmful stimuli are normal behaviours
seen in all domestic animals
• Genetic factors may comprise an important determinant of
animal anxiety; genetically nervous breed of pointer dogs
• In cats, “anxious personality” is associated with preferential
transmission of stimuli from basal amygdala to ventromedial
hypothalamus” but the effects of psychotropics are not well
studied
(Reese, 1979, Weiss and Uhde, 1990; Murphree et al., 1974; Trancer et al., 1990; Adamec, 1991).
43. Anxiety disorders
• Environmental determinants of chronic anxiety in domestic
animals have also been noted
• Scott and Fuller (1974) have described how nervous mothers
unwittingly teach their pups nervous behaviours
• In addition, disruption of normal attachment processes may
lead to separation anxiety
• Treatment of fearful companion animals traditionally consists
of behavioural therapy
44. Eating disorders
• Anorexic behaviour is uncommon in most domestic animals and may
indicate an organic disorder.
• However, psychogenic anorexia may be seen in cats, typically in
kenneled animals. Diazepam may be useful for anorexia in some
domestic species.
• Psychogenic polyphagia and polydipsia have occasionally been
reported in dogs (Fox, 1968)
• Pica in domestic animals is rarely the result of nutrient deficiency, and
more usually represents a habit (Houpt and Wolski, 1982)
• Given the paucity of studies on animal eating disorders, the
relationship between animal and human eating disorders remains
unclear
45. Sexual disorders
• Problems with sexual behaviours of breeding males are common in domestic
species. These include disinterest in females, impairment in erection, and
impairment in ejaculation. Also, male animals raised away from females or with
another species may not develop normal responses (Beach, 1968; Zenchak and
Anderson, 1980)
• Too much sexual experience too early can also lead to decreased libido later on
(Houpt and Wolski, 1982)
• New or different surroundings or a slippery floor may lead to sexual reluctance. In
some species, problems can arise if the breeding male is submissive to males in
nearby pens or if a young male is used with an older, more dominant female
• Decreased libido can develop in stallions used as “teasers” for detecting estrus
but not breeding, and in stallions submitted to excessive discipline and rough
handling. Treatment methods include olfactory stimulation and stimulation by
watching mating animals (Pickett et al., 1977)
46. • In 1979, Cort Pedersen and Arthur Prange injected oxytocin directly
into the nervous system
• A quick onset of maternal behaviour in estrogen-primed, naive
females; they were also able to block maternal responses with an
oxytocin antagonist
• In studies of maternal behaviour in sheep conducted in the early
1980s, Barry Keverne and his colleagues also proved that oxytocin
was involved in the formation of the mother–infant bond.
• Oxytocin has since been implicated in the downregulation of anxiety
and fear, while vasopressin and the functionally related peptide,
corticotropin releasing hormone, typically have opposing effects on
these processes
Role of Hormone in Parenting and Pairing Behaviour
47. Disorders associated with parenting and pairing
behaviour
• One of the clearest activational effects attributed to
hormones is female parental behaviour. To ensure
the survival of young offspring and occurs in both a
juvenile-directed (juvenile grooming) and non-
juvenile-directed (defense against intruders)
manner
• Investment in parental care is often higher by
females compared to males, although this is highly
species and context dependent
(Clutton-Brock and Parker, 1992)
48. 1. Freedom from hunger and thirst – ready access to
water and a diet to maintain health and vigour
2. Freedom from discomfort – by providing an
appropriate environment including shelter and a
comfortable resting area
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease – by
prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment
4. Freedom to express normal behaviour – by providing
sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animals
own kind
5. Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions
and treatment which avoid mental suffering
In 1965, the United Kingdom (UK) government commissioned an
investigation, led by Professor Roger Brambell, into the welfare of
intensively farmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in Ruth
Harrison’s 1964 book, Animal Machines
Five Freedoms