Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic or nano scale. The document outlines the history, definitions, and approaches to nanotechnology such as top-down and bottom-up. It discusses applications of nanotechnology in food processing and packaging by using nano capsules for delivery and improving shelf life. Other applications mentioned include optics, medicine, energy, and more. The conclusion states that nanotechnology is an emerging field that will transform industries and potentially help address challenges in health, energy, and beyond.

2. OBJECTIVES
• Introduction
• Definition
• History
• Approaches used
1.Bottom up
2.Top down
• Nanotechnology in food processing
• Nanotechnology in food packing
• Other applications
• Conclusion
• Reference

3. Introduction
1. Nanoparticles or ultrafine particles can be defined as a
particle of matter that has diameter in nanometres.
2. A nanometer can be defined as a billionth of metre
(10-9m).

4. Definition
a. Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating
matter on an atomic or a nano scale.
b. It involves the construction and engineering of
the functional systems at a level as small as an
atomic level.
c. Nanotechnology, as defined is naturally a broad
concept with fields of science as diverse as surface
science, organic chemistry, food chemistry,
quantum physics, molecular biology, etc.

5. History
1. The first ever concept was given by
Dr. Richard P. Feynman in 1959.
2. Invention of scanning and tunneling
microscope in 1981 and discovery of
fullerenes(C60) in 1985 led to the
emergence of nanotechnology.
3. The term “nanotechnology” was coined
by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.

6. Top down approach
Top down approaches refers to slicing or successive cutting of bulk
materials to get nanoparticles.
Top-down synthesis techniques are extension of those that have
been used for producing micron sized particles.
Top-down approaches are inherently simpler and depend either on
removal or division of bulk material or on miniaturization of bulk
fabrication processes to produce the desired structure with
appropriate properties.
The biggest problem with the top-down approach is the
imperfection of surface structure.
The most common top down approach is used in lithographic
patterning techniques using short wavelength optical sources.

7. Bottom up approach
✓ The alternative approach, which has the potential of creating less
waste and hence the more economical, is the ‘bottom- up’.
✓ Bottom-up approach refers to the build up of a material from the
bottom: atom-by-atom, molecule-by-molecule, or cluster-by cluster.
✓ Many of these techniques are still under development or are just
beginning to be used for commercial production of nanopowders.
✓ Oraganometallic chemical route, revere-micelle route, sol-gel
synthesis, colloidal precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, template
assisted sol-gel, electrode position etc, are some of the well- known
bottom–up techniques.

9. Nanotechnology in food processing
Food processing is the conversion of raw ingredients into food and its
other forms by making it marketable and with long shelf life.
Processing includes toxin removal, prevention from pathogens,
preservation, improving the consistency of foods for better marketing.
Processed foods are usually less susceptible to early spoilage than
fresh foods.
All these are made more effective by the incorporation of the
nanotechnology nowadays .Nano capsules delivery systems plays an
important role in processing sector and the functional property are
maintained by encapsulating simple solutions, colloids, emulsions,
biopolymers and others into foods.
Nano sized self assembled structural lipids serves as a liquid carrier of
healthy components that are insoluble in water.

10. Nanotechnology in food packaging
Food packaging for food requires protection, tampering resistance,
and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
It also shows the product that is labelled to show any nutrition
information on the food being consumed.
The packing has a great significance in preserving the food to make it
marketable.
Innovations in packaging have lead to quality packing and consumer
friendly approach in determining the shelf life, biodegradable packing
and many more.

11. Other applications
•Optical engineering
•Medicines and drugs
•Nano devices
•Nano fabrics
•Cosmetics
•Bio-engineering
•Nanobio-technology
•Energy
•Defence and security

12. Conclusion
•Nanotechnology is a brand new technology that has just
begun, its a revolutionary science that will change what
we knew before.
•The future that we have been watching in science fiction
movies may become real in near future.
•It will help us to be healthy with the help of nano
robots.
•Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy
because it will transform energy more effectively.
•This technology covers a lot of domains today and will
cover a lot more in the near future, it is infinitely big and
will make a lot of inventions come true.

13. References
•www.wikipedia.com/nanotechnology
•www.nano.gov/nanotech-101
•www.nanotechgroup.org
•www.sciencedirect.com