This document summarizes a case presentation of a 74-year-old Thai female patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis who presented with increasing fatigue. Her peritoneal dialysis prescription was adjusted and tests revealed a left pleural effusion. Further imaging with nuclear scintigraphy confirmed omental wrapping around the peritoneal catheter. The patient was temporarily switched to hemodialysis and underwent catheter revision surgery. The importance of proper peritoneal catheter placement and design is discussed to reduce complications.
This document discusses the classification and pathogenesis of renal cystic diseases, with a focus on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It provides definitions and classifications of renal cystic diseases. It describes the genetic basis and inheritance pattern of ADPKD, caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes. Clinical features include flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, and renal failure typically developing in the 4th-6th decades. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension and complications to delay renal failure for which there is no cure.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and screening potential renal transplant recipients. It discusses:
1. General concepts to consider include referring all end-stage renal disease patients for transplant evaluation once renal replacement therapy is needed within 12 months, and encouraging preemptive kidney transplantation when feasible.
2. The evaluation process involves assessing medical history and conditions, performing initial screening tests, and evaluating any cardiovascular, infectious, or other systemic diseases to identify any absolute contraindications to transplantation or conditions requiring further treatment and monitoring.
3. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for transplant recipients, so candidates undergo cardiac screening and testing based on risk factors to clear them for surgery or identify any need for pre-operative cardiac
Hepatitis C virus & chronic kidney diseasesSamir Haffar
This document discusses hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its relationship to chronic kidney disease. It covers HCV diagnosis in chronic kidney disease patients, HCV-related glomerulonephritis, HCV in dialysis patients, and HCV and kidney transplantation. Key points include that HCV prevalence is higher in dialysis populations, HCV increases the risk of death in dialysis patients, and universal precautions can prevent HCV transmission in hemodialysis units. Cryoglobulinemia is also discussed as it relates to HCV infection and kidney involvement.
Renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation 2017CHAKEN MANIYAN
This case discusses a patient who underwent a living related kidney transplant and subsequently developed increased creatinine levels and CMV viremia. Further workup revealed an enhancing nodule in the patient's native right kidney. The patient underwent surgery where a 3x3cm solid mass was removed from the right lower pole of the native kidney. A review of literature on renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation showed it can develop through transmission from donor, de novo occurrence in recipient, or recurrence in recipient. Immunosuppression places transplant patients at higher risk for developing various cancers.
Renal biopsy provides important diagnostic information that can alter management in 50-60% of patients. The procedure involves inserting a biopsy needle into the kidney under ultrasound guidance to obtain tissue samples. Key factors in ensuring diagnostic adequacy include obtaining a sufficient number of glomeruli (typically 5 or more) and dividing samples appropriately for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Patients are monitored post-biopsy for bleeding complications, which occur in less than 1% and typically present as visible hematuria or need for blood transfusion. Renal biopsy is generally safe but strict post-biopsy rest and follow-up are important.
Approximately 10 to 30 percent of patients with proliferative lupus nephritis progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), depending upon the severity of the disease, ancestral and socioeconomic factors, noncompliance, and the response to initial treatment.
Overall prognosis has improved in recent decades, perhaps due to the use of combined immunosuppression .
Nutcracker syndrome in children presenting with recurrent gross hematuriaApollo Hospitals
Nutcracker syndrome is a rare cause of hematuria. Two children who presented to us with recurrent gross hematuria were evaluated. Renal parenchymal disease and abnormalities in the urinary tract were ruled out. CT angiography revealed a compressed left renal vein with dilatation and hence a diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome was made. A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome.
This document summarizes a case presentation of a 74-year-old Thai female patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis who presented with increasing fatigue. Her peritoneal dialysis prescription was adjusted and tests revealed a left pleural effusion. Further imaging with nuclear scintigraphy confirmed omental wrapping around the peritoneal catheter. The patient was temporarily switched to hemodialysis and underwent catheter revision surgery. The importance of proper peritoneal catheter placement and design is discussed to reduce complications.
This document discusses the classification and pathogenesis of renal cystic diseases, with a focus on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It provides definitions and classifications of renal cystic diseases. It describes the genetic basis and inheritance pattern of ADPKD, caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2 genes. Clinical features include flank pain, hematuria, hypertension, and renal failure typically developing in the 4th-6th decades. Treatment focuses on controlling hypertension and complications to delay renal failure for which there is no cure.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and screening potential renal transplant recipients. It discusses:
1. General concepts to consider include referring all end-stage renal disease patients for transplant evaluation once renal replacement therapy is needed within 12 months, and encouraging preemptive kidney transplantation when feasible.
2. The evaluation process involves assessing medical history and conditions, performing initial screening tests, and evaluating any cardiovascular, infectious, or other systemic diseases to identify any absolute contraindications to transplantation or conditions requiring further treatment and monitoring.
3. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for transplant recipients, so candidates undergo cardiac screening and testing based on risk factors to clear them for surgery or identify any need for pre-operative cardiac
Hepatitis C virus & chronic kidney diseasesSamir Haffar
This document discusses hepatitis C virus (HCV) and its relationship to chronic kidney disease. It covers HCV diagnosis in chronic kidney disease patients, HCV-related glomerulonephritis, HCV in dialysis patients, and HCV and kidney transplantation. Key points include that HCV prevalence is higher in dialysis populations, HCV increases the risk of death in dialysis patients, and universal precautions can prevent HCV transmission in hemodialysis units. Cryoglobulinemia is also discussed as it relates to HCV infection and kidney involvement.
Renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation 2017CHAKEN MANIYAN
This case discusses a patient who underwent a living related kidney transplant and subsequently developed increased creatinine levels and CMV viremia. Further workup revealed an enhancing nodule in the patient's native right kidney. The patient underwent surgery where a 3x3cm solid mass was removed from the right lower pole of the native kidney. A review of literature on renal cell carcinoma after kidney transplantation showed it can develop through transmission from donor, de novo occurrence in recipient, or recurrence in recipient. Immunosuppression places transplant patients at higher risk for developing various cancers.
Renal biopsy provides important diagnostic information that can alter management in 50-60% of patients. The procedure involves inserting a biopsy needle into the kidney under ultrasound guidance to obtain tissue samples. Key factors in ensuring diagnostic adequacy include obtaining a sufficient number of glomeruli (typically 5 or more) and dividing samples appropriately for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Patients are monitored post-biopsy for bleeding complications, which occur in less than 1% and typically present as visible hematuria or need for blood transfusion. Renal biopsy is generally safe but strict post-biopsy rest and follow-up are important.
Approximately 10 to 30 percent of patients with proliferative lupus nephritis progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), depending upon the severity of the disease, ancestral and socioeconomic factors, noncompliance, and the response to initial treatment.
Overall prognosis has improved in recent decades, perhaps due to the use of combined immunosuppression .
Nutcracker syndrome in children presenting with recurrent gross hematuriaApollo Hospitals
Nutcracker syndrome is a rare cause of hematuria. Two children who presented to us with recurrent gross hematuria were evaluated. Renal parenchymal disease and abnormalities in the urinary tract were ruled out. CT angiography revealed a compressed left renal vein with dilatation and hence a diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome was made. A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome.
This study compared the effectiveness and safety of traditional "blind" renal allograft biopsies versus real-time ultrasound guided coaxial biopsies. A retrospective review of over 800 biopsies in over 600 patients found that while both techniques obtained a diagnostic sample in over 99% of cases, the traditional technique resulted in significantly more minor complications such as hematomas and arteriovenous fistulas. However, the rates of major complications requiring intervention were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, real-time ultrasound guided coaxial biopsies may reduce the risk of minor complications without increasing the risk of major complications compared to traditional blind biopsies.
This document discusses vasculitides that can affect the kidneys and their management during and after kidney transplantation. Small vessel vasculitides like microscopic polyangiitis commonly cause nephritis and renal failure. Recurrence rates of ANCA-associated vasculitis after kidney transplantation are reported between 9-40%, usually occurring around 31 months. The optimal timing for kidney transplantation in vasculitis is after at least one year of remission, though remission is more important than seronegativity. Outcomes of transplantation are generally good if vasculitis is well controlled beforehand.
Causes of ESRF Leading to transplantation(Tx)
- Overview of Tx in children with or without Vasculitis
- Vasculitis types Leading to Tx
- Treatment approaches in the world
- Prognosis of Tx in Vasculitis
- Our experience in Tx in children with vasculitis
The document provides information about renal biopsies, including their definition, history, indications, contraindications, preparation, procedure, post-procedure care, complications, and discharge/follow-up. A renal biopsy is a procedure that obtains kidney tissue, typically using a needle, to help diagnose kidney diseases. It has become safer since the 1950s with the development of needle biopsies and imaging guidance. Key indications include unexplained kidney issues like proteinuria or injuries. Risks include bleeding, but most complications are minor and self-limiting. Patients are monitored after the procedure and advised on follow-up care.
Post operative complications of renal transplantHabrol Afzam
Urinary complications after kidney transplantation include urine leaks, urinary obstruction, and hematomas. Urinary obstruction most commonly occurs within the first 6 months after transplantation at the site where the ureter is implanted into the bladder, due to issues like ischemia, rejection, or technical errors. Infections are also common after transplantation, especially in the first few months and from 1-6 months post-op when opportunistic infections may develop. Other complications include lymphoceles, renal artery stenosis, infarction, renal vein thrombosis, calculi, and neoplasms. Prolonged immunosuppression also increases cancer risks.
This document discusses various cystic diseases of the kidney. It begins with an introduction to renal cysts and their classification as genetic or non-genetic. It then focuses on Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD), the most severe form which presents in infancy. ARPKD is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and is characterized by enlarged, echogenic kidneys with hepatic fibrosis. Clinical features range from respiratory distress in newborns to hypertension in older children. The document also briefly discusses other genetic cystic kidney diseases including Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Juvenile Nephronophthisis. Evaluation and treatment options for ARPK
Advanced in hemodialysis and biocompatbility chaken pmkCHAKEN MANIYAN
This document discusses advanced hemodialysis technologies and their role in improving outcomes for hemodialysis patients. It begins by outlining several challenges with hemodialysis including high mortality rates from cardiovascular causes and insufficient removal of toxins like phosphate, middle molecules, and protein-bound solutes. It then describes several modalities for advanced hemodialysis like super high flux membranes, hemodiafiltration, and adsorptive therapies that aim to remove more toxins. The document reviews landmark trials on high flux membranes and discusses how newer technologies may provide benefits like improved clearance of beta-2 microglobulin and phosphate.
This document discusses Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS), which occurs when the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) is compressed, reducing blood flow from the head and upper body. The document covers the case presentation of a patient with SVCS, including symptoms, imaging findings, and treatment. It then provides details on the anatomy, etiologies, clinical features, imaging and classification of SVCS. Treatment options for malignant causes of SVCS such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy and stenting are described. A grading system and treatment algorithm for SVCS are also presented.
The document discusses options for difficult forearm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) access for hemodialysis. It describes using basilic or cephalic vein transposition in the forearm when wrist AVF is not available or has failed. The author presents case studies and results from 82 patients who underwent basilic or cephalic vein transposition, finding 96% primary patency and 87% secondary patency after a mean follow up of 32.5 months. Complications occurred in 17% of cases and were mostly treated conservatively without loss of the fistula. The conclusions emphasize that autogenous AVF using transposed forearm veins can provide good patency and should be emphasized for long-term hemod
Mr. C.E. is a 79-year-old man who presented with septic shock and was found unresponsive at home. He has a history of metastatic prostate cancer, for which he underwent radical prostatectomy and cystectomy with an ileal conduit placement. In the ICU, he was diagnosed with septicemia from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, acute kidney injury, uremia, and metabolic acidosis. Testing showed obstruction of the ureter leading to infection. Though aggressive treatment was planned, after discussing his living will with family, all life-saving interventions were withdrawn and he was made comfort care only, passing away comfortably later that day.
This study compared the traditional "blind" renal transplant biopsy technique to an ultrasound-guided coaxial technique. The study found that both techniques obtained adequate biopsy samples in over 98% of cases. The traditional technique was associated with a significantly higher rate of minor complications like hematomas compared to the coaxial technique, but there was no significant difference in major complication rates between the two methods. Overall, both techniques demonstrated a low risk of complications and were effective in obtaining diagnostic biopsy samples.
This document summarizes a talk on the role of pancreas transplantation in managing diabetes. The talk discusses how pancreas transplants can normalize blood sugar levels but require lifelong immunosuppression. It reviews the types of pancreas transplants and their outcomes. Combined kidney-pancreas transplants are most common and indications for them are discussed. Technical challenges of pancreas transplants and monitoring outcomes are also summarized. The role of pancreas transplants for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is evaluated based on available data.
Perceived Barriers of Patients with ESRD regarding Kidney TransplantationChristina K J
This document discusses assessing the knowledge and perceived barriers of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) regarding kidney transplantation. ESRD is the final stage of chronic kidney disease and approximately 10% of ESRD patients in India receive renal replacement therapy like dialysis. The study aims to assess knowledge of kidney transplantation, identify perceived barriers, and examine associations between knowledge and demographic factors in ESRD patients in selected hospitals in Kannur District, India. A descriptive survey research design using interviews will be used to collect data which will then be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
This document summarizes various urologic complications that can occur after kidney transplantation, including urine leaks, urinomas, urinary obstruction, and peritransplant fluid collections such as hematomas and lymphoceles. It describes the prevalence, causes, clinical presentations, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatment approaches for each complication. Urine leaks and urinomas typically occur early after transplantation due to issues like ureteral necrosis or obstruction. Urinary obstruction is most common at the ureterovesical junction and within the first 6 months. Peritransplant fluid collections are common, with lymphoceles occurring most frequently 4-8 weeks post-transplantation. Ultrasound, CT,
The document discusses early post-kidney transplant care during the first 3 months. Key points include monitoring for rejection, infection, surgical complications, and side effects of high-dose immunosuppressants. Care involves frequent testing, managing medication levels, watching for issues like delayed graft function, and addressing potential rejection through repeated biopsies. Close monitoring of fluid balance, urine output, and hemodynamics is important to support the new organ in its critical early period.
This document discusses varicoceles, including their definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment options, and complications. Varicoceles involve dilated and tortuous veins in the spermatic cord and are a common cause of male infertility. While often asymptomatic, varicoceles can cause pain and negatively impact testicular function and sperm quality. Treatment involves surgical repair of the affected veins to prevent further damage to the testes.
1) Pediatric renal trauma is most commonly caused by blunt trauma from accidents like falls or motor vehicle collisions. The kidneys are more susceptible to injury in children due to their fetal lobulations and less protection by the rib cage.
2) There is debate around when imaging is needed for pediatric renal trauma patients. Some recommend imaging all children with microscopic hematuria, while others suggest observation for stable patients with less than 50 red blood cells per high-powered field and mild trauma.
3) Pre-existing kidney abnormalities increase the risk of hematuria out of proportion with the trauma in pediatric patients. Imaging may be needed to identify injuries or abnormalities that could require treatment.
Este documento presenta diversas opciones para la educación urológica continua a través de recursos digitales como artículos científicos, cursos en línea, webinarios, guías clínicas, libros electrónicos y videos quirúrgicos. Se mencionan varias plataformas educativas, revistas, bases de datos y sitios web que ofrecen este tipo de contenido de manera gratuita u con acceso de pago. El objetivo es promover el aprendizaje permanente en urología aprovechando las herramientas dispon
Este documento trata sobre las fístulas del tracto urinario. Describe varios tipos de fístulas incluyendo fístulas uroginecológicas como la fístula vesicovaginal, fístulas uroentéricas como la fístula vesicoentérica, y fístulas urovasculares. Explica las causas, síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas afecciones, haciendo énfasis en la fístula vesicovaginal como la más común. El objetivo del tratamiento es cerr
This study compared the effectiveness and safety of traditional "blind" renal allograft biopsies versus real-time ultrasound guided coaxial biopsies. A retrospective review of over 800 biopsies in over 600 patients found that while both techniques obtained a diagnostic sample in over 99% of cases, the traditional technique resulted in significantly more minor complications such as hematomas and arteriovenous fistulas. However, the rates of major complications requiring intervention were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, real-time ultrasound guided coaxial biopsies may reduce the risk of minor complications without increasing the risk of major complications compared to traditional blind biopsies.
This document discusses vasculitides that can affect the kidneys and their management during and after kidney transplantation. Small vessel vasculitides like microscopic polyangiitis commonly cause nephritis and renal failure. Recurrence rates of ANCA-associated vasculitis after kidney transplantation are reported between 9-40%, usually occurring around 31 months. The optimal timing for kidney transplantation in vasculitis is after at least one year of remission, though remission is more important than seronegativity. Outcomes of transplantation are generally good if vasculitis is well controlled beforehand.
Causes of ESRF Leading to transplantation(Tx)
- Overview of Tx in children with or without Vasculitis
- Vasculitis types Leading to Tx
- Treatment approaches in the world
- Prognosis of Tx in Vasculitis
- Our experience in Tx in children with vasculitis
The document provides information about renal biopsies, including their definition, history, indications, contraindications, preparation, procedure, post-procedure care, complications, and discharge/follow-up. A renal biopsy is a procedure that obtains kidney tissue, typically using a needle, to help diagnose kidney diseases. It has become safer since the 1950s with the development of needle biopsies and imaging guidance. Key indications include unexplained kidney issues like proteinuria or injuries. Risks include bleeding, but most complications are minor and self-limiting. Patients are monitored after the procedure and advised on follow-up care.
Post operative complications of renal transplantHabrol Afzam
Urinary complications after kidney transplantation include urine leaks, urinary obstruction, and hematomas. Urinary obstruction most commonly occurs within the first 6 months after transplantation at the site where the ureter is implanted into the bladder, due to issues like ischemia, rejection, or technical errors. Infections are also common after transplantation, especially in the first few months and from 1-6 months post-op when opportunistic infections may develop. Other complications include lymphoceles, renal artery stenosis, infarction, renal vein thrombosis, calculi, and neoplasms. Prolonged immunosuppression also increases cancer risks.
This document discusses various cystic diseases of the kidney. It begins with an introduction to renal cysts and their classification as genetic or non-genetic. It then focuses on Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD), the most severe form which presents in infancy. ARPKD is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and is characterized by enlarged, echogenic kidneys with hepatic fibrosis. Clinical features range from respiratory distress in newborns to hypertension in older children. The document also briefly discusses other genetic cystic kidney diseases including Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Juvenile Nephronophthisis. Evaluation and treatment options for ARPK
Advanced in hemodialysis and biocompatbility chaken pmkCHAKEN MANIYAN
This document discusses advanced hemodialysis technologies and their role in improving outcomes for hemodialysis patients. It begins by outlining several challenges with hemodialysis including high mortality rates from cardiovascular causes and insufficient removal of toxins like phosphate, middle molecules, and protein-bound solutes. It then describes several modalities for advanced hemodialysis like super high flux membranes, hemodiafiltration, and adsorptive therapies that aim to remove more toxins. The document reviews landmark trials on high flux membranes and discusses how newer technologies may provide benefits like improved clearance of beta-2 microglobulin and phosphate.
This document discusses Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS), which occurs when the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) is compressed, reducing blood flow from the head and upper body. The document covers the case presentation of a patient with SVCS, including symptoms, imaging findings, and treatment. It then provides details on the anatomy, etiologies, clinical features, imaging and classification of SVCS. Treatment options for malignant causes of SVCS such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy and stenting are described. A grading system and treatment algorithm for SVCS are also presented.
The document discusses options for difficult forearm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) access for hemodialysis. It describes using basilic or cephalic vein transposition in the forearm when wrist AVF is not available or has failed. The author presents case studies and results from 82 patients who underwent basilic or cephalic vein transposition, finding 96% primary patency and 87% secondary patency after a mean follow up of 32.5 months. Complications occurred in 17% of cases and were mostly treated conservatively without loss of the fistula. The conclusions emphasize that autogenous AVF using transposed forearm veins can provide good patency and should be emphasized for long-term hemod
Mr. C.E. is a 79-year-old man who presented with septic shock and was found unresponsive at home. He has a history of metastatic prostate cancer, for which he underwent radical prostatectomy and cystectomy with an ileal conduit placement. In the ICU, he was diagnosed with septicemia from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, acute kidney injury, uremia, and metabolic acidosis. Testing showed obstruction of the ureter leading to infection. Though aggressive treatment was planned, after discussing his living will with family, all life-saving interventions were withdrawn and he was made comfort care only, passing away comfortably later that day.
This study compared the traditional "blind" renal transplant biopsy technique to an ultrasound-guided coaxial technique. The study found that both techniques obtained adequate biopsy samples in over 98% of cases. The traditional technique was associated with a significantly higher rate of minor complications like hematomas compared to the coaxial technique, but there was no significant difference in major complication rates between the two methods. Overall, both techniques demonstrated a low risk of complications and were effective in obtaining diagnostic biopsy samples.
This document summarizes a talk on the role of pancreas transplantation in managing diabetes. The talk discusses how pancreas transplants can normalize blood sugar levels but require lifelong immunosuppression. It reviews the types of pancreas transplants and their outcomes. Combined kidney-pancreas transplants are most common and indications for them are discussed. Technical challenges of pancreas transplants and monitoring outcomes are also summarized. The role of pancreas transplants for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is evaluated based on available data.
Perceived Barriers of Patients with ESRD regarding Kidney TransplantationChristina K J
This document discusses assessing the knowledge and perceived barriers of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) regarding kidney transplantation. ESRD is the final stage of chronic kidney disease and approximately 10% of ESRD patients in India receive renal replacement therapy like dialysis. The study aims to assess knowledge of kidney transplantation, identify perceived barriers, and examine associations between knowledge and demographic factors in ESRD patients in selected hospitals in Kannur District, India. A descriptive survey research design using interviews will be used to collect data which will then be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
This document summarizes various urologic complications that can occur after kidney transplantation, including urine leaks, urinomas, urinary obstruction, and peritransplant fluid collections such as hematomas and lymphoceles. It describes the prevalence, causes, clinical presentations, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatment approaches for each complication. Urine leaks and urinomas typically occur early after transplantation due to issues like ureteral necrosis or obstruction. Urinary obstruction is most common at the ureterovesical junction and within the first 6 months. Peritransplant fluid collections are common, with lymphoceles occurring most frequently 4-8 weeks post-transplantation. Ultrasound, CT,
The document discusses early post-kidney transplant care during the first 3 months. Key points include monitoring for rejection, infection, surgical complications, and side effects of high-dose immunosuppressants. Care involves frequent testing, managing medication levels, watching for issues like delayed graft function, and addressing potential rejection through repeated biopsies. Close monitoring of fluid balance, urine output, and hemodynamics is important to support the new organ in its critical early period.
This document discusses varicoceles, including their definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment options, and complications. Varicoceles involve dilated and tortuous veins in the spermatic cord and are a common cause of male infertility. While often asymptomatic, varicoceles can cause pain and negatively impact testicular function and sperm quality. Treatment involves surgical repair of the affected veins to prevent further damage to the testes.
1) Pediatric renal trauma is most commonly caused by blunt trauma from accidents like falls or motor vehicle collisions. The kidneys are more susceptible to injury in children due to their fetal lobulations and less protection by the rib cage.
2) There is debate around when imaging is needed for pediatric renal trauma patients. Some recommend imaging all children with microscopic hematuria, while others suggest observation for stable patients with less than 50 red blood cells per high-powered field and mild trauma.
3) Pre-existing kidney abnormalities increase the risk of hematuria out of proportion with the trauma in pediatric patients. Imaging may be needed to identify injuries or abnormalities that could require treatment.
Este documento presenta diversas opciones para la educación urológica continua a través de recursos digitales como artículos científicos, cursos en línea, webinarios, guías clínicas, libros electrónicos y videos quirúrgicos. Se mencionan varias plataformas educativas, revistas, bases de datos y sitios web que ofrecen este tipo de contenido de manera gratuita u con acceso de pago. El objetivo es promover el aprendizaje permanente en urología aprovechando las herramientas dispon
Este documento trata sobre las fístulas del tracto urinario. Describe varios tipos de fístulas incluyendo fístulas uroginecológicas como la fístula vesicovaginal, fístulas uroentéricas como la fístula vesicoentérica, y fístulas urovasculares. Explica las causas, síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas afecciones, haciendo énfasis en la fístula vesicovaginal como la más común. El objetivo del tratamiento es cerr
La retención urinaria se define como la inhabilidad para micción espontánea a pesar de la distensión vesical. Puede ser aguda o crónica y se clasifica en obstructiva, inflamatoria/infecciosa, neurológica u otras causas. La causa más frecuente es la hiperplasia prostática benigna. El tratamiento inicial incluye descompresión vesical rápida mediante cateterización y tratamiento de la causa subyacente.
Fisiologia de la ereccion, factor de riesgo cardiovascular, terapia de pareja, psicogenica vs organica, indice internacional de disfuncion erectil, Inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa PDE5, inyeccion intracavernosa, farmaco intrauretral, dispositivo de constriccion al vacio, protesis penil
Historia del trasplante renal, nefrectomia del donante, anomalias vasculares, derecha vs izquierda, abordajes: abierta (mini-incision) vs laparoscopica (convencional, mano-asistida, robotica asistida)
Aspiracion e irrigacion del cuerpo cavernoso, simpaticomimetico intracavernoso y oral, priapismo recurrente o intermitente, derivacion caverno-glanular (distal), caverno-esponjoso (distal) y caverno-venoso, disfuncion erectil, priapismo isquemico (venoso, de bajo flujo) vs no-isquemico (arterial, de alto flujo)
Este documento resume la terapia ablativa para pequeñas masas renales mediante crioablación o radiofrecuencia. Explica que la terapia ablativa tiene menos morbilidad que la nefrectomía parcial, pero mayor riesgo de recurrencia tumoral local. Revisa los resultados de estudios comparativos entre crioablación y radiofrecuencia, así como entre terapia ablativa y nefrectomía parcial. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de una cuidadosa selección de pacientes y un estricto seguimiento post-tratamiento con
Este documento trata sobre la estrechez uretral. Explica que la estrechez uretral puede ser causada por cicatrización tras un trauma o por una inflamación, y que los síntomas incluyen obstrucción urinaria e infecciones. Describe varios métodos para evaluar y tratar la estrechez uretral, incluyendo dilatación, uretrotomía interna y diferentes tipos de uretroplastia como la anastomosis, sustitución con injertos de piel o mucosa oral, y técnicas como los
Epidemiologia - Factores de Riesgo - Patogenesis - Diagnostico - Tratamiento - UTI en Mujeres, Embarazadas y Hombres - Antibioticos y Resistencia Bacteriana - UTI recurrentes - Profilaxis
Este documento resume los tipos principales de tumores testiculares, incluidos los factores de riesgo, síntomas, diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y pronóstico. Los tumores testiculares más comunes son los seminomas y carcinomas embrionarios de células germinales, que afectan principalmente a hombres jóvenes. El diagnóstico incluye ultrasonido y pruebas de imagen. El tratamiento depende del estadio y el tipo histológico, e involucra cirugía y quimioterapia. Con
El documento resume la evaluación de lesiones adrenales mediante diferentes modalidades de imagenología como tomografía y resonancia magnética, así como la evaluación funcional endocrinológica. Describe que las masas adrenales incidentales deben evaluarse para determinar su potencial malignidad dependiendo del tamaño, características de imagen y crecimiento, y que pueden requerir adrenalectomía.
Tasa de complicaciones, sistema de Clavien modificado, seleccion del paciente, falta de equipo inadecuado, errores tecnicos relacionados al acceso y remocion litiasica
Drenaje venoso testicular, fisiopatologia, clasificacion, ultrasonido escrotal con flujo Doppler, infertilidad, indicacion quirurgica, abordaje retroperitoneal vs inguinal vs subinguinal vs laparoscopico, resultados y complicaciones quirurgicas
Escroto agudo, epididimitis, torsion del apendice testicular, torsion testicular, deformidad en bajado de campana, torsion intravaginal y extravaginal, reflejo cremasterico, ultrasonido escrotal con flujo Doppler,
Donante renal fallecido, tecnica de explante renal, cirugia de banco, perfusion y preservacion renal, trasplante renal (anastomosis vascular y ureteroneocistostomia), nefrectomia pretrasplante y del injerto, trasplante dual y retrasplante
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be the first sign of an underlying occult or undiagnosed cancer. The risk of occult cancer is higher in patients with unprovoked VTE compared to those with VTE from a provoking factor. Limited screening is recommended for patients over age 40 presenting with unprovoked VTE, including a complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, chest imaging, and consideration of tumor markers based on risk factors. More extensive screening with CT scans is not supported by evidence of improved outcomes and poses risks of unnecessary anticoagulation withdrawal or additional testing. Ongoing surveillance beyond initial screening may be warranted in certain high risk cases such as recurrent unprovoked VTE
This document summarizes the concept and technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. It defines the sentinel lymph node as the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor site. The summary describes how sentinel lymph node biopsy gained acceptance as a less invasive alternative to axillary lymph node dissection, with studies finding it to be a reliable indicator of axillary node status. The document also reviews factors such as tumor size, sentinel node status, and the number of positive lymph nodes that help determine the need for further axillary treatment.
This document summarizes a presentation given at SUNY Downstate Medical Center Surgery Grand Rounds on February 28, 2013. The presentation discusses the case of a 35-year old male with an asymptomatic right neck mass found to be a papillary thyroid carcinoma on biopsy. It reviews the debate between thyroid lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy for treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancers. Studies presented show that total thyroidectomy may be preferred due to the high rate of multifocality in thyroid cancers and reduced recurrence rates and improved survival with total thyroidectomy compared to lobectomy. Complications from total thyroidectomy like hypocalcemia are discussed.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid noduleJack Michel MD
Joshua Simon, DO, PGY-1, Philip Pack, DO, PGY-2, Quoc Dang, DO, PGY-1, Michael Kambour, MD, and Mohammad Masri, MD
Larkin Community Hospital General Surgery Residency Program
Squamous cell carcinoma in the native kidney of a renal transplant recipient ...Apollo Hospitals
We are reporting a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the native kidney in a renal
transplant recipient. A 54-year-old gentleman, a renal transplant recipient for three years,
presented with flank pain. On evaluation he was found to have a mass in the upper pole of
the left native kidney. Renal angiogram was done which showed a functioning transplanted
kidney with a large mass arising from the upper pole of the left native kidney. He
underwent nephrectomy. The histopathology reported a squamous cell carcinoma. He was
given adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumor bed using image guided radiotherapy thereby
delivering a differential dose to the high risk areas and preserving the surrounding normal
structures. He developed a urethral nodule which was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma.
The lesion was excised with clear margins. We present this case because it is rare
and to discuss adjutant management.
recent advances in hepatobiliary and GI surgeryhr77
1. Advances in surgical techniques, devices, and perioperative management have led to reduced operative times, blood loss, morbidity, and mortality associated with hepatic resection.
2. Liver functional reserve assessment and meticulous planning are important for safe hepatic resection. Surgical portal decompression is more effective than TIPS for variceal bleeding in low-risk patients.
3. RFA has limitations for HCC treatment and is not an independent therapy; transplantation or resection are preferred when possible. Bioartificial liver devices show promise for bridging patients to transplantation or regeneration.
Ntc dr muthusamy bridge to surgery talk final 6 18MUCINGroup
This document discusses endoscopic evaluation and staging of pancreatic cancer. It begins by outlining the algorithm for evaluating suspected pancreatic cancer with CT/MRI and EUS. Key questions after detecting a pancreatic mass include determining resectability and predicting tumor stage. Stages are defined as resectable, borderline, locally advanced, and metastatic based on criteria such as vascular involvement. Examples of EUS images illustrating resectable, locally advanced, and borderline resectable cancers are provided. The document concludes that neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly used for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer and requires durable biliary drainage during treatment.
This document discusses treatment options for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including radical cystectomy, partial cystectomy, radiotherapy alone, chemotherapy, and trimodal therapy (transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy).
It reviews the results of four phase III trials comparing radiotherapy with and without chemotherapy. It also discusses organ preservation rates, oncological outcomes, and quality of life outcomes associated with different treatments.
The document concludes that trimodal therapy with transurethral resection followed by chemoradiation based on cisplatin is an option for select patients with T2 bladder cancer without other risk factors, as it can achieve cancer-specific survival rates of 50-82% at 5 years while preserving
The document discusses several topics related to colorectal cancer including hereditary forms, staging, treatment with surgery and targeted therapies. It presents two case studies, one with a family history of colon cancer who was found to have a genetic mutation, and another with a locally advanced rectal tumor treated with preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery.
1) Advances in the management of pancreatic cancers including improved preoperative assessment using CT, MRI, EUS and PET scans to determine resectability.
2) Surgical approaches to resectable pancreatic cancer including pylorus-preserving versus standard Whipple procedure and debates around extent of lymphadenectomy.
3) Outcomes have modestly improved with resection rates around 20%, operative mortality of 9% and 5 year survival of 12%, though pancreatic cancer prognosis remains poor.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Native Kidney of a Renal Transplant Recipient ...Apollo Hospitals
We are reporting a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the native kidney in a renal transplant recipient. A 54-year-old gentleman, a renal transplant recipient for three years, presented with flank pain. On evaluation he was found to have a mass in the upper pole of the left native kidney. Renal angiogram was done which showed a functioning trans-
planted kidney with a large mass arising from the upper pole of the left native kidney. He underwent nephrectomy. The histopathology reported a squamous cell carcinoma. He was given adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumor bed using image guided radiotherapy thereby delivering a differential dose to the high risk areas and preserving the surrounding normal structures. He developed a urethral nodule which was found to be a squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion was excised with clear margins. We present this case because it is rare and to discuss adjuvant management.
This document discusses the management of renal transplant patients. It provides a brief history of transplantation, beginning with early attempts in ancient times. Key developments include the first successful kidney transplant between identical twins in 1954. It describes treatment options for end-stage renal disease including dialysis and transplantation. Living donor transplantation is preferred due to improved outcomes and shorter wait times. Post-transplant care involves monitoring for surgical complications, medical issues like infection and rejection, and frequent follow-up visits in the first year.
This document discusses colorectal cancer (CRC), including its epidemiology, etiology, screening, clinical presentation, staging, prognostic factors, preoperative preparation, surgical techniques, and palliative care approaches. CRC is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide, with higher rates in men. Risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease. Screening can detect early-stage cancers and remove pre-cancerous polyps to reduce mortality. Surgery aims to remove the primary tumor and adequate lymph nodes while preserving organ function through techniques like colectomies and anastomoses.
Adjuvant therapy protocols for liver cancer in patients undergoing liver tran...hr77
Many patients undergo liver transplantation for a liver cancer in a setting of liver cirrhosis. When is it possible to consider chemotherapy in such patients? Is it even possible? Is there a role?
Field cancerization refers to genetic and molecular alterations that occur in histologically normal tissue surrounding tumors. These alterations predispose the tissue to developing additional new cancers. The document discusses two cases presenting with multiple primary tumors in the oral cavity and larynx as examples of field cancerization. It then reviews the original description of field cancerization from 1953 and various theories for how it occurs. The concept of an "etiologic field effect" is introduced, which broadens the understanding of cancer susceptibility at the molecular, cellular and environmental levels. Several examples of field cancerization are described for different cancer types. Clinical tools for detecting field cancerization like iodine staining and toluidine blue staining are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of radical cholecystectomy for gallbladder cancer. Some key points:
- Radical cholecystectomy involves removal of the gallbladder and a rim of liver tissue, often including segments IVb and V. It aims to achieve clear margins and may include bile duct resection and lymph node dissection.
- Gallbladder cancer has a poor prognosis due to late presentation and aggressive spread. Risk factors include gallstones, inflammation and older age. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, CT, MRI and biopsy.
- Staging is according to TNM classification. Surgery with radical cholecystectomy offers the only chance of cure, but outcomes remain poor even with resection due to high rate
Este documento discute los efectos del cáncer y su tratamiento en la fertilidad masculina, así como opciones para preservar la fertilidad. El cáncer y la quimioterapia pueden afectar negativamente la producción de espermatozoides y su calidad. Sin embargo, la fertilidad se recupera en muchos casos luego del tratamiento. La criopreservación de esperma es el método preferido para preservar la fertilidad, y ha demostrado tener tasas de éxito del 90% para lograr embarazos en el futuro. Discutir opciones de pre
Este documento trata sobre el abordaje del paciente con disfunción eréctil. Define la disfunción eréctil y explica su fisiopatología. Luego describe la epidemiología, evaluación diagnóstica incluyendo historia clínica, exámen físico y laboratorios. Finalmente discute el manejo médico con inhibidores de fosfodiesterasa 5, inyección intracavernosa, dispositivos de vacío y prótesis penil, así como terapias experimentales como ondas de choque y células madre.
Este documento resume los principales aspectos de la evaluación y manejo de la infertilidad masculina. 1) La causa más común es la varicocele, seguida de infecciones de glándulas accesorias y factores idiopáticos. 2) La evaluación incluye historia clínica, examen físico, espermograma, pruebas hormonales, ultrasonido y en algunos casos pruebas genéticas. 3) El tratamiento puede ser médico, quirúrgico o de extracción de espermatozoides, dependiendo de la causa encontrada.
Clasificacion de D'Amico, vigilancia activa, biopsia de prostata guiada por MRI, ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (HIFU), crioterapia, terapia fotodinamica con blanco vascular (Tookad), indice de lesion tumoral
Antigeno prostatico especifico (PSA), tamizaje del cancer de prostata, controversias de estudios estadounidense PLCO vs europeo ERSPC, Guias AUA y EAU de deteccion temprana, herramientas de prediccion de riesgo
Palabras clave: carcinoma escamoso de pene, zonas de Daseler, adenopatias inguinales palpables y no palpables, ganglio centinela, antibioticos prelinfadenectomia, linfadenectomia inguinopelvica y estandar vs modificada
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
2. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
CARCINOMA DE CÉLULAS RENALES METASTÁSICO
Sobrevida RCC a 5 años 50-55%
Sobrevida con metástasis 10-20%
De los RCC diagnosticados
20% localmente avanzados
30% con metástasis
40% se les realiza nefrectomía
K.K. Aben, T.K. Luth, M.L. Janssen-Heijnen et al. No improvement in renal cell carcinoma survival: a population-based
study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer, 44 (2008), pp. 1701–1709
3. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
CARCINOMA DE CÉLULAS RENALES METASTÁSICO
Sobrevida mayor
Prevención de
complicaciones
tumorales
Mejor respuesta a
la inmunoterapia
Morbilidad y
mortalidad
perioperatoria
mayor
Retraso del inicio
de terapia blanco
7. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA SISTÉMICA
ERA DE CITOKINAS
INFα e IL2
INMUNOTERAPIA
1992 - 2004
•NEFRECTOMÍA
COMO ESTÁNDAR DE
TRATAMIENTO
• POSTQUIRÚRGICO /
ADJUVANTE
ERA INHIBIDORES DE
ANGIOGÉNESIS (TKI y
Ab VEFG) y mTOR
TERAPIA BLANCO
2005 - 2012
• ¿NEFRECTOMÍA
REALMENTE ES
NECESARIA?
• ¿PREQUIRUGICO? /
¿NEOADJUVANTE?
9. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
POSIBLES MECANISMOS DE ACCIÓN
Reducción del volumen tumoral
Cambio del microambiente tumoral
con inhibición del grado de invasión
Gatenby RA, Gawlinski ET, Tangen CM et al: The possible role of postoperative azotemia in enhanced
survival of patients with metastatic renal cancer after cytoreductive nephrectomy. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 5218.
Tatsumi T, Herrem CJ, OlsonWC et al: Disease stage variation in CD4 and CD8 T-cell reactivity to the receptor tyrosine
kinase EphA2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 4481.
Fujikawa K, Matsui Y, Miura K et al: Serum immunosuppressive acidic protein and natural killer cell activity in patients
with metastatic renal cell carcinoma before and after nephrectomy. J Urol 2000; 164: 673.
10. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
POSIBLES MECANISMOS DE ACCIÓN
Disminución de inmunosupresión, reversión de relación
TH1/TH2 aumento en actividad de células NK
Disminución de marcadores angiogénicos incluyendo
VEGF
Dadian G, Riches PG, Henderson DC et al: Immunological parameters in peripheral blood of patients
with renal cell carcinoma before and after nephrectomy. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 15.
Klatte T, Bohm M, Nelius T et al: Evaluation of peri-operative peripheral and renal venous levels of pro- and anti-angiogenic
factors and their relevance in patients with renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2007; 100: 209..
12. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
INMUNOTERAPIA
Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a
combined analysis. J Urol 2004;171:1071.
13. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
INMUNOTERAPIA
K Kwan and A Kapoor. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the evolving role of surgery in
the era of molecular targeted therapy. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care 2009, 3:157–165
14. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA BLANCO
314 pacientes
2004-2008,
nefrectomía 201
55% Edad < 60 años
30% Karnofsky < 80
74% más de un sitio
de metástasis
Sunitinib 198 (63%)
Tiempo de inicio
promedio 5 meses
postoperatorio
T Choueiri, W Xie, C Kollmannsberger et al. The Impact of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy on Survival of
Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Targeted Therapy. The
Journal of Urology Vol. 185, 60-66, January 2011
16. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA BLANCO
T Choueiri, W Xie, C Kollmannsberger et al. The Impact of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy on Survival of
Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Targeted Therapy. The
Journal of Urology Vol. 185, 60-66, January 2011
17. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
CONTRAINDICACIONES
Contraindicaciones RELATIVAS
Histología
• Sarcomatoide
• No células claras
Metástasis
• Cerebral
• Hepática
• Ósea de gran volumen tumoral
Edad ≥ 75 años
Karnofsky < 80
E Abel and C Wood. Cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic RCC in the era of targeted therapy. Nat. Rev. Urol. 6,
375–383 (2009).
19. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
SOBREVIDA
Mekhail TM, Abou-Jawde RM, BoumerhiGet al. Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering
prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin
Oncol 2005;23: 832–841.
20. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
SOBREVIDA
Mekhail TM, Abou-Jawde RM, BoumerhiGet al. Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering
prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin
Oncol 2005;23: 832–841.
21. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
FACTORES PRONÓSTICOS
V Margulis, S Matin and C Wood. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Current Opinion
in Urology 2008, 18:474–480.
22. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
SOBREVIDA
328 pacientes entre 1999-2005 retrospectivo
37.5% nefrectomía
Sobrevida a 3 años mayor con nefrectomía previa
(25 vs 4%, p < 0.001)
Reduce mortalidad en 50%
Nefrectomía se asocia con mejor sobrevida
(RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37–0.73)
Aben KK, Heskamp S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Koldewijn EL, van Herpen CM, Kiemeney LA, Oosterwijk E, van
Spronsen DJ. Better survival in patients with metastasised kidney cancer after nephrectomy: a population-based
study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Sep;47(13):2023-32.
23. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
FACTORES
Aben KK, Heskamp S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Koldewijn EL, van Herpen CM, Kiemeney LA, Oosterwijk E, van Spronsen DJ. Better survival
in patients with metastasised kidney cancer after nephrectomy: a population-based study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer. 2011
Sep;47(13):2023-32.
24. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
FACTORES
Aben KK, Heskamp S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Koldewijn EL, van Herpen CM, Kiemeney LA, Oosterwijk E, van Spronsen DJ. Better survival
in patients with metastasised kidney cancer after nephrectomy: a population-based study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer. 2011
Sep;47(13):2023-32.
25. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
FACTORES
Baja probabilidad de nefrectomía
Pobre estado funcional (Karnofsky < 80%)
Metástasis hepática y ósea
Edad avanzada al diagnóstico(≥ 80 años)
Aben KK, Heskamp S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Koldewijn EL, van Herpen CM, Kiemeney LA, Oosterwijk E, van Spronsen DJ. Better survival
in patients with metastasised kidney cancer after nephrectomy: a population-based study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer. 2011
Sep;47(13):2023-32.
26. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
SOBREVIDA
Aben KK, Heskamp S, Janssen-Heijnen ML, Koldewijn EL, van Herpen CM, Kiemeney LA, Oosterwijk E, van
Spronsen DJ. Better survival in patients with metastasised kidney cancer after nephrectomy: a population-based
study in the Netherlands. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Sep;47(13):2023-32.
27. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
EDAD
404 pacientes, 1995-2005
En ≥ 75 años de edad:
Mortalidad perioperatoria mayor 21 vs 1.1%
Pérdida sanguínea y transfusión mayor
Sobrevida sin diferencias 16.6 vs 13.7 meses
Potencial significativo de morbilidad y mortalidad
Expectativas realistas
A.K. Kader, P. Tamboli, T. Luongo et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the elderly patient: the M.D. Anderson
Cancer Center experience. J Urol, 177 (2007), pp. 855–860
28. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
EDAD
A.K. Kader, P. Tamboli, T. Luongo et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the elderly patient: the M.D. Anderson
Cancer Center experience. J Urol, 177 (2007), pp. 855–860
29. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
EDAD
504 pacientes 1998-2007
Nefrectomía en 15.4% con edad ≥ 75 años
Tasas mayores de:
Mortalidad perioperatoria 4.8 vs 1.9%
Transfusión de hemoderivados 29.8 vs 21.5%
Complicaciones postoperatorias 27.8 vs 22.8%
Edad ≥ 75 años tiene 2.5 veces más riesgo de fallecer en el
postoperatorio que los de < 75 años
M Sun , F Abdollah , J Schmitges, M Bianchi, Z Tian, S Shariat, K Zorn, D Pharand , H Widmer, M Graefen, F
Montorsi, P Perrotte, P Karakiewicz. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the elderly: a population-based cohort from
the USA. BJUI 2011: 109 , 1807 – 1812.
30. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
EDAD
M Sun , F Abdollah , J Schmitges, M Bianchi, Z Tian, S Shariat, K Zorn, D Pharand , H Widmer, M Graefen, F
Montorsi, P Perrotte, P Karakiewicz. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the elderly: a population-based cohort from
the USA. BJUI 2011: 109 , 1807 – 1812.
31. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA BLANCO NEOADJUVANTE
C Wood, V Margulis. Neoadjuvant (Presurgical) Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A New Treatment Paradigm for
Locally Advanced and Metastatic Disease. Cancer May 15, 2009: 2355-2360.
33. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA BLANCO NEOADJUVANTE
Terapia blanco prequirúrgica vs nefrectomía citorreductiva
inicial
No diferencias en parámetros perioperatorios
Parece ser seguro
Identifica pacientes que responden a terapia sistémica previo a la
cirugía, evitando cirugía mórbida con pronóstico pobre
C Wood, V Margulis. Neoadjuvant (Presurgical) Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A New Treatment Paradigm for
Locally Advanced and Metastatic Disease. Cancer May 15, 2009: 2355-2360.
34. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TERAPIA BLANCO NEOADJUVANTE
C Wood, V Margulis. Neoadjuvant (Presurgical) Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A New Treatment Paradigm for
Locally Advanced and Metastatic Disease. Cancer May 15, 2009: 2355-2360.
35. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
METASTASECTOMÍA
91 pacientes
1989 – 2003
Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer
Center
P Russo, M Snyder, A Vickers, V Kondagunta, R Motzer. Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Nephrectomy/Complete
Metastasectomy for Metastatic Renal Cancer. The Scientific World JOURNAL (2007) 7, 768–778
36. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
METASTASECTOMÍA
P Russo, M Snyder, A Vickers, V Kondagunta, R Motzer. Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Nephrectomy/Complete
Metastasectomy for Metastatic Renal Cancer. The Scientific World JOURNAL (2007) 7, 768–778
37. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
METASTASECTOMÍA
Sobrevida media de nefrectomía/metastasectomía 30 meses vs
12 meses con solo nefrectomía citoreductiva
P Russo, M Snyder, A Vickers, V Kondagunta, R Motzer. Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and Nephrectomy/Complete
Metastasectomy for Metastatic Renal Cancer. The Scientific World JOURNAL (2007) 7, 768–778
38. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
TENDENCIAS
ERA DE
CITOKINAS
ERA DE TERAPIA
BLANCO
C. Tsao, A. C. Small, M. Kates et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma
in the era of targeted therapy in the United States: a SEER analysis. World J Urol. Published online: 08 dec 2012.
39. NEFRECTOMÍA CITOREDUCTIVA
ROL EN LA ERA DE TERAPIA BLANCO
Choueiri TK, XieW, Kollmannsberger C, et al. The impact of cytoreductive nephrectomy on survival of patients
with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy. J Urol
2011;185:60.
Bellmunt J. Future developments in renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2009; 20(Suppl 1):i13.
Biswas S, Kelly J, Eisen T. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: perspectives in
the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. Oncologist 2009;14:52.