This document discusses national and organizational culture. It defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes groups. Culture is inherited and learned, existing at personal, group, and universal levels. Hofstede identified five dimensions of culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, and long vs short-term orientation. Culture exists at multiple levels including national, regional, gender, generation, social class, and organizational. National culture is influenced by factors like geography, history, and economics and stabilizes across generations. Organizational culture consists of values, beliefs, and norms that influence employee behavior and the organization's structure and goals. While related, national culture and organizational culture

1. National and Organisational
Culture
Group presentation
Baoping, Raksha & Umesh

2. Culture
‘the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the
members of one group or category of people from another.’
--- Hofstede (2001)
‘Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and
reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by
symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human
group, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential
core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their
attached values.’
--- Kluckhohn, 1951

3. Specific to
individual
Inherited and
learned
PERSONALITY
Specific to group
or category
Universal
Learned
CULTURE
HUMAN NATURE
Inherited
Three levels of uniqueness in human mental programming

4. Hofstede’s Dimensions in culture
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•
•
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism Vs Collectivism
Masculine Vs Feminine
Short term Vs Long Term

5. Layers of Culture
•
•
•
•
•
•
National Level
Regional-Ethnic-Religious-Linguistic Level
Gender Level
Generation Level
Social Class Level
Organisational / Corporate Level

6. National Culture
•Culture, in this sense, includes systems of
values; and values are among the building
blocks of culture.
• Although national culture grows with
generations, but still stabilising in patterns
across generations using some mechanisms

7. Outside Influences
Nature
Man
- trade
- scientific discovery
- dominations
Origins
Social norms
Consequences
Ecological factors
-geography
-history
-demography
-economy
-technology
-urbanisation
Value systems of
major groups of
population
Structure and
functioning of
institutions:
-family patterns
-role differentiation
-educational systems
-religion
-political systems
The Stabilizing of Culture Patterns

8. • Models of National culture:
– Single Dimension models
• Countries are classified culturally on the basis of one
variable
– Multiple Dimension models
• Nationalities are classified on the basis of more than
one varilable
– Historical-social models

9. Organisational Culture
• “an objective entity, consisting a set of
behavioural and cognitive characteristics”
– Schein
• includes the organizational structure and
rules, values, feelings, norms, the organizational
‘climate.’
- Lewis(1998)
• Why is it required?
• How it is dependent on National Culture?

10. • Brown’s model divides organisational culture
into three layers:
– Outer layer: values about the strategies, mission
and objectives of organisation
– Middle layer: beliefs and issues of the organisation
which employees talk about
– Inner Layer: things which people find it difficult to
talk about

11. 3 aspects of organizational culture
• The general relationship between employees
and their organization;
• The vertical or hierarchical system of authority
defining superiors and subordinates;
• The general views of employees about the
organization’s destiny, purpose and goals and
their place in it.

12. • Hofstede defines six dimensions to
differentiate between organizational cultures
that have similarities with the dimensions of
Schein:
– Process Vs results-oriented;
– Employee Vs joboriented;
– Parochial Vs professional dependent;
– open Vs closed systems of communication;
– loose Vs tight control;
– normative Vs pragmatic organization

13. Differences in national and
organisational culture
• ‘A nation is not an organisation’
• External signs are usually considered and
people think that National cultures are
becoming same as Organisational cultures
• National cultures and Organisational cultures
are two different phenomena

14. Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values

15. Place of
socialisation
Level
Nation
Family
Values
Social Class
School
Occupation
Industry
Organisation
Practices
Workplace

16. • National Culture
– Shared meanings
– Unconditional relationship
– Born into it
– Totally immersed
• Organisational Culture
– Shared behaviours
– Conditional relationship
– Socialized into it
– Partly involved

17. Questions for discussion
• Share an example where national culture have
impacted the organisational culture of a
company and in what way.
• Share an example where organisational
culture has diluted the national culture.
• What influence the values and behaviour of
employees more in an organisation – National
Culture or Organisational Culture?