Nanotechnology_nanotechnology_nanotech.pdf

Nanotechnology
Past, present, & the future
Samadhan Kamble, Laxman Mandal
25 April 2024

Samadhan & Laxman Nanotechnology April 25, 2024
Outline
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Who am I ?
A Prime Minister’s Research Fellow, a PhD scholar at IIT
Madras.
Research: Experimental High Energy Particle Physics
Collaboration: CMS experiment at Large Hadron Collider
(LHC), CERN
Topic: Search for additional Higgs bosons in the diphoton
final state
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Introduction
Nanotechnology is the art and science of
manipulating matter at the nanoscale (down to
1/100,000 the width of a human hair) to
create new and unique materials and products.
Nanotechnology has enormous potential to
change society and it involves manipulation
of objects on the atomic level.
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Human Hair: ~ 105
nm

Deﬁnition of Nanotechnology
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter
at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique
phenomena enable novel applications.
Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology,
nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and
manipulating matter at this length scale.”
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How small is a nanometer?
Human Hair: ~ 105
nm DNA Sample: ~2 nm
A nanometer is…
❏ one billionth of a meter
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A comparison of sizes of nanomaterial
Samer et al. Molecules 25 (1) 112 2019.

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History
The Lycurgus cup. The glass appears green in reflected light
(When light shine from outside the glass) (A) and
red-purple in transmitted light (When light shine from
inside the glass)(B)
The colors of gold and silver nanomaterials
are size-dependent, as are their effects on the
coloring of stained glass
Samer et al. Molecules 25 (1) 112 2019.

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Origins of Nanotechnology
Nobel laureate Richard Feynman first conceived the idea of
molecular manufacturing in his 1959 speech, “There's Plenty
of Room at the Bottom."
Richard Feynman was the first scientist to suggest that
devices and materials could someday be fabricated to atomic
specifications
In 1986, K. Eric Drexler wrote "Engines of Creation" and
introduced the term nanotechnology from there Scientific
research really expanded over the last decade
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Why Nanotechnology?
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological
properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable
ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules
or bulk matter.
Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward understanding and
creating improved materials, devices, and systems that
exploit these new properties.
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Quantum Conﬁnement
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Conﬁning the motion of electrons makes different material
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What are nanomaterials?
Class of materials that has unique or novel properties, due
to the nanoscale (nanometer scale) structuring.
These are formed by incorporation or structuring of
nanoparticles.
They are subdivided into nanocrystals, nanopowders, and
nanotubes based on dimensionality: A sequence of nanoscale
of C60 atoms arranged in a long thin cylindrical structure.
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Fabrication of Nano Material
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Applications Overview
I. NanoElectronics
● Nanotransistors
II.
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Nanotransistors: Introduction
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Nanotransistors
A nanotransistor made of graphene nanoribbons
● An international research team has now succeeded in producing
nanotransistors from graphene ribbons only a few atoms wide
● graphene nanoribbons have special electrical properties that
make them promising candidates for the nanoelectronics of the
future
● Graphene: 1D carbon layer is conductive
● Graphene nanoribbon: 2D wire is semiconductive!
○ Can be turned on/off: key component of nanotransistors
Nature 08, 2041-1723(2017)
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Nanotransistors
Nature 08, 2041-1723(2017)
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Challenge:
● Band-gap very sensitive to the atomic structure variations
● It depends on ribbon width as well as the edge structure
○ zigzag edge behave like metals: conductive
○ Armchair edge becomes semiconductive
● Solution: Grown ribbons exactly nine atoms wide with a regular armchair edge from
precursor molecules. formed the desired nanoribbons of about 1 nm wide, 50 nm in length
● have a relatively precisely defined energy gap, integrated the graphene ribbons into
nanotransistors!
Major challenge for the production
Irregular edges→undesired properties

Nanotransistors
Noise suppression beyond the thermal limit
with nanotransistor biosensors
● The low-frequency noise plays an
important role in any type of sensors
determining their capability to detect
small signals coming from the analyte.
● Nanoscale devices offer unique
opportunities for noise suppression.
● Authors propose that: under optimized
conditions, the S/N ratio can be beyond
that of the thermal noise!
Nature 10, 2045-2322(2020)
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Nanotechnology in energy production increases efficiency and
sustainability
● Nanotechnology to increase the
efficiency of energy production and
storage
○ create more efficient solar cells
○ Efficient batteries, new catalyst for fuel
cells
○ Super/ultra-capacitors: create new,
lightweight and high-capacity batteries
and supercapacitors that can store energy
more efficiently and enable the use of
renewable energy sources on a larger
scale.
A great resource:
https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-in-energ
y.php
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Sustainable nanotechnology
Novel Au-BiFeO3 nanostructures for efficient and
sustainable degradation of pollutants
● Photocatalysts are materials that initiate
chemical reactions when exposed to light
● Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3): alternative
photocatalyst
● Challenge: narrow operating range, reduced
photocatalytic activity
Solution: novel gold (Au) nanoparticle-decorated
BiFeO3 nanocrystals
● Introduces more active sites for
photodegradation reactions
● suppresses the recombination of
electron–hole pairs
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ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 10 (2024)

Development of environmental
cleanup technologies for
processes
in which harmful chemicals are
used and emitted
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Nanotechnology in medicine improves diagnosis and treatment
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the field of medicine by enabling the
development of new diagnostic tools and therapies that operate at the nanoscale.
A quick and simple blood test to detect early-stage cancer based on
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● development of a gold nanoparticle-enabled molecular
detection.
● discovery of cancer biomarker molecules from the 'protein
corona' formed on the gold nanoparticles upon adsorption of
blood serum proteins to the nanoparticle surface.
● detects molecular differences between cancer patients and
healthy controls
● Exploits optical property of gold nanoparticles, well known
for their strong light scattering
Gold nanoparticle mixed with a blood serum, the type/amount of
proteins adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface could differ
between cancer patients and healthy person! ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 07 (2015)

Medical applications: cancer treatment
rice bran nanoparticles safe, effective for cancer treatment
● Conventional methods: many limitations
● plant-derived nanoparticles: cheap alternative but low pharmacological activity
● Rice bran: anticancer properties (γ-oryzanol and γ-tocotrienol)
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Nanobiotechnol 22, 114 (2024)
rice bran-derived nanoparticles (rbNPs)
● strong anticancer effects, safer
● higher anticancer activity than DOXIL®
● Mice: significant suppression of tumor growth
with no adverse effects on the mice

Day-to-day utilities
Effectiveness of different kinds of sunscreen, including those
containing nanoparticles
So nano-socks really keep your feet from smelling. How and why?
Do bandages impregnated with nanosilver really kill germs?
Are sports products with nanomaterials actually perform better?
Do clothes with nano-coating actually shed water and stains
better?
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The challenges of a new technology
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Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science
It needs Physics, Chemistry,
Engineering, Biology etc. so that its full potential can be exploited for the
advantage
of mankind. What has been achieved in nanotech so far is only the tip of the iceberg.
However to fully explore the potential of nanotechnology it is essential to know
what are nanomaterials, how and why do they differ from other materials, how to
synthesize/analyze the nanomaterials organize them and understand some already
proven application areas.
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Requires a nanotechnology driven approach to realize low-power wearable sensors
for environmental and physiological monitoring
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Silver nanowire electrodes on soft materials for bioelectrical sensing
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Notes
Over the past 15 years, the scientific world has witnessed a dramatic interest in
nanotechnology with research contributions from physicists, chemists, biologists as
well as scientists working in the medical, agricultural, textile and environmental
fields. The varied inputs from different disciplines and their complementary nature
in the synthesis, characterization, understanding and applications from household
items to space technologies have enriched the nanotechnology basics. This can
be easily understood as about 80 journals have emerged on nanotechnology and
hundreds of thousands of papers have been published in the last 12 years or so.
Lecturers aware of this fact naturally want to introduce the new knowledge to the
young generation and prepare their students for the great challenges of sustainable
management of energy, water and environment faced by mankind.
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