Biometric technologies use biological features such as fingerprints, veins, faces and irises to identify individuals. They greatly improve the accuracy and reliability of identification and verification systems by taking out the element of human error. In the area of public safety, biometric technologies in the form of fingerprinting, iris and facial recognition have made a significant contribution to border control and law enforcement. Brought to you by NEC. To find out more, do visit http://www.nec.com/safety
This article argues that implementing biometrics, smart cards, and public key infrastructure (PKI) technologies together can deliver a robust digital identity system to address identity theft. Biometrics provide unique identification of individuals. Smart cards can store biometrics and public keys to verify identities. PKI establishes a framework for secure authentication and encryption through public/private key pairs. The article concludes this "technology trio" may enable trusted e-government and e-commerce by strongly authenticating virtual identities.
Multimodal Biometric endorsement for secure Internet banking using Skin Spect...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a multimodal biometric authentication system for secure internet banking using skin spectroscopy, finger knuckle texture, and finger nail recognition. It discusses the limitations of unimodal biometric systems and how a multimodal approach combining three biometrics—skin spectroscopy, knuckle texture, and nail plate analysis—can improve accuracy and security. The system aims to provide stronger authentication for internet banking transactions compared to traditional password or token-based systems.
This document summarizes biometrics for secure e-transactions using mobile phones. It proposes a multi-biometric model that integrates voice, fingerprint, and facial scanning embedded in a mobile phone to make e-transactions more secure. It discusses how each biometric like facial recognition, fingerprint scanning, and voice recognition works and their practical challenges. Integrating multiple biometrics improves security but also has issues like some populations like the elderly having unreadable biometrics.
Secure Authentication for Mobile Banking Using Facial RecognitionIOSR Journals
This document proposes a secure authentication system for mobile banking in Nigeria using facial recognition. It begins with an introduction to mobile banking and its growing adoption in Nigeria. It then discusses the current username and password authentication system's limitations and security issues. The proposed system uses facial recognition to authenticate users by comparing a captured photo to images stored on the Nigeria Communication Commission and facilitating bank databases. The system was implemented using Java and tested on simulated databases. It was found to have a maximum response time of 7 minutes and a false acceptance rate of 3%. The document concludes the system could help mitigate mobile banking fraud and encourage cashless transactions in Nigeria.
This document describes a proposed framework for e-iris enrollment and authentication to be incorporated into financial sector applications. The framework consists of two main modules: e-enrollment, which involves registering users' iris biometrics through a Java interface, and e-authentication, which authenticates users by scanning and matching their iris features. Key steps in the framework include iris image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction and encryption. The goal is to authenticate authorized users to different application functions based on access levels, while addressing issues like image quality and distance variations during enrollment. Implementation results demonstrating the framework's use for internet and mobile banking are also discussed.
Personal authentication using 3 d finger geometry (synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
The document proposes a 3D finger geometry authentication system as an improvement over existing hand geometry authentication methods. It captures 3D information using a low-cost depth sensor to limit constraints on hand placement. It extracts 3D geometry points from the finger and uses those as features for authentication, achieving similar accuracy to other methods but with greater convenience. It segments the finger, finds boundary points, enlarges the image, and extracts geometry points along circles projected inward from the boundary to generate the feature vector for matching. Preliminary results found the proposed system comparable to state-of-the-art hand geometry recognition.
1. The document discusses biometric authentication in India's Aadhaar system, which aims to provide unique identification for every Indian using biometrics and other data.
2. It provides an overview of biometric authentication, noting advantages like increased security but also security concerns if biometric data is compromised. Fingerprints are the most common type of biometric used.
3. While Aadhaar could help reduce fraud and errors, issues around data security, privacy, lack of identity proof for some residents, and outsourcing of data collection threaten privacy. Whether it is a game changer or privacy threat depends on how these issues are addressed.
This article argues that implementing biometrics, smart cards, and public key infrastructure (PKI) technologies together can deliver a robust digital identity system to address identity theft. Biometrics provide unique identification of individuals. Smart cards can store biometrics and public keys to verify identities. PKI establishes a framework for secure authentication and encryption through public/private key pairs. The article concludes this "technology trio" may enable trusted e-government and e-commerce by strongly authenticating virtual identities.
Multimodal Biometric endorsement for secure Internet banking using Skin Spect...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a multimodal biometric authentication system for secure internet banking using skin spectroscopy, finger knuckle texture, and finger nail recognition. It discusses the limitations of unimodal biometric systems and how a multimodal approach combining three biometrics—skin spectroscopy, knuckle texture, and nail plate analysis—can improve accuracy and security. The system aims to provide stronger authentication for internet banking transactions compared to traditional password or token-based systems.
This document summarizes biometrics for secure e-transactions using mobile phones. It proposes a multi-biometric model that integrates voice, fingerprint, and facial scanning embedded in a mobile phone to make e-transactions more secure. It discusses how each biometric like facial recognition, fingerprint scanning, and voice recognition works and their practical challenges. Integrating multiple biometrics improves security but also has issues like some populations like the elderly having unreadable biometrics.
Secure Authentication for Mobile Banking Using Facial RecognitionIOSR Journals
This document proposes a secure authentication system for mobile banking in Nigeria using facial recognition. It begins with an introduction to mobile banking and its growing adoption in Nigeria. It then discusses the current username and password authentication system's limitations and security issues. The proposed system uses facial recognition to authenticate users by comparing a captured photo to images stored on the Nigeria Communication Commission and facilitating bank databases. The system was implemented using Java and tested on simulated databases. It was found to have a maximum response time of 7 minutes and a false acceptance rate of 3%. The document concludes the system could help mitigate mobile banking fraud and encourage cashless transactions in Nigeria.
This document describes a proposed framework for e-iris enrollment and authentication to be incorporated into financial sector applications. The framework consists of two main modules: e-enrollment, which involves registering users' iris biometrics through a Java interface, and e-authentication, which authenticates users by scanning and matching their iris features. Key steps in the framework include iris image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction and encryption. The goal is to authenticate authorized users to different application functions based on access levels, while addressing issues like image quality and distance variations during enrollment. Implementation results demonstrating the framework's use for internet and mobile banking are also discussed.
Personal authentication using 3 d finger geometry (synopsis)Mumbai Academisc
The document proposes a 3D finger geometry authentication system as an improvement over existing hand geometry authentication methods. It captures 3D information using a low-cost depth sensor to limit constraints on hand placement. It extracts 3D geometry points from the finger and uses those as features for authentication, achieving similar accuracy to other methods but with greater convenience. It segments the finger, finds boundary points, enlarges the image, and extracts geometry points along circles projected inward from the boundary to generate the feature vector for matching. Preliminary results found the proposed system comparable to state-of-the-art hand geometry recognition.
1. The document discusses biometric authentication in India's Aadhaar system, which aims to provide unique identification for every Indian using biometrics and other data.
2. It provides an overview of biometric authentication, noting advantages like increased security but also security concerns if biometric data is compromised. Fingerprints are the most common type of biometric used.
3. While Aadhaar could help reduce fraud and errors, issues around data security, privacy, lack of identity proof for some residents, and outsourcing of data collection threaten privacy. Whether it is a game changer or privacy threat depends on how these issues are addressed.
A Bring Your Own Device Risk Assessment ModelCSCJournals
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), a technology where individuals or employees use their own devices on the organization’s network to perform tasks assigned to them by the organization has been widely embraced. The reasons for adoption are diverse in every organization. In spite of the security control strategies implemented by these organizations to safeguard their information resources, there has been an upsurge in information security breaches as a result of existing vulnerabilities in these systems and the legacy systems in use. Various approaches have been employed to deal with security challenges in BYOD, but according to literature, risk assessment has proved to be the first key step towards improving security of the BYOD environment in an enterprise. Risk assessment models have been proposed by various researchers, although, most are largely influenced by the degree of technological advancement and utilization as well as the working cultures within institutions. The existing models were largely developed in technologically advanced countries and thus do not fit well in developing countries. This study sought to develop flexible BYOD risk assessment model that can be adopted by varied institutions to secure their information resources. The study was carried out in Five (5) purposively selected state universities in Kenya. The research adopted a mixed research design approach with mixed sampling technique utilized to select the participants. Reliability and validity of data collection tools were evaluated and recommended by IT security and network experts. The qualitative and quantitative data was collected by interviewing experts and administering a questionnaire to sampled participants. The developed model was validated both statistically and by experts. The findings revealed that threats and vulnerabilities contributed to 39.9% and 69.2% respectively to the risk of the BYOD environment while Data Encryption (DE) and Software Updates (SU) came out strongly as intervening variables which have a major impact on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
The document discusses biometrics, which uses biological characteristics to identify individuals. It describes the basic architecture of a biometric system, including enrollment, verification, and identification. Common biometric technologies are fingerprint, hand, voice, retina, and facial recognition. Applications include physical access control, computer login, banking, and voting. Benefits are increased security and convenience, while drawbacks include high costs, potential privacy issues, and the system not being foolproof. The conclusion is that biometrics will likely become more widely used after addressing current limitations.
Biometrics provide accurate authentication methods by measuring unique biological characteristics. Common biometrics include fingerprints, iris scans, retina scans, and facial recognition which analyze features like eye color and distance between eyes. Biometrics offer advantages over traditional passwords by being difficult to forge and more convenient. They have many applications including national security, citizen identification, computer login, and retail transactions. As the need for high security and convenience increases, biometrics are becoming a widely used authentication method in society.
A Smart Receptionist Implementing Facial Recognition and Voice InteractionCSCJournals
The purpose of this research is to implement a smart receptionist system with facial recognition and voice interaction using deep learning. The facial recognition component is implemented using real time image processing techniques, and it can be used to learn new faces as well as detect and recognize existing faces. The first time a customer uses this system, it will take the person’s facial data to create a unique user facial model, and this model will be triggered if the person comes the second time. The recognition is done in real time and after which voice interaction will be applied. Voice interaction is used to provide a life-like human communication and improve user experience. Our proposed smart receptionist system could be integrated into the self check-in kiosks deployed in hospitals or smart buildings to streamline the user recognition process and provide customized user interactions. This system could also be used in smart home environment where smart cameras have been deployed and voice assistants are in place.
The document discusses how biometrics could replace usernames and passwords for authentication. It notes that people currently need to remember many passwords but passwords are insecure. Biometrics like fingerprints and iris scans provide more secure authentication without passwords. The document outlines the history of biometrics use, from a 2010 implementation at Bank of America to current studies showing consumer acceptance of biometrics. It argues that while some biometrics have been hacked, iris scans combined with liveness detection on smartphones provide secure authentication without extra devices. Biometrics define identity through unique physical traits rather than changeable codes, allowing easy yet secure authentication.
Cloud Service Security using Two-factor or Multi factor AuthenticationIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing multi-factor authentication for cloud services using handwritten signatures and passwords. It proposes a system that uses behavioral biometrics (signatures) collected on mobile devices along with standard passwords. The system shifts computational tasks to a cloud-based server, allowing for platform-independent, ubiquitous two-factor authentication. The system was tested on iOS and Android apps connected to the cloud server, achieving 98.4% accuracy in signature verification.
Mobile banking applications have become a part of
the daily needs of today’s end user. Mobile banking applications
provide multiple features for the end user to perform without the
need to visit the bank branch, ATM machine or calling customer
service, such as opening an account, checking the balance, money
transfer and paying bills. Current banking companies are facing
a problem providing a secure mobile banking application for
customers as there are several threats and challenges appearing
in current mobile banking applications, such as incomplete information,
information leakage loss and distort, virus attacks, denial
of service attack, network challenges and transport challenges.
In this study, we discuss several security protocols solutions to
enhance the security of the current mobile banking applications.
Secure Mobile Banking Approach (SMBA) to enhance the user
financial data transmission in a protected environment, Secure
Short Message Service (SMS) protocol to secure the message
communication system between the end user and the bank
server, Secure General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to
secure the overall communications between the end user and the
bank server and biometric authentication systems to secure the
authentication of the end users for the bank server such as the
Facial Recognition System. The paper also presents guidelines
for the mobile banking application developers from the Saudi
Arabia Banking Authorities (SABA) to implement and end user
guidelines to follow up while using the mobile device to increase
the security of the secure mobile banking applications.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,IJCSIS ISSN 1947-5500, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Email: ijcsiseditor@gmail.com
http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
https://google.academia.edu/JournalofComputerScience
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ijcsis-research-publications-8b916516/
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/E-1319-2016
This document is a report on biometric sensors written by Arhind Kumar Gautam for his Information Technology department. It contains an introduction to biometric sensors, a history of biometrics, definitions of biometric terms, descriptions of different types of biometric sensors including physical (fingerprint, face recognition, retina scan) and behavioral (voice recognition, signature) biometrics. It also discusses future applications of biometrics and provides a conclusion on biometric sensors.
IJCB2014 Multi Modal Biometrics for Mobile Authentication final versionHagai Aronowitz
1) User authentication on mobile devices needs to continuously evaluate transaction risks and regulatory compliance requirements. Biometrics can significantly reduce fraud risk by verifying user identity.
2) The paper describes a multimodal biometrics system using face, voice, and chirography (handwriting on a touchscreen) for authentication on mobile devices. It provides a high accuracy authentication reaching 0.1% EER in offices and 0.5% EER in noisy environments.
3) The system uses score level fusion of the three modalities, taking into account signal quality. It allows flexible authentication workflows controlled by a policy manager based on security needs and environmental conditions.
DPA BIMS – Biometrical Identity Multi-modal Solutions: innovative biometrical multi-modal data collection, processing and comparison solutions, which aim to provide efficient person identification and verification to law enforcement and governmental organizations.
The document discusses fraud risks in e-banking and provides recommendations to address them. It summarizes the evolution of e-banking in India, benefits and vulnerabilities. Examples of major data breaches globally and in India are provided. Common e-banking fraud types like phishing, malware attacks etc. are described along with their characteristics. The document recommends controls that can be implemented by banks and users to enhance security of e-banking transactions and detect frauds.
This document discusses emerging technologies related to computer inputs, outputs, and biometrics for user verification. It describes various input methods like keyboards, mice, and touch screens. It also covers output devices like screens, printers, and speakers. The document focuses on biometrics like fingerprint, facial, iris, retina, voice, signature/handwriting, and keystroke recognition. Biometrics provide automated user identification and verification by analyzing unique physiological or behavioral characteristics. Properly implemented biometrics can improve security, provide audit trails, and accurately verify identities.
How Cloud-Based Biometrics Will Change the Face of Law Enforcementmehedi76
The use of biometric records such as fingerprints or facial images to solve crimes may not be surprising, but the cloud-based implementation and BYOD movement within law enforcement is becoming increasingly popular. Mobile and cloud based biometric identity verification can prevent unnecessary trips back to the station or unwarranted arrests. These solutions don’t only safeguard the public against identity fraud but also save police department manpower allowing for more comprehensive and accurate coverage and an increase in public safety.
This document compares various biometric methods for identification and verification. It discusses fingerprint recognition, face recognition, voice recognition, and iris recognition as some of the main biometric techniques. For each method, it describes how the biometric data is captured and analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications where the technique can be used. The document provides an overview of the history of biometrics and the typical modules involved in a biometric system, such as sensors, feature extraction, matching, and template databases.
The document discusses the use of biometrics in Aadhar cards, PAN cards, and fingerprint lock apps in India. It provides background on each type of identification and how biometrics were integrated. For Aadhar cards, fingerprints and iris scans were added to uniquely identify individuals and prevent fraud. This increased security and convenience. PAN cards were also linked to Aadhar cards and now use biometrics like fingerprints to authenticate identity. Fingerprint lock apps use biometrics to securely lock phones based on unique fingerprints, improving privacy. Biometrics thus enhance security and authentication across many identification systems in India.
This document summarizes a presentation on biometric systems. It begins by defining biometric systems as automated methods of identifying individuals based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. It then outlines the objectives of exploring biometric applications in management. It discusses types of biometrics like fingerprints and facial recognition. It explains how biometric systems work by enrolling reference templates and comparing them to new samples. It also covers benefits of biometric systems like security, convenience and accountability. Risks are discussed along with recommendations to ensure security of biometric data. The document concludes by noting biometric systems require careful risk analysis and implementation based on the environment.
This document discusses biometrics technology, including its history, common types of biometrics like fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice recognition. It explains how biometrics are unique physical traits that can be used for identification. Some key benefits of biometrics are that they are unique to each individual, provide time-stamped security, and reduce identity fraud. Examples of biometric applications include access control, time and attendance tracking, and border security in airports. However, biometric systems also have disadvantages like cost, potential for errors, and privacy concerns.
Two aspect authentication system using secure mobileUvaraj Shan
This document presents a two-factor authentication system that uses a user's mobile device. It combines one-time passwords as the first factor with encrypted user credentials stored on the mobile device as the second factor. The system is designed to provide strong authentication while reducing costs compared to hardware token-based systems. It analyzes the security of the approach and evaluates usability through a study. The study found participants were willing to accept lower usability for improved security when using untrusted computers.
Today, biometric fusion, also known as multibiometrics or multimodal biometrics has revolutionized the way we interact with information for many industries.
The document discusses biometrics and provides context on its history and uses. Biometrics is defined as using human physical characteristics to verify identity, and has been used since ancient times, though recent technological advances have enabled more sophisticated biometric identification systems. The document explores the evolution of biometrics technology over time, from early uses of fingerprints to modern applications like iris scans and DNA analysis. It also examines the advantages and limitations of different biometric methods.
A Bring Your Own Device Risk Assessment ModelCSCJournals
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), a technology where individuals or employees use their own devices on the organization’s network to perform tasks assigned to them by the organization has been widely embraced. The reasons for adoption are diverse in every organization. In spite of the security control strategies implemented by these organizations to safeguard their information resources, there has been an upsurge in information security breaches as a result of existing vulnerabilities in these systems and the legacy systems in use. Various approaches have been employed to deal with security challenges in BYOD, but according to literature, risk assessment has proved to be the first key step towards improving security of the BYOD environment in an enterprise. Risk assessment models have been proposed by various researchers, although, most are largely influenced by the degree of technological advancement and utilization as well as the working cultures within institutions. The existing models were largely developed in technologically advanced countries and thus do not fit well in developing countries. This study sought to develop flexible BYOD risk assessment model that can be adopted by varied institutions to secure their information resources. The study was carried out in Five (5) purposively selected state universities in Kenya. The research adopted a mixed research design approach with mixed sampling technique utilized to select the participants. Reliability and validity of data collection tools were evaluated and recommended by IT security and network experts. The qualitative and quantitative data was collected by interviewing experts and administering a questionnaire to sampled participants. The developed model was validated both statistically and by experts. The findings revealed that threats and vulnerabilities contributed to 39.9% and 69.2% respectively to the risk of the BYOD environment while Data Encryption (DE) and Software Updates (SU) came out strongly as intervening variables which have a major impact on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
The document discusses biometrics, which uses biological characteristics to identify individuals. It describes the basic architecture of a biometric system, including enrollment, verification, and identification. Common biometric technologies are fingerprint, hand, voice, retina, and facial recognition. Applications include physical access control, computer login, banking, and voting. Benefits are increased security and convenience, while drawbacks include high costs, potential privacy issues, and the system not being foolproof. The conclusion is that biometrics will likely become more widely used after addressing current limitations.
Biometrics provide accurate authentication methods by measuring unique biological characteristics. Common biometrics include fingerprints, iris scans, retina scans, and facial recognition which analyze features like eye color and distance between eyes. Biometrics offer advantages over traditional passwords by being difficult to forge and more convenient. They have many applications including national security, citizen identification, computer login, and retail transactions. As the need for high security and convenience increases, biometrics are becoming a widely used authentication method in society.
A Smart Receptionist Implementing Facial Recognition and Voice InteractionCSCJournals
The purpose of this research is to implement a smart receptionist system with facial recognition and voice interaction using deep learning. The facial recognition component is implemented using real time image processing techniques, and it can be used to learn new faces as well as detect and recognize existing faces. The first time a customer uses this system, it will take the person’s facial data to create a unique user facial model, and this model will be triggered if the person comes the second time. The recognition is done in real time and after which voice interaction will be applied. Voice interaction is used to provide a life-like human communication and improve user experience. Our proposed smart receptionist system could be integrated into the self check-in kiosks deployed in hospitals or smart buildings to streamline the user recognition process and provide customized user interactions. This system could also be used in smart home environment where smart cameras have been deployed and voice assistants are in place.
The document discusses how biometrics could replace usernames and passwords for authentication. It notes that people currently need to remember many passwords but passwords are insecure. Biometrics like fingerprints and iris scans provide more secure authentication without passwords. The document outlines the history of biometrics use, from a 2010 implementation at Bank of America to current studies showing consumer acceptance of biometrics. It argues that while some biometrics have been hacked, iris scans combined with liveness detection on smartphones provide secure authentication without extra devices. Biometrics define identity through unique physical traits rather than changeable codes, allowing easy yet secure authentication.
Cloud Service Security using Two-factor or Multi factor AuthenticationIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing multi-factor authentication for cloud services using handwritten signatures and passwords. It proposes a system that uses behavioral biometrics (signatures) collected on mobile devices along with standard passwords. The system shifts computational tasks to a cloud-based server, allowing for platform-independent, ubiquitous two-factor authentication. The system was tested on iOS and Android apps connected to the cloud server, achieving 98.4% accuracy in signature verification.
Mobile banking applications have become a part of
the daily needs of today’s end user. Mobile banking applications
provide multiple features for the end user to perform without the
need to visit the bank branch, ATM machine or calling customer
service, such as opening an account, checking the balance, money
transfer and paying bills. Current banking companies are facing
a problem providing a secure mobile banking application for
customers as there are several threats and challenges appearing
in current mobile banking applications, such as incomplete information,
information leakage loss and distort, virus attacks, denial
of service attack, network challenges and transport challenges.
In this study, we discuss several security protocols solutions to
enhance the security of the current mobile banking applications.
Secure Mobile Banking Approach (SMBA) to enhance the user
financial data transmission in a protected environment, Secure
Short Message Service (SMS) protocol to secure the message
communication system between the end user and the bank
server, Secure General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to
secure the overall communications between the end user and the
bank server and biometric authentication systems to secure the
authentication of the end users for the bank server such as the
Facial Recognition System. The paper also presents guidelines
for the mobile banking application developers from the Saudi
Arabia Banking Authorities (SABA) to implement and end user
guidelines to follow up while using the mobile device to increase
the security of the secure mobile banking applications.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,IJCSIS ISSN 1947-5500, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Email: ijcsiseditor@gmail.com
http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
https://google.academia.edu/JournalofComputerScience
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ijcsis-research-publications-8b916516/
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/E-1319-2016
This document is a report on biometric sensors written by Arhind Kumar Gautam for his Information Technology department. It contains an introduction to biometric sensors, a history of biometrics, definitions of biometric terms, descriptions of different types of biometric sensors including physical (fingerprint, face recognition, retina scan) and behavioral (voice recognition, signature) biometrics. It also discusses future applications of biometrics and provides a conclusion on biometric sensors.
IJCB2014 Multi Modal Biometrics for Mobile Authentication final versionHagai Aronowitz
1) User authentication on mobile devices needs to continuously evaluate transaction risks and regulatory compliance requirements. Biometrics can significantly reduce fraud risk by verifying user identity.
2) The paper describes a multimodal biometrics system using face, voice, and chirography (handwriting on a touchscreen) for authentication on mobile devices. It provides a high accuracy authentication reaching 0.1% EER in offices and 0.5% EER in noisy environments.
3) The system uses score level fusion of the three modalities, taking into account signal quality. It allows flexible authentication workflows controlled by a policy manager based on security needs and environmental conditions.
DPA BIMS – Biometrical Identity Multi-modal Solutions: innovative biometrical multi-modal data collection, processing and comparison solutions, which aim to provide efficient person identification and verification to law enforcement and governmental organizations.
The document discusses fraud risks in e-banking and provides recommendations to address them. It summarizes the evolution of e-banking in India, benefits and vulnerabilities. Examples of major data breaches globally and in India are provided. Common e-banking fraud types like phishing, malware attacks etc. are described along with their characteristics. The document recommends controls that can be implemented by banks and users to enhance security of e-banking transactions and detect frauds.
This document discusses emerging technologies related to computer inputs, outputs, and biometrics for user verification. It describes various input methods like keyboards, mice, and touch screens. It also covers output devices like screens, printers, and speakers. The document focuses on biometrics like fingerprint, facial, iris, retina, voice, signature/handwriting, and keystroke recognition. Biometrics provide automated user identification and verification by analyzing unique physiological or behavioral characteristics. Properly implemented biometrics can improve security, provide audit trails, and accurately verify identities.
How Cloud-Based Biometrics Will Change the Face of Law Enforcementmehedi76
The use of biometric records such as fingerprints or facial images to solve crimes may not be surprising, but the cloud-based implementation and BYOD movement within law enforcement is becoming increasingly popular. Mobile and cloud based biometric identity verification can prevent unnecessary trips back to the station or unwarranted arrests. These solutions don’t only safeguard the public against identity fraud but also save police department manpower allowing for more comprehensive and accurate coverage and an increase in public safety.
This document compares various biometric methods for identification and verification. It discusses fingerprint recognition, face recognition, voice recognition, and iris recognition as some of the main biometric techniques. For each method, it describes how the biometric data is captured and analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages, and examples of applications where the technique can be used. The document provides an overview of the history of biometrics and the typical modules involved in a biometric system, such as sensors, feature extraction, matching, and template databases.
The document discusses the use of biometrics in Aadhar cards, PAN cards, and fingerprint lock apps in India. It provides background on each type of identification and how biometrics were integrated. For Aadhar cards, fingerprints and iris scans were added to uniquely identify individuals and prevent fraud. This increased security and convenience. PAN cards were also linked to Aadhar cards and now use biometrics like fingerprints to authenticate identity. Fingerprint lock apps use biometrics to securely lock phones based on unique fingerprints, improving privacy. Biometrics thus enhance security and authentication across many identification systems in India.
This document summarizes a presentation on biometric systems. It begins by defining biometric systems as automated methods of identifying individuals based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. It then outlines the objectives of exploring biometric applications in management. It discusses types of biometrics like fingerprints and facial recognition. It explains how biometric systems work by enrolling reference templates and comparing them to new samples. It also covers benefits of biometric systems like security, convenience and accountability. Risks are discussed along with recommendations to ensure security of biometric data. The document concludes by noting biometric systems require careful risk analysis and implementation based on the environment.
This document discusses biometrics technology, including its history, common types of biometrics like fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, and voice recognition. It explains how biometrics are unique physical traits that can be used for identification. Some key benefits of biometrics are that they are unique to each individual, provide time-stamped security, and reduce identity fraud. Examples of biometric applications include access control, time and attendance tracking, and border security in airports. However, biometric systems also have disadvantages like cost, potential for errors, and privacy concerns.
Two aspect authentication system using secure mobileUvaraj Shan
This document presents a two-factor authentication system that uses a user's mobile device. It combines one-time passwords as the first factor with encrypted user credentials stored on the mobile device as the second factor. The system is designed to provide strong authentication while reducing costs compared to hardware token-based systems. It analyzes the security of the approach and evaluates usability through a study. The study found participants were willing to accept lower usability for improved security when using untrusted computers.
Today, biometric fusion, also known as multibiometrics or multimodal biometrics has revolutionized the way we interact with information for many industries.
The document discusses biometrics and provides context on its history and uses. Biometrics is defined as using human physical characteristics to verify identity, and has been used since ancient times, though recent technological advances have enabled more sophisticated biometric identification systems. The document explores the evolution of biometrics technology over time, from early uses of fingerprints to modern applications like iris scans and DNA analysis. It also examines the advantages and limitations of different biometric methods.
Bahaa Al Zubaidi emphasizes that while biometric technologies can enhance efficiency and security in smart cities, concerns over data protection and privacy must be addressed. Stringent measures like transparent consent processes, secure storage, regular audits, and public education are essential to ensure responsible implementation and maintain citizen trust. Education is particularly important to inform residents about ethical use of biometrics and their rights. When deployed with morality and prioritizing citizen well-being, biometric technologies can benefit smart cities.
This document discusses two perspectives on biometrics that reveal limitations to realizing its potential benefits in combating identity fraud, organized crime, and terrorism.
1) The value chain perspective explains that large-scale, compulsory biometric systems for general use allow successful infringements to go unnoticed as they spread. A biometric system is only manageable if it is essential for solving a dominant problem within its value chain.
2) The identity fraud perspective shows that our focus on identity documents, rather than the person and situation, facilitates fraud by making verification procedures predictable. Biometrics will only be effective if it introduces less predictable verification and greater risks of detection for fraudsters.
Standardized, large-scale
This presentation discusses biometrics technology, including its definition, history, current uses, and future applications. Biometrics refers to identifying individuals by their unique physical or behavioral traits, and modern biometrics uses characteristics like iris patterns, fingerprints, facial features, and voiceprints. While early forms of biometrics identification have existed for centuries, technologies have advanced significantly in recent decades. Biometrics is now widely used for security and access control across various industries and applications. Looking ahead, the presentation argues biometrics should replace outdated password systems and be further integrated into infrastructure, with appropriate security and privacy protections.
1Ethical Biometric Use23 Feb 2020Table of Cont.docxaulasnilda
1
Ethical Biometric Use
23 Feb 2020
Table of Contents
Introduction
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
Ethical and Unethical Application of Biometric Data
Rules Affecting the Gathering and Use of Biometric Data
Conclusion
References
2
Introduction
The use of biometrics by public safety agencies in the United States provides both benefits and cause of ethical concerns. As public safety administrators integrate biometrics into their practices, care should be taken to understand the capabilities of technologies as well as their ethical use.
3
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Agencies
Law enforcement agencies
Rescue services
Criminal investigation agencies
Firefighting agencies
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
4
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Uses
Police use facial recognition, iris recognition and Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) among other biometric technologies to identify suspects accurately and quickly from millions of records (Purshouse & Campbell, 2019).
The biometric technology adopted in such public safety agencies is the use of DNA testing.
Criminal investigators use fingerprint matching processes to identify the fingerprint patterns of criminal.
Some of the biometric technologies used is AFIS and facial recognition for commanders to prove that the firefighter was actually present, should anything happen.
The TSA implemented detection technology to single out dangerous materials that passengers may be carrying in order to use them later to harm the public (Zhang, 2019). A biometric identification mechanisms was implemented to verify the passengers travelling to, from and within the country. Such technologies include iris scans, fingerprint scanning or a combination of both.
5
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
DNA Matching
Analysis of segments of DNA
Ear Geography
Shape of the ear
Eye Recognition
Iris – Features found around the iris
Retina – Patterns of veins in the back of the eye
Face Thermography
Facial features or patterns
Finger Recognition
Fingerprint – Ridges and valleys (Minutiae) on tips of fingers
Finger Geometry – 3D geometry of finger
Hand Geometry Recognition
Length of fingers
Width of hand
Vein Recognition
Vein patterns in finger or palm
6
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
Odor Recognition
Analysis of individuals odor
Typing and Mouse Recognition
Typing features – inter-stroke latency, time durations between keystrokes, dwell times
Mouse features – movement, drag and drop, stillness, point and click
Voice-Speaker Identification
Analysis of voice – pronunciation, pitch, tone, cadence
Gait
Individuals walking style
Signature Recognition
Analysis of handwriting style
Static
Visual Comparison between scanned signatures
Dynamic
Anatomic and behavioral characteristics when sign ...
1Ethical Biometric Use23 Feb 2020Table of Cont.docxRAJU852744
1
Ethical Biometric Use
23 Feb 2020
Table of Contents
Introduction
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
Ethical and Unethical Application of Biometric Data
Rules Affecting the Gathering and Use of Biometric Data
Conclusion
References
2
Introduction
The use of biometrics by public safety agencies in the United States provides both benefits and cause of ethical concerns. As public safety administrators integrate biometrics into their practices, care should be taken to understand the capabilities of technologies as well as their ethical use.
3
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Agencies
Law enforcement agencies
Rescue services
Criminal investigation agencies
Firefighting agencies
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
4
Public Safety Agencies Using Biometrics and the Types Used
Uses
Police use facial recognition, iris recognition and Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) among other biometric technologies to identify suspects accurately and quickly from millions of records (Purshouse & Campbell, 2019).
The biometric technology adopted in such public safety agencies is the use of DNA testing.
Criminal investigators use fingerprint matching processes to identify the fingerprint patterns of criminal.
Some of the biometric technologies used is AFIS and facial recognition for commanders to prove that the firefighter was actually present, should anything happen.
The TSA implemented detection technology to single out dangerous materials that passengers may be carrying in order to use them later to harm the public (Zhang, 2019). A biometric identification mechanisms was implemented to verify the passengers travelling to, from and within the country. Such technologies include iris scans, fingerprint scanning or a combination of both.
5
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
DNA Matching
Analysis of segments of DNA
Ear Geography
Shape of the ear
Eye Recognition
Iris – Features found around the iris
Retina – Patterns of veins in the back of the eye
Face Thermography
Facial features or patterns
Finger Recognition
Fingerprint – Ridges and valleys (Minutiae) on tips of fingers
Finger Geometry – 3D geometry of finger
Hand Geometry Recognition
Length of fingers
Width of hand
Vein Recognition
Vein patterns in finger or palm
6
Techniques and Capabilities for Gathering Biometric Data
Odor Recognition
Analysis of individuals odor
Typing and Mouse Recognition
Typing features – inter-stroke latency, time durations between keystrokes, dwell times
Mouse features – movement, drag and drop, stillness, point and click
Voice-Speaker Identification
Analysis of voice – pronunciation, pitch, tone, cadence
Gait
Individuals walking style
Signature Recognition
Analysis of handwriting style
Static
Visual Comparison between scanned signatures
Dynamic
Anatomic and behavioral characteristics when sign.
Biometrics can be used to improve cybersecurity by integrating biometric authentication into daily operations. Biometrics uses unique physical traits like fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans to verify a user's identity. While biometrics provides convenient authentication as physical traits are difficult to steal or forget, there are also privacy concerns over collection and potential misuse of biometric data without user consent. The document discusses various biometric technologies, their applications, benefits for cybersecurity, and challenges regarding privacy and potential workarounds to strengthen biometric data protection.
You raise some valid concerns about potential issues with face recognition technologies. Here are a few thoughts in response:
1. Convenience must be balanced with privacy and security. Facial recognition is useful in some contexts, but sensitive data also needs strong protections.
2. Multiple authentication factors are preferable to a single biometric like facial recognition alone. Combining facial recognition with passwords, pins, fingerprints, etc. provides redundancy to address situations like an unconscious phone owner.
3. Emergency access features could be built in. For example, phones could have a emergency override mode that bypasses facial recognition if certain conditions are met, like multiple failed attempts or an SOS call is placed.
4. Context matters greatly. Facial
Tracking technology, such as RFID chips, is increasingly being used in the United States to identify and locate people and objects. RFID chips can be implanted in humans to store personal identification and medical information. Over 50% of Americans now have an RFID chip implanted that is scanned to access their information. While this provides benefits like easier access to medical records in emergencies, there are also privacy and security concerns about the technology. Tracking technology has the potential to greatly impact areas like security, finance, and healthcare through applications like verifying identities, facilitating cashless payments, and improving medical care.
Biometrics have found use in various fields including, consumer electronics, corporate and public security systems, and point of sale.
Other than access control and identification, security forces and research teams use biometrics to denote individuals who are under their surveillance.
Other than their oblivious merit in application to security, they also carry the advantage of being convenient. Unlike passwords they do not have to be remembered.
Biometrics is playing a pivotal role in revolutionizing smart cities by integrating distinct human characteristics like fingerprints and facial features into various technologies. This enhances security, optimizes transportation systems, promotes sustainability efforts, and advances public healthcare. While biometrics securely improves functions, its adoption necessitates compliance, governance, and balancing technological progress with privacy to maintain public trust.
Digital Ethics for Biometric Applications in a Smart CityAraz Taeihagh
From border control using fingerprints to law enforcement with video surveillance to self-activating devices via voice identification, biometric data is used in many applications in the contemporary context of a Smart City. Biometric data consists of human characteristics that can identify one person from others. Given the advent of big data and the ability to collect large amounts of data about people, data sources ranging from fingerprints to typing patterns can build an identifying profile of a person. In this article, we examine different types of biometric data used in a smart city based on a framework that differentiates between profile initialization and identification processes. Then, we discuss digital ethics within the usage of biometric data along the lines of data permissibility and renewability. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving biometric data collection and processing in the modern smart city.
An individual provides many physical and behavioral attributes that are suitable for biometric comparison and searches. Recent advancements in modern biometric technology sensing and computing continue to improve the ability to perform biometric matching faster and more accurately than in the past. The biometrics industry is evolving to isolate more individual physiological characteristics for identification, moving beyond traditional credentials such as fingerprints and introducing new technologies that rely on different physical traits and attributes.
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10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
Exploring the future of #BiometricPatterns! Dive into emerging trends, challenges, and the balance between innovation and ethics.
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Biometrics system penetration in mobile devicesSwapnil Jagtap
Biometrics is the automated identification or verification of human identity through the measurement of repeatable physiological or behavioral characteristics.
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2. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Executive Summary01
Introduction02
Public Safety —
Border Control &
Law Enforcement
04
Personal Safety
— Social Services
& Consumer
Applications
06
NEC: Biometrics
Pioneer and Leader
13
Biometric Trends
— Video Analytics,
Multi-modal
Biometrics &
Mobile Biometrics
09
3. 1BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
Biometric technologies use biological features such as fingerprints, veins,
faces and irises to identify individuals.They greatly improve the accuracy
and reliability of identification and verification systems by taking out the
element of human error.
In the area of public safety, biometric technologies in the form of
fingerprinting, iris and facial recognition have made a significant
contribution to border control and law enforcement.
Biometrics has also played an important role in ensuring personal
security, both in terms of facilitating the provision of social services at
the national level as well as protecting personal devices and accounts
from crackers.
Exciting new trends in biometrics include the rise of multi-modal
biometrics which could be used to enhance public safety, user
experience and protect personal privacy.The combination of multiple
biometric parameters makes the technology much more robust
against challenges.
Lastly, mobile biometrics and biometrics on the move are two
other developments to look out for.The integration of biometrics
technologies with mobile devices will reduce infrastructure costs,
while the ease and convenience of non-invasive capture enabled by
stand off biometrics will spur its widespread adoption.
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
4. 2 BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
BIOMETRICS: FROM BASIC TO ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
If you think about it, biometrics technologies have actually been in
use since the dawn of human civilization. After all, biometrics can be
thought of simply as the identification of individuals using physiological
or behavioral traits. Whether it be a student’s distinctive facial feature
recognized by a teacher taking the class’ attendance, your signature on
a check which allows money to be withdrawn from your bank account
or your profile picture on Facebook which helps your friends find you;
“basic” biometrics are firmly a part of everyday life.
Despite our heavy reliance on them, our current methods of identification
and authentication are far from ideal. A study of Australian passport
officers published in the journal PLoS ONE showed that the officers
missed one out of every seven fake passport photos, and that trained staff
were no more accurate than student volunteersi
.This high error rate of 14
percent is particularly worrying in the context of modern day air travel,
where hundreds of thousands of people pass through airports each day.
It is perhaps not altogether surprising then, that two out of the 227 people
on-board the missing flight MH370 were traveling on false identities.
The main weakness of basic biometrics is the high rate of human error.
A new haircut can dramatically alter the way a person looks and
signatures can be forged, for example. Non-biometric technologies
have sought to reduce this subjectivity by relying instead on passwords
or physical tokens to establish identity. However, as anyone who has
forgotten their password or left their staff card at home knows, these
methods can sometimes lead to frustrating situations.
Rather than replace basic biometrics with non-biometric technologies,
advanced biometrics make the identification of unique physiological or
behavioral traits much more accurate and reliable. After more than two
decades of research, biometric technologies have matured and advanced
to the point where they are able to achieve sophisticated functions and
outperform human abilities. A recent 2013 test by the U.S. National
Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) reports that a person can
be picked out from 160,000 mug shots, with an error rate of only as
low as 3.1% at very high speeds of 10,000 searches per second.
INTRODUCTION
5. PUBLIC
SAFETY
PRESENT DEPLOYMENT FUTURE APPLICATION
PERSONAL
SAFETY
MULTI-
MODAL
BIOMETRICS
ON THE GO
3BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
BIOMETRIC CAPABILITIES — PRESENT AND FUTURE
Ultimately, what biometrics enables is automated access control and
identity management; replacing human, error-prone processes with
technology.There are two main types of biometrics: i) identification
or recognition, or one-to-many, where the aim is to match a single
individual to multiple entries in a biometric database, or ii) verification or
authentication, also known as one-to-one, where the aim is to prove that
the person is really who one claims to be.
This white paper will look at how biometric technologies are currently
in use, as well as future applications that are being developed. In the
first two sections, examples of biometrics in public and personal safety
are discussed, areas where biometrics has already made a substantial
impact.The next two sections will cover exciting new developments in
biometric technologies, namely, the rise of multi-modal biometrics and
its potential to improve privacy, followed by the promise of integrating
mobile devices with biometrics.
6. 4 BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
BORDER CONTROL
As the number of people moving across borders continues to increase,
border control officials are faced with the challenge of increasing their
processing capacity and speed without compromising on the stringency
of their checks. Recognizing the role that technology can play in meeting
this challenge, countries around the world have begun adopting
biometric passports.To date, more than 60 countries have implemented
or are planning to implement biometric passports or identity cards,
including the European Union, the United States, China, India, Russia
and Brazil.
In Singapore, a prosperous nation state highly dependent on trade and
travel, biometric passports have been the norm since 2006. Like most
modern and highly connected cities, it is a target for terrorism which
could bring the economy to a standstill. Furthermore, the Singaporean
passport is a frequent target for counterfeiters, valued for its list of visa
waivers. In an attempt to both tighten security and speed up processing
time, biometric passports and an automated clearance system were
introduced.These have led to substantial improvements in processing
times and yet low error rates; it now takes less than 12 seconds per
passenger to clear immigration and has a false acceptance rate of
only 0.001 percent.
To promote the adoption and international interoperability of biometric
passports, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has
recommended the use of three standardized biometric features:
fingerprint scanning, facial recognition and iris scanning.These represent
the most mature and widely used biometric technologies at the moment.
PUBLIC SAFETY
7. 5BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Outside of airports, biometrics has also been a boon for law enforcement
agencies. Criminal identification has relied on increasingly sophisticated
and accurate methods, moving from distinctive marks such as tattoos
to fingerprint databases and now facial analysis. Whatever the method
used, the goal remains the same: to correctly identify criminals and
exonerate the innocent.
Although fingerprint identification has been used for more than a
hundred years, technology has greatly improved this process. Law
enforcement agencies used to have to keep hardcopy ink prints which
could become faded or lost.These days, millions of fingerprint entries
are digitally stored and accessed, drastically reducing the amount of
time taken to search through the database and freeing investigators
to perform higher level tasks.
Facial recognition is another technology that plays a significant role in
law enforcement, driven by two major trends. Due to the complexity of
having to account for variation such as changes in appearance, lighting
conditions and camera angles, human identification was the only
feasible approach. However, the technology has now matured to the
point where computerized facial recognition systems have surpassed
human abilities.They are able to connect multiple types of information,
whether it be from CCTV recordings, database records or photos
from social media, and link them to a single individual. What used
to require experienced personnel and many hours of scrutiny now
can be automated and achieved in a matter of minutes.
Secondly, the proliferation of social media means that photographs are
now easy to come by, changing the way facial recognition is used in
law enforcement. Furthermore, social networks allow investigators not
only to find photos of suspects, but to link them to the person’s profile.
Facial recognition driven by social media data has been used to combat
terrorism, improve surveillance and even locate missing children. In all
these cases, biometric information is often the only link.
8. BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY6
SOCIAL SERVICES
Being able to verify identity is not only important for border control
and law enforcement agencies, but could also help to prevent fraud,
increase access to governmental services and even promote democratic
participation. Biometrics, where the person serves as a marker of identity
rather than a document, could be particularly useful in developing
countries where literacy rates are low.
In 2009, the government of India embarked on a massive project
to enroll its 1.2 billion residents into the biometrics-based Unique
Identification Program, also known as Aadhaar. Intended as a means to
fight corruption particularly in the issuing of subsidies, an Aadhaar social
security number also provides the holder with access to other services
such as healthcare and education. It also serves as a voter registration
system, thereby helping to prevent electoral roll fraud.
Although costs have been substantial, amounting to US$574 million
(3,496 Rs crore) as of September 2013 according to the Unique
Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)iii
, benefits include fewer leakages,
lower transaction costs and improved labor mobility. In fact, a cost-
benefit analysis by the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy
(NIPFP) shows that the implementation of Aadhaar yields an internal
rate of returns of 53 percentiv
, even though it only takes into account the
savings by the government. If intangible benefits and systemic benefits
to the economy are also accounted for, the rate of return on investment
in Aadhaar would be even higher.
Figure 1. India’s Universal ID Program
by the Number, enabled by NEC
technologies.Taken from Building a
Biometric National ID: Lessons for
Developing Countries from India’s
Universal ID Program, by the Center
for Global Development, Alan Gelb
and Julia Clark, October 2012.
PERSONAL
SAFETY
INDIA’S UNIVERSAL ID
PROGRAM BY THE NUMBERS
1,200,000,000
210,000,000
312,000,000
200,000,000
Number of Aaadhar
numbers when compete
Population of Germany, France, and
the United Kindgom combined
Population of the
United States
Indians with an Aaadhar
number as of January 2012
9. 7BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
While government agencies have been quick to adopt biometric
technologies, the take-up rate has been slower among individuals,
largely hampered by high costs. Nonetheless, there is evidence that user
acceptance is growing as the cost of mature biometric technologies falls.
In fact, a number of existing biometrics users is already substantial,
driven largely by the adoption of biometrics technologies in the
consumer smartphone market.Tech giant Apple first introduced their
fingerprint locking system known asTouchID with the launch of the
iPhone 5S in 2013, causing competitors Samsung to incorporate the
same technology into the GalaxyTab S.The recently launched iPhone 6
takes the technology further, integrating fingerprint scanning with near
field communications (NFC) to enable mobile payments.
A market report by Frost and Sullivan predicts that there will be an
explosive growth in the biometric smartphone market within the next
few years, expanding more than ten times from 43 million in 2013 to 471
million in 2017v
. With the staggering number of users, mobile adoption is
likely to help biometric technologies to leapfrog into the mainstream.
However, the availability of biometric technologies alone does not
explain its widespread adoption; the technologies have to meet a
real need. In this case, the need is for more secure ways to protect
mobile devices and online transaction. As online shopping becomes
more mainstream, there has been a greater demand for more robust
authentication processes. Existing methods using numbers exposed
on credit cards and password-token combinations are not foolproof,
as seen in the results of a 2013 Norton report which found that as many
as 38 percent of smartphone users had been a victim of cybercrime in
the past year.
Biometrics provides a much safer way to authenticate high value
transactions. For example, it would allow continuous authentication,
where the user’s iris is tracked throughout the authentication process.
A secondary but related need is the desire for greater convenience.
Unlike passwords or tokens commonly used for two-factor authentication,
personal physical features cannot be lost or stolen. Biometric technology
with do away with the hassle of carrying around multiple authentication
devices and having to remember complex and non-intuitive passwords.
Recognizing the potential for retail applications, Chinese online
payments powerhouse Alipay has entered into a partnership with
technology company Huawei to incorporate mobile payments into
Huawei’s upcoming flagship phone, the Mate 7vi
.
10. 8 BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
ADDRESSING PRIVACY CONCERNS
Aside from the cost factor, one of the considerations preventing the
mass adoption of biometric technologies has been the issue of privacy.
Although the fact that biometric features are irreplaceable makes them
secure, it also means that steps must be taken that they do not fall into
the wrong hands. In particular, consumers are concerned that biometric
information in the form of facial photographs and fingerprints are easily
available, and therefore open to theft.
However, what many consumers may not realize is that biometric
technologies such as fingerprint and facial scanners do not store an
actual image of the fingerprint, iris or face, but instead digitally encode
the information in what is known as a template. Each device which
captures biometric information would use different features to develop
a template, making it difficult for a template captured on one device
to be used to authenticate a device using a different template system.
Furthermore, it is nearly impossible to reconstruct the original image
based on the template data.
11. 9BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
BIOMETRIC
TRENDS
VIDEO ANALYTICS
As facial recognition technology continues to mature, the next key
technology that looks set to grow in importance is video analytics.
Traditionally, video surveillance has been used to secure restricted areas
such as airport runways or hangars.This process is becoming increasingly
automated, and predictive systems add an extra dimension to perimeter
protection by enabling a proactive rather than reactive response.
Biometrics technologies are being embraced in video analytics
particularly as we approach the limits of human operators. Human
concentration, which can taper off after 20 minutes, means that human
operators tend to have a high rate of overlooked events, especially when
bored or fatigued. Furthermore, relying on human surveillance is not
only inherently inefficient, but also increasingly expensive as manpower
costs continue to rise.
Then there is the challenge of dealing with the sheer volume of video
data being generated. With an estimated compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 9-11 percent, video surveillance is predicted to reach
a staggering 3.3 trillion hours of video in 2020, according to a report
by Homeland Security Marketing Researchvii
. Going by a conservative
assumption that only 20 percent of the most critical video will be
reviewed by staff, this nonetheless entails a workforce of over 110 million
security personnel worldwide, dedicated to video surveillance.
Not only will video analytic systems be inevitable, but they will also
bring new capabilities to the table. Motion detection can be used to
identify behaviors such as loitering or objects that have been stolen
or left behind.These capabilities will be particularly useful in high
security areas such as airports, alerting staff to suspicious persons and
objects such as unattended baggage. Video analytics are also able to
automatically track moving objects across multiple cameras and give
real-time information on the movement of crowds.
The ability to sharpen images from low resolution video and the
automated filtering of irrelevant images facilitate forensic video searches
and post event analyses. For example, individuals identified by video
surveillance can be checked against Interpol’s stolen and lost passports list.
Video analytics is not restricted to facial recognition, but has also been
very useful in vehicle and license plate recognition for security purposes.
In the business setting, video analytics can also be used to gather
business intelligence by counting people or analyzing the flow of traffic.
CASE STUDY: TRAIN VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
The 2005 London train bombings highlighted the fragility of public transport systems and exposed the inherent
risks onboard trains and buses.TheYishun MRT bomb plot uncovered in 2001 showed that even relatively safe
Singapore was not immune to the risk of terrorist attacks.
To improve safety across Singapore’s Mass RapidTransit system, NEC was selected to provide video surveillance
for all existing lines. Slated for completion in 2018, the video surveillance system will provide real time monitoring
of train operations and is expected to assist law enforcement agencies in even reconstruction.The system can
also adapt to future needs, with the potential for upgrade to voice recording and video analytic capabilities.
12. 10 BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
MULTI-MODAL BIOMETRICS
Although biometric technologies are a vast improvement over existing
identification and authentication methods, no technology is infallible.
Though the chance is small, errors could potentially be introduced at
each stage of the biometrics process, from enrolment and matching to
database management.
Apple’sTouchID system was shown to be hackable within hours of its
2013 launch. Using a latent print from the phone, a laser printer, some
white wood glue and a bit of breath to keep the fake print moist, the
Germany-based Chaos Computer Club was able to bypass the fingerprint
lock screen. Although much too complicated for the casual cracker, this
breach demonstrates that relying on a single biometric method is not
sufficiently secure.
Furthermore, there are situations in which single parameter biometrics
fail. For example, two to three percent of the population has no usable
fingerprint, such as laborers with worn fingerprints or people with a
genetic condition called adermatoglyphia, also known as immigration
delay disease.
The accuracy of facial recognition technology may face challenges under
bad lighting conditions or where the camera angles do not capture the
person’s features well. Cultural practices, such as the wearing of veils or
headscarves, also prevent facial recognition technology from being used
in places such as the Middle East.
Clearly, no single biometric parameter is perfect; each has its own
advantages and disadvantages in terms of ease of capture, performance
and cost.To get around these issues, multi-modal biometrics has
been employed, where two or more sources of biometric information
are captured and used to cross reference each other. While it may be
possible to fool a single biometric reader, it takes much more effort
to hack into a system which uses multiple biometric readouts. In the
previously mentioned Aadhaar program for example, all ten fingerprints
as well as a photograph and two iris scans are taken, making the system
more robust.
Of course, increasing the number of biometric parameters captured
also increases the cost and complexity of implementing the system.
Rather than use the maximum number of biometric parameters for every
process or transaction, single factor biometrics could be used in parallel
with traditional measures such as passwords or tokens, enhancing
instead of replacing them. For high value transactions, where the higher
costs are offset by the higher risks, a multi-modal approach could be
used.This layered system would help to keep costs low and increase the
speed of biometric clearance.
13. 11BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
MOBILE BIOMETRICS
There is little doubt that the field of biometrics will continue to grow,
spurred by both large government projects and wide-scale adoption
by individuals. Of these two forces, personal adoption, and mobile
biometric technologies in particular, are likely to shape the face of
biometrics of the future.
With the ubiquity of mobile devices today, it is easy to take for granted
the technology that has driven the mobile revolution. Each smartphone
has processing power that was unattainable by desktop computers a
generation ago crammed into a handset that fits into a pocket.
From the biometrics point of view, a smartphone is a ready-made
biometric sensor, with a built-in high resolution scanner and camera,
equipped with sophisticated gyroscopic measurement devices and
internet connectivity. Being able to tap into these existing features rather
than design and sell stand-alone biometric readers has the potential to
revolutionize the use of biometrics.
In a survey of 100,000 people from 40 different countries completed
in December 2013, the mobile network maker Ericsson found that
consumers are keen to embrace biometric technology through their
smartphonesviii
. Over 74 percent of the respondents believe that
biometric smartphones would become mainstream in 2014, with the 52
percent and 48 percent saying that they would like to see fingerprint and
iris scan replace passwords to unlock phones.
The integration of biometric and mobile technologies will lower
infrastructure costs and help to take biometrics to where the people are.
Mobile-enabled biometrics can be used in remote locations; anywhere
with an internet connection.The greater convenience afforded by
biometrics could go a long way in enhancing mobile security, where
typing complex passwords has been met with resistance, a serious
issues for companies adopting bring your own device (BYOD) policies.
14. 12 BIOMETRICS: THE STATE OF THE ART IN PUBLIC SAFETY
BIOMETRICS ON THE MOVE
Enabled by the latest advances in capture technology, biometrics on
the move allows features to be taken without manual intervention and
even while the subject is in motion. Also known as stand off biometrics,
this technology enables contactless fingerprint capture and iris or face
detection based on video surveillance. In contrast, older technologies
are cumbersome and time consuming, requiring direct contact with
a fingerprint scanner or for the subject to present themselves to the
capture device, holding still to ensure a high quality scan.
Biometrics on the move could potentially revolutionize law enforcement,
allowing real-time watchlist detection and monitoring of people moving
through sensitive areas such as nuclear power plants and security
facilities. In public safety, biometrics on the move could help with crowd
control and flow management, automatically preventing bottlenecks
which could potentially be dangerous or at the least, time wasting.
Biometrics on the move also finds many applications in providing
business intelligence. Anonymous, non-intrusive real-time monitoring
can capture “soft” biometric features such as age, gender and
ethnicity, allowing retailers to provide targeted services dependent
on demographic features. Information on the people walking through
a mall, for example, could help retailers make decisions about how
to design and stock their stores.
Most of all, biometrics on the move makes the adoption of biometric
technology convenient for users. For example, it can be used to capture
information of passengers as soon as they walk into the airport, reducing
the amount of time spent clearing immigration. Biometrics embedded
in the environment go one step beyond mobile solutions, seamlessly
integrating technology into everyday life.
15. NEC:
BIOMETRICS
PIONEER AND
LEADER
Technology adoption is driven not only by advances in the technology
itself, important though it may be, but also the demand generated
from positive user experience. A biometrics pioneer since the 1970s,
no one knows this better than NEC. With over 500 contracts in over 40
countries, NEC has extensive experience in designing and deploying
comprehensive biometrics solutions.
Far from resting on their laurels, NEC has constantly sought to innovate
and keep their technologies at the bleeding edge of research. For
instance, NEC’s face recognition technology, NeoFace, achieved the
highest performance evaluation in the 2013 Face Recognition VendorTest
performed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards andTechnology
(NIST), taking first place for the third consecutive year. NEC’s Automated
Finger Identification System (AFIS) has also been certified as the world’s
most accurate by independent NIST tests.
By combining our strengths in individual biometric technologies, NEC
is well poised to capitalize on multi-modal biometrics and provide its
customers with solutions above current market standards. Our Hybrid
Finger Scanner simultaneously obtains fingerprint and finger vein
information, robustly combining both features using our patented Fusion
Identification Method. Lightweight and contactless, it is easy to use
and compatible with existing desktop computers, requiring just a USB
connection and power source.
NEC’s solutions are also highly flexible, with a modular architecture that
facilitates customization. At the same time, NEC technology supports
internationally recognized standards, ensuring interoperability across
different countries and smooth integration with legacy systems.
As a recognized leader in biometrics and a trusted partner of
organizations such as Interpol, NEC’s public safety solutions are
sought after by the world’s leading identity management and security
programs in law enforcement, criminal justice, border control, civil
identification and defense personnel safety. We remain ready to
offer our expertise at all levels of integrated security solutions–from
hardware and networking to applications and service.
http://biometrics.nist.gov/cs_links/face/frvt/frvt2013/NIST_8009.pdf
i
White et al (2014). Passport Officers’ Errors in Face Matching. PLoS ONE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103510
ii
http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/en/press_detail.php?id=1856
iii
http://uidai.gov.in/images/web_exp_sep2013.pdf
iv
A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, November 2012. http://macrofinance.nipfp.org.in/FILES/
uid_cba_paper.pdf
v
http://ww2.frost.com/news/press-releases/frost-sullivan-biometrics-can-be-alternative-conventional-authentication-technologies-mobiles/
vi
http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/2139/
vii
IntelligentVideo Surveillance, ISR &VideoAnalytics:Technologies and Global Market 2013-2020. Homeland Security Research.
viii
10 Hot consumer trends 2014. Ericsson Consumer Labs. http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2013/consumerlab/10-hot-consumer-trends-
report-2014.pdf