Minerals are naturally occurring, solid inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and ordered atomic structure. They form under geological processes and are distinguished from rocks and other geological materials. Key properties used to identify minerals include their crystal structure, chemical composition, physical properties like hardness, cleavage, luster and color. Minerals are classified based on these observable properties and their chemical makeup. Understanding mineral properties helps geologists study the composition and history of the Earth's crust.

1. . :: .r...,
,,-r n r ! ! :, *
! i.l tI > ir fd{lut i' ': :
!ti-I1 r /!
l" i l-
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ffq'NERALS
Minerals:
l"
1. naturallY occurrtng
2. homogenuous,solid :
3. cornPositicn not fixed)
a. chenric':'l (clefinite but.generally
b. PtrYsica
4, orderecl aiorni.c ?fl'?rrlerl€fltprrrcersses
s. .trtrrrt f :'rme'l oy ill(lrganic
sr"tbstances
Mi neral oi rls - natttri:liy occurri n g 4]1ryThgf
witrtout crYstalline structure
*Tire orderly p.arterns ihat aton:s of elements assume
in a rr''ineral is called iis
crystallin u- stru cture
br-rt different
* Polymorplrs r ntinerals lra"ing the same composition/elernents
crystalli;',e struc:t r]'es
I
examPles:
ir.-arcasite -;
-* - Pvt'tqano
-- -l
.
I
Calcite atrd -.-,ragonite .---__
-^^^nrla I
*Alias es:
1. Caiclte - islan'l sPa;
2. FYrite - 1os1'1i cl'rld
3. Quart;. - ice cnilstals
Georgius tgr:cola (Georg Bar'rer)
D",f.q Metallica- , ..,,,,' ,,, , ,i, ,, . ,
Optical Fic';:e*ies;
2- dotrble refrtl;tion
':---
rr a sroup oi' crvstai
rrerar oytlrald unngu*rg"3,; consists
fff:1":',oJ11J':1,. to the'"j"ll::::,^oj
t,,,,"r, Tii';i':*n'.f,-nuuu the same relation physical properttes
' an*
s':rintlettv ancl cltsPti' ,-th* same chemical

2. because ;:[l are ui ;.erlain bY Iike atoms in the same geom€
af'ang€'Tlent
ex. pr,smatic
cubic '
*Nicolas steno - pointed out that the angles between correspo.nding faces on
of a nrine:tai [quartz] are always the same
"rfttuft de I'Lsle
* Rome
of
*Law of consta*cy of Interfacial Angles - angles between equivalent faces
crystals of the .ru"l* substance, measured
at the same temperature are
constant.
2. crystal habit - e.iternal shaPe
ex. botrYoidar, iihrous, grar"uiar
3: color - i': ti:e brightr'.ess or Carl"ness of a mineral :r-,- -^-.-{-r'..
spe -trum
_. - resurl of ilie ieflection of light within the visible
a. idroch,om:tic - ex. rruscovite (white or c.olorless), azurite (azure blue),
' rnalachite (green): sulfur (yellow)
b'. allochr:matic - ex' quartz
I
4. streak' is the color qiven by a pulverized mineral
eX'a.hernatite:streak=reddish.brown/indianred
| : color = red to black
b lir'ronite : streak = Yq'llow
: color = bl''-,wn
right that is reflected frcm I re surface of a
5. luster - qual:':, 3nd intensity of
lnir,eral
- can be lrouPed into:
'r
a metailic - luster "rf untarnished rnetal; the usual characteristic' of
dark and opaque rninerals
ex. nylite, golcl
h. non-metallic - ir,utatl"rizes the colored nrir erals , ,
l :,
, b. i resit'rous - appearance of resin .
b.; vitrer-rus - glass
u.s ouiil"urt'i:
b.4 adamantiire - diamond
b.5 silkY - silklike
b.i pearly - iridescent pearl-like lusJer..,
'grenJv
u.z -rpp"ars to be covered wiil. thin layer of oil
!
i
I
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x&

3. A*
6. lrarciness - abiliiy of a rninerill to-withstand abrasion or scratching
- in .licated in ternrs of the Mohs' Scale of Hardness
calcite q
fluorite 14
-r5 diamond 1 hardest
Practical scale:
CLr-coin
r;, specific gravity. - refers to the ratio of the weight of a volumeof material to
the weight of an eclual volume of waier
- spr:ing scale; hefting the mineral by hand
ex.:
| 2.65 feld 2.56-2.76
old 19.3
q. cleavage -,i:iers to the characteristic tendency.of mat,minerals tc spiii. c:'
sepa:'ate easily along certain planes
- govenred by interrial arrangement
_ weak,:lssl
a. .ype of brr cring c. boti a and b
b. greater alomic sPacing
rfect
very good at 9C degrees to each other' feldspar
fair at 90 dectrees I9,n9-.--.--i
at 56.dsgleeg !r 124 degree.- amohibole
e
Perleei-oei-ell A Oegrees; rhomboh
perfect _ diamond
nerft':ct sphalarite
'r
v
'F

4. formed by the ''rreaking in the:
g. fracture - refers to the nature.of ir''"ofsurr"ce
cleavage
oir""i'"n other than those the
'
-i-
quartz)
a' cort:hcidal (ex'
b ri;'i;;;i'itint"'Y
' c' irregu'ar
hai;'liY
d'
- ^r ^r'"^{rrral rnta: ruintiing or-
l0.parting-breakingalongp|anesofstructuralweakness;resultoftt
pressure
nr
ll.tenacity-resistarcethatamiiteralofferstobreaking'crushing'bendirig'
tei ring
eas.ilY
a. brittle - breaks or powders ,
n' tnuiiuuble - hammered into thin sheets
with a knife
c. sectile - can be cut'into thin shavings
' cl' 'Cttctile - drawn into wire shape
;;ilL - n*nos but does not return to origina'
". elastic
f.
12. fluorescence' artdt.
phosphorescenee
4'I magnetism
14. reaction to HCI
', 5. taste
16. srnell
1'l . striations

5. . CI.ASSIFICATION OF MINERALIE
.I-CCORDING TO CHEMICAL GROUPS
native elements old, sulfur, diamond
oxides maqnetite, hematite
sulfides rite, qalena
sulfates
carbonates calcite. dolomite
hclsphates apatite
silicates uartz, feld l-
EIGHT MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS
IN THE EARTH'S CRUST
3.63
27.72 2.83
B.13 2.59
5X0
silica Tetrahedron . basic burlding block of the earth's crust
*polyrnerization
Silicates - most abunCant mineral group r
Feldspars - rnost abundant mineral
(bl Silicon.Oxygen Tctraledron cxpandcd
(rl Teuahcdron
(d) Top view

6. Silicate Structures
orthosilcate or (sio4)
nesosilicate independent SiOq grou
sorosilicate (Si2Oz) epidote, hemimorphite
lir.king of 2 SiO4
cyclosilicate (si6o16): beryl ,
rinq silicates
irrosilicate chain silicates
sinqle chain (Si roxene
double chain SjaOrr amphibole
phyllosilicate' (si2o5)-
sheet silicate
lectosilicate quartz, feldspar
framework
t
COMMO}{ ROCK-FORMING MI NERALS
'1. quarlz 6. mica I
I
2. feldspars
3. nephelilg amphibole
4. sodalite 9. olivine
5. leucite

7. 4.1 lGNDOus R(Juri"u '
,l
'Definitions: t ut mrnerals'
^r
niaterials whiclr maybe conposeo
. -*.. cfrnred, r:onsolidated l
irlocirs - r1:ltursuv ::il;;i.;;r, glass or a cornbination of these'
rocx
oiganic ttiatter, of
and solidification
"ig7lf$" fire) - fgrrned by direct crystaUiztrtion
Iglteorts roclcs:fLatin
nlilgttt'
Magntu
- "l{llr,acled nrixttrrd'
E l,s gi il ile;tuilssleri$ii
- rnol:ih
t*.,?f, sases
-'1,:, ,lTilo",',u*d r:l:?:51
tlissslvecl
ii
' the upPer rnantle
cnist: or in rhe upper
rnar due to
Jtltrtr partial *ati'ie 't'qti'wer
' forr:retl n' o "*uti
';;i;;,';'ic
- iieat,anrl/ot decreasT:.[:Tlfapped the earth's cnrst
lruithrn
on tho earth's surla(
-;.;,i;;'l.placecl
-;;,;;n.,,. cltnmbers K,'
*,*;r{:L::::f;j::,t',# l,"f,f'Na'
- S(Oi - PnllclPat -r ^:
uirlo*tv and explosive characteristics
- <rjssalvecr gases ;;;ii;:;riiu,*",r
6i]0'- 1200'C
- rilnfie t"nt1t"*tit"J'
',f SOz
- ,]"rir, L'I20-,:aPor, COr,
- Xlrvn
Lli.'ir.r-,j:,Pgg
" 50% Si0z
n. tltsnltic Inagmfl . 't:900-12C0"C
highlY fluid
eolr6Y, sloa
l"t. Grnnitic nraEitna
' T: lower than B00oC
- highlY viscous
l.Ld.tiri,--nn{erysldliag'lstr . of change"
'-o;j-"'tiy series -c^L^n
i:'.i.aciion $eries =
'
J- ,1".',-tts Reactiorr Series .,i. ,
., is graduallY
" r in whish the'earlier fornred inrler$s rnrgma'fbr
';;'i i'
i;' :'il:r:'; il; #'oi;"' r'm trre
"''t
:; n ll; t'the mineral
-*:i'iil1: :, : Tf
, tt,rti.*. in

8. ex.: plagioclase (Ca-rich torl(rich)
f.)iscontinuous Reaction Series : reactiorr in which an early crystallized mineral reacts
to form
with the remaining licluid which constantly. changes its conrposition during cooling
ancther mineral
ex.. 'i
i,,,, Enstatite + +
Forsterite Melt
2 Mg SiOr MgzSiOa SiOz
Magmatic ;lifferentiation : a general piocess in which the original magma with its full
.ung. of cornponent elements is separated into rocks of different mineral composition
a. fractionation
b, filter o:essing
. c. assimilation of the wall rock
d. magnra-mixing
Morlqresl-af.tnsglqa
a. external.forces - sqrteezing of rnagma chamber and causs filter pressing
b. internal forees - gur **punsion; stoping (magma move along fractures until they engulf
the ho$ rock)
tgnerrus rocks ,
- 80% of the mass of the earth's crust
- Genetically classified into
rr''| a. plutonio: intrusivb
li, volcanie = extrusive I
c. liypabyssal
- Mineralo$ically:
a, felsic - large proportions of K-feldspar and Na-plagiocl456 + quartz
b. mafic - Ca-plagioclase, large hmounts of{endrnagnesian mlrerals but little
quartz or K-feldspar
c. ultramafic - composed entirely offerromagnesiatt rninerals with minor amounts
of feldsPars
- Major textures
Textirre Dcscription Inte'rpretation
Phaneritic grains visible to the relatively slow cooling
naked eve
Aphanitic grains not visible to relatively fast cooling
the naked eye _ _
Forphyritic some grans coarse, two cooling rates
others line
(phenocryst,
sioundmass/matrix)

9. no minerals fonled
r id s"tft; co4llg witElgSie eg
9X
Most Abundant lgneous Rocks
#-
Intrusive Extrusive
feiric r" ck[ K.ftiltdMptfiioclase, qtr arte,
less
Granite Rhyolite
amountp of biotite or ampbibqle-.
-.
.
Diorite
'Andesite
ffie(30-50% anorthite),
a,rnphibole,, (quartz may be present in
gqoi*.
"t'Gali,bro- ' Basalt
amounts of olivine
s.trapes brrfiirtiilve rock bcdies
of its size or shape
" Flutoir ='any llass of intntsive rrrck regardless
a. batholiths
b. :tcsks
c, dikes
d. sills
I
e. lacolith
f. tupolith
(mining): gold district
imflb rlancb:' r.retaliic and non-metallic minerals
'
L.
' : -"
:- i' (' '
5.1 Yolungoes ''
!-
ro!r:n:io : a vdni which connects a reservciir of maguu in the deptlis of tlie earlh's crust
with the surface of the earth
:
ejc"ts lava, fragmentaVpyrociastic rocks and
gases
:
cons (volcanic edifice)
A. Lava
nffiu that h1S reached the surface of the earth
different compositions ancl temperatures iesulted
into lavas with a rango of physical
-
properry (i.e., r'iscosity) and fcafules.
a.. paloeho* riua -:t:glly fluid, T = 1000"c;
thin; smooth, biilciwy, ropy suilace
b. aa l.vr - fi'-il; iini.'guq $low moving; seu*rh neters thick;rough'
':' "ibtlu$;
jugg*d, sPinose '
c. pittorv-,ta.iu1"-Iffii;pted under water or ice; (toothpaste-like)

10. I .f
a ,l ll. F!'rqginstic materials
blown-out from a volcanic vent under pressure or
-:il:,:m#*'ffffiT$rrue**,smagma
the
raoidlv expanding gases present in
plsstic state
- rr*tpoi.d eitfiei+n in solid or
of the fragments
- classification in telTns of sizes and shapes -
older lavas
r
a, blocks - > 64 mm; pieces of crustal layers or
the congealing of blebs tllj:d ..'j:a
b. bombs - > i4mm; spindle/spherical masses from
Iava
b"l bowdung
' "i b'z breadcrust
b'3 armored
,0 c. lapilli -2-64 mrn;
saccretionary lapilli
4 ash-<2mm
glass)
+*r- Pu,nice, scori&, obsidian (volcanic
T:
.;, of pyroclastic rocks and lava
..:,ts, domppsite/strntevolcnnoes: altemntingla-yers
Mont Pelpt'Krakatau
ex.. Mt. ttu.ii, V.r,,nius, Stromboli' Etnq Mayon'
: a higtrly hh?{ gas 'charged with incandescent
i' nuee srdente (glowine cloud)
,rt porti"ie, ,oitrut i, i"g"*ii*r u *ouile ernulsio--n
ydtidense enough to maintain
lntact with surface '
r.ldera - co.llapsed volcano (ex' Taaf,Laguna Bay)
.;r .:ir
comPo$ed of solidified lava flows;
b. Shield ".olcailoes - broad, gently sloping.v-;rcantjes
rarelY stePPer than,f:dtigrees '
ex. Mauna Loa '
': , a
'il. Cindur cones - volcano that is constructed
of loose fragmentilpyroclastics;slopes
about 30-33 degrees
ex. Parictrtin
BELT
- PACTF'IC RING.OF FIRE/CIRCIJM-PACTTTC
Type of Volcanic Eruptions: -rr --^,.-|.^.rri.onh,erl gases
.,cq.eq
*. influencealfnir"ority of the magma aitd a{nourlf oi dissolved
- .iolencs" ,*pii* i, ,rtuit io ,rr" o*gree of fragmentation and the
distance
"'r.n
quiet liberation of gases
a. Fflaw*iian - ubundant outpouring of lava flows; lava fountains;

11. and scoria
b. Stnoxnholinn - milil, explosive eruption of pasty, incandescent bombs
ql, accompanied by a white vapor cloud; discrete explosions
c. vutrcaninn - btsw-out of solidified cnrsts (over the crater); acbompanied by a great
- - lava'flows may
;;;iifl.wei shaped eruption cloud containing an abundanco of ash;
issue
d. Flininn - eruption of extrerne violence; gas-blast eruption; eruption cloud resembles an
spreading out); huge'
Italian stone pinetree (shooting upward of the column then
sustained eruPtion column
Felean - extreme explosiveness; nuee ardente
Phneatic'
g F.trreatomagmntic l
h. Uliru-Ptiniatr - excessive emission of ash resulting to negative landforms
lLE
n*Vqlpgnlg-Hazards (
c. lava flows e. caldera collapse
a. ieplua fall
d. lahars f. tsunami
b. pyroclastic fhll
lrnportnnt: geothermal energY (ex. Makban, Bacman, Tiwi)
s[rMM3'nY
lava fottntains

12. :,t,il,i .. j,::,
r. i.:r:
.il..l_,'1
ffi
ffi i+:ir
:ri,'i
.i;i
b9&
o'ir 5
L)-rr
#6p
!
I
!Ii:r;';i
i '?.ii:li','
iiii-ig' b
tj;iEln
Z .E
i.i.'i1.1 Y
I
iili$[
6
0,
(s
E
E
'z
I {}::r
l'i':i;
l:i+.i
::: olii
:i .E r,
l:..ir. 'i
tr.'..:+i
o
=
d 0)
o)
o .c.
6@
'7
-rao
q
LY:t
!i:t

13. ,i iii
wil,AT'r{rcntruc nivn ER,osnoN
iVE,:X'I.!!Eit,lNi- is the physical disintegtation arfci r,hernical decontposition by ivhich
rocks iire changed upon exposure to "agents" at or near the earth's surface, with little or
no lranspo;t of loosened or altercd Inateriai
*- agents - hydrosllhere, a-tmosphere, biospher-e
.4. l4cch*nical Weathering - is the breakdown. of rccks into smaller fiagnents by
vat'ious ph1151"'1 stresses
- ::tictly a lthysicul pl'oces:; willxnt a change in chemical
c1tilP)r'iliott
fr4 erhilnicaN Weath ering Frocesscs
a. ice wedging/ttost wedging
b. salt crystal gror,vth
L:. slrceting/unloading - releasc of confining p:ressure
exfoliation - fonnation of cprved sheets of rock by release of pressure
d. anirnals and plants
e. tlrermal expansion and contraction - seasonal/daiiy temperature changes
tr]. Chenrical Wcattering'- is the process"by rvhich chenrical reactions transform rocks
and nrinerals into ne;, shemicat cornbinations that are stable under conditions prevaillng at
or near the earth"s sur{-ace
lioie: more ef-fectittc itt x'armer clintcle:i - lrcat increase,s tlw xtte of ma:;t
reucf irnts
Chcnricnl Wcatherinq Proccsses
a. Flydrolysis - H' or Otf of the water anAffinUe ions of the rninerals
Ex. I(-ibldspar
2l(Alsi?o8 + 2tt2co3 -F 9FI20
Ortlroclase Carbonic Acid Water
Al2iii205(ot-t),r -l- 4l-I4sio4 J- ?tc + 2{-ICo3'
Kaolinite Silicic Acid Potassium Ion Bicarbondte l.on
{,
:--*ffi

14. . ,1;'
l). ulSSOllltl0n - Fr2U -- --Llnlversat solvent
Ex.
b.l NaCl T HzO Na -F CI 1- FLO
b.2 FITO COz
-,----+ HzCOr
CaCOr T FizCOr ------+ Caun F 2HCO:-
c. Oxidation * is the cornbiration of oxygen ioris ivith cations
Ex.
2FeSz + 7O:r + zHzO
F 2Fe'-' + 4SOt' + 4F-t+
4Fe'* -t- oz {- 4# -_|4FErr'r + 2H?O
gl&qlar dalrygolbstlqg or "onion-skin weathering" -- produces spheroidal boulders of
relat ively untveathertd material
X{.esults/f roducts:
a. regolirlr - fragincntal and uncor.rsoiidated rocl< material that has coarse grains
rvith angular edges and a composition sinrilar to the unweathered rock
" b. very large increase in the surface area of the v/eathered rnatedal
, f,,. soluble rnaterials
Xlilr:tons afT'ccting the nntes o{' weathering:
I. susceplibility ot'the consl-ituertt roirrurals to rveatltering
- Goldich Stability Series
-- nrinerals forrned at liigher temperatures and pressures tend to be less stable in
uveathering environment than those formed at lower temperatures
2. climale or intensity of the weathering processes
-- total amount of precipitation
- intensity ol'rain
-- sr:asonal variations
-- infiltration -r
-- run-ofl'and rate of evaporation
-- teulperature
''r'wnnn,
hunrirlclimate Vs. coid clirnaLe
-J. amount ol'srrrface exposecl to the atmosphefe
f,i?0$'/Ory - forcehrl physical removal of material frorn ihe parent rock, alwa.gs
acconrparried by transportat.ion and eventually end in deposition
a. running vrater d. 'ivind f- mass wasting:' :
b. grouncl water €.'waves' ald currents g. oigarric activi'
c. glaciers

15. '"
n
Dcpositio n itrtti [ix.hit'icatiorl :
I
I
l--
Lithifliq:ation - is the term for p group of processes tlrat conrreft loose sediments into
sedirlen.rarr/ rocks
u. C1:me6talion - the process by which sediments are convefted ilt<i roclr by the
cliemical precipiiation of rnineral material / cqment among the grains of the
sediment I
+
silic.r, carbonates and irolt oxides
t{ is tlie loss in over-allvolunie and pore space as sedinrent
t-, . Ccrnpactittn =
particles are packed closer together by the weiglt of, overlying rnaterial
Cry:;tallization - refers to crystal developmelit and growth by precipitation
fi'om solution; no cement; grains are held together by inierloclcing crystals
Ser{inrept:ltion - tlre process of fornring sedinqnt in layers, including ttre separation oi
rocli partioles fit'lnr the palerrt Inaterial, transportation of these pa.rticles to the site o.l
deposirir:n, actual cleposition/setiiing, litlrification and consolidaticn into rock,

16. '.
SEDIMEhITARY ROCKS
SedimentarY Rocks:
- Latin woi-d, sedimentum = "settling"
- formed from consolidation of
materials from pre-existing rocks, from
precipitation and from secretion of organisms'
Sediments - finely divided matter consisting of mineral grains and
organic
processes,.transported by
matter derived from pre-existing rocks and from life
and deposited from alr, water or ice'
- origin:
(1) weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
izi cnemical prebipitation from solution
(3) secretion of organisms
Ocean = ultimate destination
Partlcie size classification for sediments
[dden-Wentworth Common
Size Glass . Sedimenf Narne
Particle Name
Gravel
or
Rubble
1116-2
1/256-1/16
Two Maior Textures of Sedimentary Rocks
.
and particles
1. clastic [Greek k/asfos, "broken"] = discrete fragments
crystal pattern' '
2. non-clastic texture = minerals forming an interlocking
.

17. Iypes of Sedlrrient'ary Kocr(s
a. Detrital sedimentary rocks'.particle size is the primary basis
UOOenlWentworth Common Detrital Rock
Size Class Sediment
(Particle Namq)- Name
Boulder Gravel Conglomerate
UI
Cobble
Rubble Breccia
Pebble
Granule
Sand Sand Sandstone
sitt Mud siltstone Shale or mUdstone
Clay clavstone
precipitation of minerals
b. chemical sedimentary rocks: formed by direct
from solution.
*Precipitation occurs in two.ways:
(1)lnorganicprocessessuchasevaporationandchemica|
actirTity can produce chemical sediments'
-
iximprei: dripstone and halite (salt)
(2) Organic processes of water-dwelling organisms form
biochemical sediments
Texture Composltton Rock Name
Group
Clastic or non- calclte, u?uu3 Limestone
clastic
Non-clastic Dolomite, Dolomite (Dolostone)
lnorganic CaMq(COs)z
Non-clastic MicrocrYstalline Chert
quartz, SiOz
Halite, Rock salt
Non-clastic
NaCl
Gypoum, RocK gYPsum
Non-clastic
CaSOo'2HzO
Clastic or non- Calciie, CaCOg Limestone
Organic clastic
Non-clastic MicrocrYstalline Chert
ouartz, SiOz
Torc6sttc Altered Plant Coal
remains

18. -..
SedimentarY $tnuctu res
environment'
*provide additional information with regard to the depositional
':rmed as bedding or stratificationl
1, l-aYering [also t(
:l
layer is 1 cm or more
1.1 strataor bed: thickness of tftu
l.2taminafion:thicknessofthelayerislessthanlcm
(e.g., change in
*may result from differences,Qetween |ayers in texture
color or cementation'
grain sizei'ti*iui tomposition'
-beddingptanes.=flatsurfaces.alongwhichrockstendtoseparate
and the beginning of
e end of one episode of sedimentation
another
(b)pauseindepositioncanleadtothecreationofbeddingplanes
2'Ripp|emarks.=smatlridgesofsandformedbymovingwindorwater
2,lCurrentripp|emardE:lfairorwaterismovingessentiallyinone
direction
2.2oscillatoryripplemarks:Resu|tfromtheback-and-forth
movementofsurface*.u"'inshal|owwaterenvironments
3'Cross.beddingisanarrangementofsmallbedsatanangletothemain
sedimentarY laYering
by a Progressive
4. Graded bedding is a tYPe of bedding characterized
through the bed'
decrease in grain size upwaid
5'Mudcracksarepolygonul",.u.k,thatformwhenmudshrinksasiidries'

19. fiNETAMOffiFffiC RCCKS
Metarnorphic rocks = rocks resutting from changes in temperature and
pressLtr'e ancl frotr changes in the chemistry of tlreir poi'e fluids.
= can be formed from igneous, sedimentary, or
previor-rsly nretanrorphosed rockb.
= solid-state .reaction
= consist of a fabric of irrterlocl<ing crystal grains,
usually with preferred grain orientation.
*Changes new minerals, textures and structures
-,,.t.*
-')
occur in the solid rock; witltout melting of rock
I. Principal agents of metamonphisrn
a. lentperature
- rarely below 200oC, upper limit is ihe melting'temperature of
tlte tock
b. Pressurc
i
l
b.1 confiping/static = pressLr-e applied equrally on all surface of tlre
BT5r"r, ecl/dynamic - pressLrre applied unequally on the surface
of a body
b.2.1 compressive - flattens objects perpendicular to applied
pfessLl[e
b.2.2 shearing flattens objects parallel to tlre applied
pressLlre
*Fcrliation parallel arrangement of textural or structrrral features
-
in apy type of rock; planar structure that results from flattening of
tlre constituent grains of a metamorphic rock'
c. Chentically active/migrating f/uids
- loss and gain of ions and atoms
- snrall arnir-rnt of pore fluid provides an inrportant medir-rrn of
transPotl
'Mletasornatisln