This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling
and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of
their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further
compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the
output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the
optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-house
gas (GHG) and pollutant production.
Energy is the driving force for almost everything including the economy, society and technology all around the world. This makes energy generation an important and ever increasing responsibility.environmental problems. The burning of fossil resources factors the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) that accumulates in the surroundings a greenhouse gas (GHG) which might alternate the steadiness of global local weather. In order that many study are interested for renewable power in their one-of-a-kind forms thermal, photovoltaic, hydro, biomass and geothermal.Solar rays are an inexhaustible source of energy during the sector. It is used in quite a lot of functions as a supply of easy and renewable energy. Amongst this solar thermal applications comprise electrical power new release. This paper experiences the electrical energy iteration from solar thermal energy established especially on parabolic trough, linear fresnal reflector, barabolic dish and so forth. Examples of solar thermal power vegetation will likely be discussed on this paper. This paper also offers with the concentrated solar power (CSP). Rahul Verma | Dr. Deepika Chauhan"Solar and Thermal Power Generation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11190.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11190/solar-and-thermal-power-generation/rahul-verma
Concentrated solar power in India - an evaluationSindhu Maiyya
Work done as a part of internship with Energy Alternatives India. A researched insight into India as an investment site for concentrated solar power generation. Technology explained along with pros, cons, and market conditions.
Energy is the driving force for almost everything including the economy, society and technology all around the world. This makes energy generation an important and ever increasing responsibility.environmental problems. The burning of fossil resources factors the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) that accumulates in the surroundings a greenhouse gas (GHG) which might alternate the steadiness of global local weather. In order that many study are interested for renewable power in their one-of-a-kind forms thermal, photovoltaic, hydro, biomass and geothermal.Solar rays are an inexhaustible source of energy during the sector. It is used in quite a lot of functions as a supply of easy and renewable energy. Amongst this solar thermal applications comprise electrical power new release. This paper experiences the electrical energy iteration from solar thermal energy established especially on parabolic trough, linear fresnal reflector, barabolic dish and so forth. Examples of solar thermal power vegetation will likely be discussed on this paper. This paper also offers with the concentrated solar power (CSP). Rahul Verma | Dr. Deepika Chauhan"Solar and Thermal Power Generation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11190.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11190/solar-and-thermal-power-generation/rahul-verma
Concentrated solar power in India - an evaluationSindhu Maiyya
Work done as a part of internship with Energy Alternatives India. A researched insight into India as an investment site for concentrated solar power generation. Technology explained along with pros, cons, and market conditions.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage & Grid Integration Workshop: Concentrating Solar Power and Thermal Energy Storage, presented by Clifford Ho, Sandia National Laboratories, August 23-24, 2016.
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
As unlimited resources, sunlight can be a key to overcoming climate change. The sun irradiance onto Earth is adequate to provide the world energy needs for an entire year. Despite its abundant potential, the solar energy only provides less than one-tenth of one percent of global energy use. This untapped potential will bring an enormous impact both on the environment and the economy if used effectively.
The solar energy can be harvested with photovoltaic technology and solar thermal energy technology. The concentrated solar power (CSP) has been mainly used in the solar thermal energy technology. The concentrated solar power (CSP) types that have been used in the power plant projects around the world are the parabolic trough, solar power tower, Fresnel reflectors, and dish Stirling. This paper will explore some of the largest CSP plants in the world.
Keyword: solar thermal energy, concentrated solar power, parabolic trough, solar power tower, Fresnel reflectors, dish Stirling.
Solar thermal energy is a great source of electricity and other energy which have great utility in day to day life. Learn about the solar energy in details here.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage & Grid Integration Workshop: Concentrating Solar Power and Thermal Energy Storage, presented by Clifford Ho, Sandia National Laboratories, August 23-24, 2016.
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
As unlimited resources, sunlight can be a key to overcoming climate change. The sun irradiance onto Earth is adequate to provide the world energy needs for an entire year. Despite its abundant potential, the solar energy only provides less than one-tenth of one percent of global energy use. This untapped potential will bring an enormous impact both on the environment and the economy if used effectively.
The solar energy can be harvested with photovoltaic technology and solar thermal energy technology. The concentrated solar power (CSP) has been mainly used in the solar thermal energy technology. The concentrated solar power (CSP) types that have been used in the power plant projects around the world are the parabolic trough, solar power tower, Fresnel reflectors, and dish Stirling. This paper will explore some of the largest CSP plants in the world.
Keyword: solar thermal energy, concentrated solar power, parabolic trough, solar power tower, Fresnel reflectors, dish Stirling.
Solar thermal energy is a great source of electricity and other energy which have great utility in day to day life. Learn about the solar energy in details here.
Improvements in efficiency of solar parabolic troughIOSR Journals
Solar energy is primary source of all type of energy which is present in nature i.e. all the energy
derived from it. So, direct utilization of solar energy into useful energy is important. There are so many solar
thermal equipments in which concentrating type collector heated the fluid up to 100 to 4000C. It is employed for
a variety of applications such as power generation, industrial steam generation and hot water production.
Parabolic trough collector is preferred for steam generation because high temperatures can achieve.
Cylindrical parabolic trough type collector consists of selective concentrator and a receiver tube. The
selective cover system prevents the heat loss (convective and radiative) from the receiver tube and improves the
performance of solar parabolic trough. Also evacuated chamber is created to reduce the loss of heat and reduce
the corrosion of concentrator surface. Tracking system is embedded in the solar parabolic trough for tracking
the sun energy movement.
This report presents the evaluation of solar insolation in terms of monthly average hourly global
radiation in Patna on 10th April, 2013. On the basis of this solar energy flux, comparative study of the
instantaneous efficiency of solar parabolic trough is done. Here four different types of cover system are
mathematically analyzed. (i) Single glass cover on receiver (ii) Double glass cover on receiver (iii) Single glass
cover on aperture (iv)Double glass cover on aperture. This report contains many graphs to illustrate the effect
on instantaneous efficiency on variation of primary parameter. With the help of MATLAB R201a software
mathematical calculation is obtained.
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
Solar to energy conversion.The definition,need for,technologies and the Future of solar energy in the planet earth.
The article is presented by Geofrey Kibiwott yator University of Eldoret.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
This was an amazing experience for my life with some amzing people. Lot's of enjoying with two special people and friends got there which was unmatchable.
This my currently updated carricular veta(Resume). I am pursuing Batchlor of technology in electronics and communication engineering at Birla Institute of applied sciences Nainital. I did my schooling from city montessori inter college lakhimpur kheri up. I have started my primari education from PRIMARI SCHOOL GAURIYA. I have won several awards i.e.- Young scientist award, Bal ratna award, Vigyan Ratna award, District scientist award. UP yuva ratna award. I have got prize by Dr.APJ Abdul kalm sir- Young scientist award 2013.
This is my first research paper publication at international journal of advance researches. tittled "Environment and Health Issues Associated with E-wastage"
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
National Conference on Emerging Science and Technology
1. Khan and Tripathi 566
International Journal on Emerging Technologies (Special Issue NCETST-2017) 8(1): 566-569(2017)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)
ISSN No. (Print) : 0975-8364
ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3255
Advancements in Renewable Energies and Technologies
Muneer Khan and Ayush Tripathi
Birla Institute of Applied Sciences Nainital (UG), INDIA
ABSTRACT: This paper contain the recent advancements in the Renewable energy production, modelling
and optimization of the renewable energy system. A classification of energy sources is presented in terms of
their sustainability and ease of integration to a energy system. Current modelling methods are further
compared with respect to computational limitations, level of precision as well as the degree of certainty in the
output level. Moreover, the recent studies of Renewable energy systems are classified in accordance with the
optimization objectives, including energy efficiency, cost, exergo-economic/thermo-economic and green-house
gas (GHG) and pollutant production.
Key words: Renewable energy, Greenhouse gases, Energy efficiency, Sustainability, modeling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Presently, the world energy consumption is 10 terawatts
(TW) per year, and by 2050, it is projected to be about
30 TW. The world will need about 20 TW of non-CO2
energy to stabilize CO2 in the considered as the “tipping
point” for solar energy system (Kazmerski, 2006). In
this scenario of renewable energy advancements
government of India has provided a lot of concentration
towards this existing field and allotted the budget to the
ministry of new and renewable energy resources.
II. SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM
Solar cells based on compound Semiconductors [1]
(III–V and II–VI) were first investigated in the 1960s.
At the same time, polycrystalline Si (pc-Si) and thin-
film solar cell technologies were developed to provide
high production capacity at reduced material
consumption and energy input in the fabrication
process, and integration in the structure of modules by
the deposition process and consequently cost reduction
for large-scale terrestrial applications.
et
2. Khan and Tripathi 567
Methods of producing Electricity
As the resultants Cochin International airport, the
country's first airport built under PPP model has
scripted another chapter in aviation history by
becoming the first airport in the world that completely
operates on solar power. The International Energy
Agency[2]
projected in 2014 that under its "high
renewables" scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and
concentrated solar power would contribute about 16
and 11 percent, respectively, of the worldwide
electricity consumption, and solar would be the world's
largest source of electricity. Most solar installations
would be in China and India [2].
Photovoltaic cell: Renewable energy systems in the
form of photovoltaic solar panels have been integrated
in a solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that
converts light into electric current using the
photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed
by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist
Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who
recognized the importance of this discovery In 1931,
the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo
cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide [3].
•A solar cell is a small semiconductor device which has
a light sensitive N-P junction. When solar light rays
strike the N-P junction, DC e.m.f. is generated with P
terminal as positive and N-terminal as negative.
Nominal ratings of a typical single PV-cell when
exposed to full sun light are:
-Voltage 0.45 V, DC -Current 0.75 A,
DC -Power 0.33 W.
When exposed to sun light, the solar cell acts like tiny
DC cell. Several Solar cells are connected in series,
parallel to get desired voltage, current and power.
There are existing different types of Photovoltaic solar
panel technologies.
1. Flate Solar Panel
2. Concentrated Solar panel.
Flat-plate collector is a metal box with a glass or
plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored
absorber plate on the bottom. The sides and bottom of
the collector are usually insulated to minimize heat
loss. Sunlight passes through the glazing and strikes the
absorber plate, which heats up, changing solar energy
into heat energy. The heat is transferred to liquid
passing through pipes attached to the absorber plate.
Absorber plates production for the generation of
electricity and thermal detoxification. Concentrating
collectors are best suited to climates that have a high
percentage of clear sky days. The principal
types of concentrating collectors include: compound
parabolic, fixed reflectors, Fresnel lens, and central
receiver. The main types of concentrating collectors
are:
Parabolic dish collectors
Parabolic trough collectors
Power tower
Stationary concentrating collector
A PV concentrating modules uses optical elements
(Fresnel lens) to increase the amount of sunlight
incident onto a PV cell. Concentrating PV
modules/arrays track the sun and use are commonly
painted with "selective coatings," which absorb and
retain heat better than ordinary black paint. Absorber
plates are usually made of metal typically copper or
aluminum because the metal is a good heat conductor.
Copper is more expensive, but is a better conductor and
less prone to corrosion than aluminum. In locations
with average available solar energy, flat plate collectors
are sized approximately one-half- to one-square foot
per gallon of one-day's hot water use. There are several
types of flat-plate collectors available.
3. Khan and Tripathi 568
Concentrating solar collector is a solar collector that
uses reflective surfaces to concentrate sunlight onto a
small area, where it is absorbed and converted to heat
or, in the case of solar photovoltaic (PV) devices, into
electricity. Concentrators can increase the power flux
of sunlight hundreds of times. This class of collector is
used for high temperature applications such as steam
concentrating devices to reflect direct sunlight onto the
solar cell to produce the electricity directly.
Concentrating solar collectors in concentrated Solar
Power (CSP) facilities concentrate sunlight onto a
receiver where it heats a heat transfer fluid that
subsequently exchanges its.
Solar Thermal Electricity-Absorbed heat to produce
steam to power a steam turbine-generator (STG) to
produce electricity It is important to understand that
solar thermal technology is not the same as solar panel,
or photovoltaic, technology. Solar thermal electric
energy generation concentrates[4]
the light from the sun
to create heat, and that heat is used to run a heat engine,
which turns a generator to make electricity. The
working fluid that is heated by the concentrated
sunlight can be a liquid or a gas. Different working
fluids include water, oil, salts, air, nitrogen, helium,
etc. Different engine types include steam engines, gas
turbines, Stirling engines, etc. All of these engines can
be quite efficient, often between 30% and 40%, and are
capable of producing 10’s to 100’s of megawatts of
power. Photovoltaic, or PV energy conversion, on the
other hand, directly converts the sun’s light into
electricity. This means that solar panels are only
effective during daylight hours because storing
electricity is not a particularly efficient process. Heat
storage is a far easier and efficient method, which is
what makes solar thermal so attractive for large-scale
energy production. Heat can be stored during the day
and then converted into electricity at night. Solar
thermal plants that have storage capacities can
drastically improve both the economics and the
dispatchability of solar electricity.
Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Electricity (PV-T)
The solar radiation increases the temperature of PV
modules, resulting in a drop of their electrical
efficiency. By proper circulation of a fluid with low
inlet temperature, heat is extracted from the PV
modules keeping the electrical efficiency at satisfactory
values. The extracted thermal energy can be used in
several ways, increasing the total energy output of the
system. Hybrid PV/T[5]
systems can be applied mainly
in buildings for the production of electricity and heat
and are suitable for PV applications under high values
of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Hybrid
PV/T experimental models based on commercial PV
modules of typical size are described and outdoor test
results of the systems are presented and discussed. The
results showed that PV cooling can increase the
electrical efficiency of PV modules, increasing the total
efficiency of the systems. Improvement of the system
performance can be achieved by the use of an
additional glazing to increase thermal output, a booster
diffuse reflector to increase electrical and thermal
output, or both, giving flexibility in system design.
4. Khan and Tripathi 569
The Solar Hydrogen
Solar energy is abundantly available globally, but
unfortunately not constantly and not everywhere. One
especially interesting solution for storing this energy is
artificial photosynthesis. This is what every leaf can do,
namely converting sunlight to chemical energy. That
can take place with artificial systems based on
semiconductors as well. These use the electrical power
that sunlight creates in individual semiconductor
components to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.
Hydrogen possesses very high energy density, can be
employed in many ways and could replace fossil fuels.
In addition, no carbon dioxide harmful to the climate is
released from hydrogen during combustion, instead
only water. Until now, manufacturing of solar
hydrogen at the industrial level has failed due to the
costs, however. This is because the efficiency of
artificial photosynthesis, i.e. the energy content of the
hydrogen compared to that of sunlight, has simply been
too low to produce hydrogen from the sun
economically.
An international team has succeeded in considerably
increasing the efficiency for direct solar water splitting
with a tandem solar cell whose surfaces have been
selectively modified. The new record value is 14
percent and thus tops the previous record of 12.4
percent, broken now for the first time in 17 years.
CONCLUSION
In this paper I have discussed about current and
futuristic source of renewable energy technologies. It
has become imperative for the power and energy
engineers to look out for the renewable energy sources
such as sun, wind, geothermal, ocean and biomass as
sustainable, cost effective and environment friendly
alternatives for conventional energy sources. However,
the non-availability of these renewable energy
resources all the time throughout the year has led to
research in the area of hybrid renewable and solar
energy systems. In the past few years, a lot of research
has taken place in the design, optimization, operation
and control of the renewable energy systems. One of
the most important future based coming source of
energy is Solar Hydrogen energysystem The results of
the analyses showed that the replacement of fossil fuel
based genets with hydrogen technologies is technically
feasible, but still not economically viable, unless
significant reductions in the cost of hydrogen
technologies are made in the future.
REFERENCE
[1].
https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf
[2]. International Energy Agency (2014). "Technology
Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy" (PDF). IEA. Archived
(PDF) from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 7
October 2014.
[3]. Corporation, Bonnier (June 1931). "Magic Plates, Tap
Sun For Power". Popular Science. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
[4]. http://www.solar-thermal.com/solar-thermal.pdf
[5]. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar systems, ELSAVIER
Solar Energy, Volume 72, Issue 3, March 2002, Pages 217–
234
[6]. https://phys.org/news/2016-06-energy-sunlight-artificial-
photosynthesis.html