This document discusses challenges in testing nanoscale materials and devices. As materials are reduced to nanoscale sizes, their energy bands separate into discrete levels and their properties change. Sensitive electrical measurements are needed to understand these new materials and devices. Techniques discussed include using nano-manipulators to make direct electrical contacts, measuring density of states from impedance measurements, and using source-measure instruments capable of high sensitivity. Electrical considerations for nanoscale measurements include using appropriate measurement topologies and accounting for effects of small size like lower voltage withstand.
Burst TCP: an approach for benefiting mice flowsGlauco Gonçalves
This document summarizes Glauco Estácio Gonçalves' 2007 master's dissertation on a proposed modification to TCP congestion control called Burst TCP (B-TCP). The dissertation examines problems faced by short "mice" flows under standard TCP, which was designed for long "elephant" flows, and reviews proposals to address these problems. It then presents B-TCP, which employs a responsive congestion window growth scheme based on the current window size to improve performance for small flows. Simulation experiments show B-TCP can significantly reduce transfer times and packet losses for mice flows without harming elephants. The dissertation contributes an intuitive TCP modification and evaluates its effectiveness through network simulation.
Caulobacter crescentus Surface Adherence As A Developmental Process A Ph D T...asslev
This document sums up my PhD research. Here I present published and unpublished research dealing with one of the most fascinating aspects of microbial life: Biofilms. Caulobacter crescents is a wonderful model organism to study microbial biofilm formation since this organism evolved to incorporate surface attachment into its cell cycle and its developmental program.
This document proposes a system to allow a robot to automatically find a path to a predefined goal in uncontrolled environments. The system has three main modules: 1) An artificial vision module that obtains a quantified representation of the robot's vision using local feature detection and visual words. 2) A reinforcement learning module that receives the vision input and sensor data to compute the state and reward. The state is a normalized vector and sensor data, and reward is based on distance to the goal. 3) A behavior control module. The robot is tested using Sony Aibo to seek the goal and change behavior based on experience, but does not find the optimal route.
An introduction to the applications of nanotechnologies within energy.
This chapter is part of the NANOYOU training kit for teachers.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Hub location models in public transport planningsanazshn
This document is a dissertation written in German on the topic of hub location models in public transport planning. It begins with an introduction that describes hub location problems, aspects of multi-period planning, and solution procedures. The dissertation then reviews literature on hub location problems and formulations. It presents new mathematical formulations for public transport applications and extensions. Finally, it discusses solution methods like Lagrangian relaxation, Benders decomposition, and heuristic algorithms.
This document describes enhancements made to an integrated ski suit heating system, including redesigning the main printed circuit board, adding a battery monitoring system, and redesigning the cabling system. Testing of the system included breadboarding, testing individual components on printed circuit boards, testing the battery tracker, and characterizing the performance of the heated suit in a walk-in freezer. The enhancements aimed to improve battery life, widen the operational temperature range, and improve ergonomics.
This document contains lecture notes for a logic course focused on classical and non-classical logics. It covers topics like propositional and predicate calculus, modal logics, temporal logics, logics of programs, and fixpoint calculus. The main emphasis is on automated deduction techniques for classical logics, including resolution method, sequent calculus, and analytic tableaux. Application areas discussed include formal specification and verification of software, data structures, and databases.
Overview of nanomaterials - Nanoscience and nanotechnologiesNANOYOU
An introduction to nanomaterials.
This chapter is part of the NANOYOU training kit for teachers.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Burst TCP: an approach for benefiting mice flowsGlauco Gonçalves
This document summarizes Glauco Estácio Gonçalves' 2007 master's dissertation on a proposed modification to TCP congestion control called Burst TCP (B-TCP). The dissertation examines problems faced by short "mice" flows under standard TCP, which was designed for long "elephant" flows, and reviews proposals to address these problems. It then presents B-TCP, which employs a responsive congestion window growth scheme based on the current window size to improve performance for small flows. Simulation experiments show B-TCP can significantly reduce transfer times and packet losses for mice flows without harming elephants. The dissertation contributes an intuitive TCP modification and evaluates its effectiveness through network simulation.
Caulobacter crescentus Surface Adherence As A Developmental Process A Ph D T...asslev
This document sums up my PhD research. Here I present published and unpublished research dealing with one of the most fascinating aspects of microbial life: Biofilms. Caulobacter crescents is a wonderful model organism to study microbial biofilm formation since this organism evolved to incorporate surface attachment into its cell cycle and its developmental program.
This document proposes a system to allow a robot to automatically find a path to a predefined goal in uncontrolled environments. The system has three main modules: 1) An artificial vision module that obtains a quantified representation of the robot's vision using local feature detection and visual words. 2) A reinforcement learning module that receives the vision input and sensor data to compute the state and reward. The state is a normalized vector and sensor data, and reward is based on distance to the goal. 3) A behavior control module. The robot is tested using Sony Aibo to seek the goal and change behavior based on experience, but does not find the optimal route.
An introduction to the applications of nanotechnologies within energy.
This chapter is part of the NANOYOU training kit for teachers.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Hub location models in public transport planningsanazshn
This document is a dissertation written in German on the topic of hub location models in public transport planning. It begins with an introduction that describes hub location problems, aspects of multi-period planning, and solution procedures. The dissertation then reviews literature on hub location problems and formulations. It presents new mathematical formulations for public transport applications and extensions. Finally, it discusses solution methods like Lagrangian relaxation, Benders decomposition, and heuristic algorithms.
This document describes enhancements made to an integrated ski suit heating system, including redesigning the main printed circuit board, adding a battery monitoring system, and redesigning the cabling system. Testing of the system included breadboarding, testing individual components on printed circuit boards, testing the battery tracker, and characterizing the performance of the heated suit in a walk-in freezer. The enhancements aimed to improve battery life, widen the operational temperature range, and improve ergonomics.
This document contains lecture notes for a logic course focused on classical and non-classical logics. It covers topics like propositional and predicate calculus, modal logics, temporal logics, logics of programs, and fixpoint calculus. The main emphasis is on automated deduction techniques for classical logics, including resolution method, sequent calculus, and analytic tableaux. Application areas discussed include formal specification and verification of software, data structures, and databases.
Overview of nanomaterials - Nanoscience and nanotechnologiesNANOYOU
An introduction to nanomaterials.
This chapter is part of the NANOYOU training kit for teachers.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Java data structures for principled programmerspnr15z
This document provides an overview of the 7th edition of a textbook on data structures in Java. It covers object-oriented programming concepts, common data structures like vectors and generics, design fundamentals including complexity analysis and recursion, sorting algorithms, an interface-based design method, and iterators. Each chapter also includes examples and exercises to demonstrate the concepts and techniques.
This document is a thesis presented to the University of Provence to obtain a PhD in engineering sciences. It proposes the design and development of a reconfigurable cryptographic coprocessor called Celator.
The thesis first provides background on security, cryptographic algorithms like AES, DES and SHA, and hardware and software implementations. It then describes the proposed Celator coprocessor. Celator uses a processing element array and controller to perform cryptographic operations in a reconfigurable manner alongside a CPU, memory and peripherals. The processing element and controller architectures are kept confidential.
Masters Thesis: A reuse repository with automated synonym support and cluster...Laust Rud Jacobsen
Having a code reuse repository available can be a great asset for a programmer. But locating components can be difficult if only static documentation is available, due to vocabulary mismatch. Identifying informal synonyms used in documentation can help alleviate this mismatch. The cost of creating a reuse support system is usually fairly high, as much manual effort goes into its construction.
This project has resulted in a fully functional reuse support sys- tem with clustering of search results. By automating the construc- tion of a reuse support system from an existing code reuse repository, and giving the end user a familiar interface, the reuse support system constructed in this project makes the desired functionality available. The constructed system has an easy to use interface, due to a fa- miliar browser-based front-end. An automated method called LSI is used to handle synonyms, and to some degree polysemous words in indexed components.
In the course of this project, the reuse support system has been tested using components from two sources, the retrieval performance measured, and found acceptable. Clustering usability is evaluated and clusters are found to be generally helpful, even though some fine-tuning still has to be done.
This document describes an experiment to determine the focal length and power of various lenses. The author measured the distance from each lens to the light source and to the image to calculate the focal length using the lens maker's formula. Key sources of error included parallax errors, lack of proper lens holders, and instability in the measuring equipment. The results are presented for five lenses with labeled focal lengths ranging from 5 to 25 cm. Plots of focal length and power versus distance helped identify outliers. The author determined the power of each lens and estimated experimental errors ranging from 0.5-6%.
The document is the June 2005 version of the Adobe Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Reference. It provides documentation on JavaScript objects, properties, and methods for developing Acrobat JavaScript scripts. The reference includes sections on objects like ADBC, Alerter, AlternatePresentation, Annot, and others. It describes what each object and method does and lists its properties and parameters. The document also provides information on conventions used in the reference and resources available for Acrobat JavaScript developers.
Energy Systems Optimization of a Shopping Mall: The present study focuses on the development of software (general mathematical optimization model) which has the following characteristics:
• It will be able to find the optimal combination of installed equipment (power & heat generation etc) in a Shopping Mall (micro-grid)
• With multi-objective to maximize the cost at the same time as minimizing the environmental impacts (i.e. CO2 emissions).
• To date, this tool is scarce to the industry (similar to DER-CAM, Homer).
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ARM ARCHITECTURES FOR CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONSStephan Cadene
This thesis evaluates how the energy efficiency of the ARMv7 architecture based processors
Cortex-A9 MPCpre and Cortex-A8 compare in applications such as a SIPProxy
and a web server compared to Intel Xeon processors. The focus is on comparing
the energy efficiency between the two architectures rather than just the performance.
As the processors used in servers today have more computational power than
the Cortex-A9 MPCore, several of these slower but more energy efficient processors
are needed. Depending on the application, benchmarks indicate energy efficiency of
3-11 times greater for the ARM Cortex-A9 in comparison to the Intel Xeon. The topics
of interconnects between processors and overhead caused by using an increasing
number of processors, are left for later research
This document provides an introduction to the conceptual and mathematical foundations of quantum information theory. It discusses key topics such as entanglement, channels, teleportation and their mathematical descriptions. It then focuses on quantitative aspects like entanglement measures, channel capacities and their properties. Finally, it overviews recent developments and open questions in the field.
Elementary mathematical logic stephen g. simpsonmanrak
The document contains lecture notes on mathematical logic. It introduces propositional and predicate calculus, including definitions of formulas, logical connectives, truth assignments, satisfiability, and logical equivalence. It also describes tableau and tree methods for determining validity, and completeness and compactness theorems. The notes are intended for introductory logic courses offered at Penn State University.
This document outlines lecture notes on machine learning. It introduces machine learning and discusses different paradigms of learning including assigning parameters, rote learning, knowledge acquisition, concept learning from examples, and neural networks. It covers topics such as concept learning, languages for learning, version space learning, induction of decision trees, covering strategies, searching generalization graphs, inductive logic programming, Bayesian approaches, minimum description length principle, unsupervised learning, and explanation-based learning.
Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering MATLABESCOM
This document provides an introduction to a MATLAB supplement for the book "Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering". It describes MATLAB as an educational software package for technical computing. The supplement contains MATLAB code examples that demonstrate concepts from the book, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, and hybrid systems. It is intended to help readers gain a practical understanding of implementing soft computing techniques in MATLAB.
This document describes a Matlab implementation of neural networks. It begins with an introduction to neural networks and associative memory, explaining how neural networks can be used to create associative memories that recall stored information based on partial cues. It then discusses implementing associative memory using neural networks and provides Matlab functions for storing and recalling information. The document goes on to describe perceptrons, multi-layer networks, and backpropagation networks. It concludes by presenting three applications of backpropagation networks: solving the XOR problem, curve fitting, and time series forecasting.
Recommender engines are used by more and more e-commerce businesses to help consumers finding products they are interested in. The paper describes what recommender engines are and what role they play in e-commerce. Recommender engines use various techniques that use different knowledge sources to make recommendations. The paper explains these techniques and their strengths and weaknesses. Some of the common issues that recommender systems face are discussed and possible solutions presented. Concluding examples of recommender engines in e-commerce are described. It is shown what techniques they use and how the e-businesses utilize recommendations on
their websites.
The document provides guidance on implementing a Tivoli Workload Scheduler (TWS) Extended agent for Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM). It includes source code for a TSM Extended agent, and discusses functions such as workstation definition, method options files, the access method interface, method response messages, and execution and troubleshooting. Sample scenarios are also provided that demonstrate how the Extended agent can be used for tasks like database backup, device configuration, migration, and restore.
Climb - A Generic and Dynamic Approach to Image ProcessingChristopher Chedeau
LRDE (EPITA Research & Development Lab http://www.lrde.epita.fr/) Seminar: A Generic and Dynamic Approach to Image Processing
Abstract: "Climb is a generic image processing library. A case study of the erosion algorithm from mathematical morphology highlights the issues of a non-generic implementation. Structures such as Image, Site Set and Accumulator are defined to solve them. Genericity is even increased by the concept of Morphers: a way to alter the communication between an object and the outside world. All these additions are done using the dynamic aspect of Lisp that allows for rapid prototyping."
Olena - http://olena.lrde.epita.fr/
This document is a chapter-by-chapter summary of a guide to western blotting. It introduces the principles and techniques of western blotting, including sample preparation, gel electrophoresis, protein transfer, immunodetection, data analysis, and troubleshooting. The guide is authored by Claire Moore and contains 6 chapters covering the process from start to finish.
This document contains endorsements from several individuals for the book "Programming Clojure" by Stuart Halloway. Each endorsement provides high praise for how the book teaches Clojure and makes the reader excited to learn the language. They note the book's clear explanations, unique examples, and ability to make Clojure seem approachable and useful for practical programming tasks. The endorsements establish the book as an important resource for learning Clojure.
This document provides recipes for a variety of classic French dishes. It includes recipes for soups, main dishes involving meat and seafood, side dishes, and desserts. The recipes utilize common French ingredients and preparation methods. The document contains over 30 recipes ranging from dishes like coq au vin and bouillabaisse to desserts like creme caramel and gateau St. Honore.
Consumers rely on eyewear to protect their eyes, among the most delicate and critical parts of the body. They expect products such as reading glasses, sunglasses and ski goggles to sit and fit perfectly, be resistant to damage and provide protection from harmful UV rays. A defect could cause discomfort – or even injury – and harm the reputation of the manufacturer.
Companies can remove these risks by submitting their products for specialized tests against key factors. Testing for UV protection, scratch and impact resistance, fit and nickel release will ensure eyewear meets industry standards and fulfills consumer expectations.
Java data structures for principled programmerspnr15z
This document provides an overview of the 7th edition of a textbook on data structures in Java. It covers object-oriented programming concepts, common data structures like vectors and generics, design fundamentals including complexity analysis and recursion, sorting algorithms, an interface-based design method, and iterators. Each chapter also includes examples and exercises to demonstrate the concepts and techniques.
This document is a thesis presented to the University of Provence to obtain a PhD in engineering sciences. It proposes the design and development of a reconfigurable cryptographic coprocessor called Celator.
The thesis first provides background on security, cryptographic algorithms like AES, DES and SHA, and hardware and software implementations. It then describes the proposed Celator coprocessor. Celator uses a processing element array and controller to perform cryptographic operations in a reconfigurable manner alongside a CPU, memory and peripherals. The processing element and controller architectures are kept confidential.
Masters Thesis: A reuse repository with automated synonym support and cluster...Laust Rud Jacobsen
Having a code reuse repository available can be a great asset for a programmer. But locating components can be difficult if only static documentation is available, due to vocabulary mismatch. Identifying informal synonyms used in documentation can help alleviate this mismatch. The cost of creating a reuse support system is usually fairly high, as much manual effort goes into its construction.
This project has resulted in a fully functional reuse support sys- tem with clustering of search results. By automating the construc- tion of a reuse support system from an existing code reuse repository, and giving the end user a familiar interface, the reuse support system constructed in this project makes the desired functionality available. The constructed system has an easy to use interface, due to a fa- miliar browser-based front-end. An automated method called LSI is used to handle synonyms, and to some degree polysemous words in indexed components.
In the course of this project, the reuse support system has been tested using components from two sources, the retrieval performance measured, and found acceptable. Clustering usability is evaluated and clusters are found to be generally helpful, even though some fine-tuning still has to be done.
This document describes an experiment to determine the focal length and power of various lenses. The author measured the distance from each lens to the light source and to the image to calculate the focal length using the lens maker's formula. Key sources of error included parallax errors, lack of proper lens holders, and instability in the measuring equipment. The results are presented for five lenses with labeled focal lengths ranging from 5 to 25 cm. Plots of focal length and power versus distance helped identify outliers. The author determined the power of each lens and estimated experimental errors ranging from 0.5-6%.
The document is the June 2005 version of the Adobe Acrobat JavaScript Scripting Reference. It provides documentation on JavaScript objects, properties, and methods for developing Acrobat JavaScript scripts. The reference includes sections on objects like ADBC, Alerter, AlternatePresentation, Annot, and others. It describes what each object and method does and lists its properties and parameters. The document also provides information on conventions used in the reference and resources available for Acrobat JavaScript developers.
Energy Systems Optimization of a Shopping Mall: The present study focuses on the development of software (general mathematical optimization model) which has the following characteristics:
• It will be able to find the optimal combination of installed equipment (power & heat generation etc) in a Shopping Mall (micro-grid)
• With multi-objective to maximize the cost at the same time as minimizing the environmental impacts (i.e. CO2 emissions).
• To date, this tool is scarce to the industry (similar to DER-CAM, Homer).
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ARM ARCHITECTURES FOR CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONSStephan Cadene
This thesis evaluates how the energy efficiency of the ARMv7 architecture based processors
Cortex-A9 MPCpre and Cortex-A8 compare in applications such as a SIPProxy
and a web server compared to Intel Xeon processors. The focus is on comparing
the energy efficiency between the two architectures rather than just the performance.
As the processors used in servers today have more computational power than
the Cortex-A9 MPCore, several of these slower but more energy efficient processors
are needed. Depending on the application, benchmarks indicate energy efficiency of
3-11 times greater for the ARM Cortex-A9 in comparison to the Intel Xeon. The topics
of interconnects between processors and overhead caused by using an increasing
number of processors, are left for later research
This document provides an introduction to the conceptual and mathematical foundations of quantum information theory. It discusses key topics such as entanglement, channels, teleportation and their mathematical descriptions. It then focuses on quantitative aspects like entanglement measures, channel capacities and their properties. Finally, it overviews recent developments and open questions in the field.
Elementary mathematical logic stephen g. simpsonmanrak
The document contains lecture notes on mathematical logic. It introduces propositional and predicate calculus, including definitions of formulas, logical connectives, truth assignments, satisfiability, and logical equivalence. It also describes tableau and tree methods for determining validity, and completeness and compactness theorems. The notes are intended for introductory logic courses offered at Penn State University.
This document outlines lecture notes on machine learning. It introduces machine learning and discusses different paradigms of learning including assigning parameters, rote learning, knowledge acquisition, concept learning from examples, and neural networks. It covers topics such as concept learning, languages for learning, version space learning, induction of decision trees, covering strategies, searching generalization graphs, inductive logic programming, Bayesian approaches, minimum description length principle, unsupervised learning, and explanation-based learning.
Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering MATLABESCOM
This document provides an introduction to a MATLAB supplement for the book "Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering". It describes MATLAB as an educational software package for technical computing. The supplement contains MATLAB code examples that demonstrate concepts from the book, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, and hybrid systems. It is intended to help readers gain a practical understanding of implementing soft computing techniques in MATLAB.
This document describes a Matlab implementation of neural networks. It begins with an introduction to neural networks and associative memory, explaining how neural networks can be used to create associative memories that recall stored information based on partial cues. It then discusses implementing associative memory using neural networks and provides Matlab functions for storing and recalling information. The document goes on to describe perceptrons, multi-layer networks, and backpropagation networks. It concludes by presenting three applications of backpropagation networks: solving the XOR problem, curve fitting, and time series forecasting.
Recommender engines are used by more and more e-commerce businesses to help consumers finding products they are interested in. The paper describes what recommender engines are and what role they play in e-commerce. Recommender engines use various techniques that use different knowledge sources to make recommendations. The paper explains these techniques and their strengths and weaknesses. Some of the common issues that recommender systems face are discussed and possible solutions presented. Concluding examples of recommender engines in e-commerce are described. It is shown what techniques they use and how the e-businesses utilize recommendations on
their websites.
The document provides guidance on implementing a Tivoli Workload Scheduler (TWS) Extended agent for Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM). It includes source code for a TSM Extended agent, and discusses functions such as workstation definition, method options files, the access method interface, method response messages, and execution and troubleshooting. Sample scenarios are also provided that demonstrate how the Extended agent can be used for tasks like database backup, device configuration, migration, and restore.
Climb - A Generic and Dynamic Approach to Image ProcessingChristopher Chedeau
LRDE (EPITA Research & Development Lab http://www.lrde.epita.fr/) Seminar: A Generic and Dynamic Approach to Image Processing
Abstract: "Climb is a generic image processing library. A case study of the erosion algorithm from mathematical morphology highlights the issues of a non-generic implementation. Structures such as Image, Site Set and Accumulator are defined to solve them. Genericity is even increased by the concept of Morphers: a way to alter the communication between an object and the outside world. All these additions are done using the dynamic aspect of Lisp that allows for rapid prototyping."
Olena - http://olena.lrde.epita.fr/
This document is a chapter-by-chapter summary of a guide to western blotting. It introduces the principles and techniques of western blotting, including sample preparation, gel electrophoresis, protein transfer, immunodetection, data analysis, and troubleshooting. The guide is authored by Claire Moore and contains 6 chapters covering the process from start to finish.
This document contains endorsements from several individuals for the book "Programming Clojure" by Stuart Halloway. Each endorsement provides high praise for how the book teaches Clojure and makes the reader excited to learn the language. They note the book's clear explanations, unique examples, and ability to make Clojure seem approachable and useful for practical programming tasks. The endorsements establish the book as an important resource for learning Clojure.
This document provides recipes for a variety of classic French dishes. It includes recipes for soups, main dishes involving meat and seafood, side dishes, and desserts. The recipes utilize common French ingredients and preparation methods. The document contains over 30 recipes ranging from dishes like coq au vin and bouillabaisse to desserts like creme caramel and gateau St. Honore.
Consumers rely on eyewear to protect their eyes, among the most delicate and critical parts of the body. They expect products such as reading glasses, sunglasses and ski goggles to sit and fit perfectly, be resistant to damage and provide protection from harmful UV rays. A defect could cause discomfort – or even injury – and harm the reputation of the manufacturer.
Companies can remove these risks by submitting their products for specialized tests against key factors. Testing for UV protection, scratch and impact resistance, fit and nickel release will ensure eyewear meets industry standards and fulfills consumer expectations.
Landmarks around the world paid tribute to Prince by lighting up in purple after his sudden death at age 57. Famous locations like the White House, the Eiffel Tower, Times Square, and Niagara Falls were illuminated in purple, his signature color. Concerts and vigils were held where his music was played and fans gathered to mourn, celebrate his life and legacy through his groundbreaking music.
El documento proporciona información sobre los requerimientos y actividades académicas para los estudiantes de primer año de la semana del 25 al 29 de abril en el Colegio Camilo Henríquez. Se celebrará el Día del Libro el 25 de abril con actividades como disfraces literarios y un intercambio de libros. Los estudiantes deben traer materiales específicos para diferentes asignaturas como Lenguaje, Matemáticas y Ciencias. También se incluyen enlaces de videos para reforzar aprendizajes en casa.
The document proposes using analog gates controlled by software to bypass input filtering sections on soundcards, allowing the cards to be used as generic analog-to-digital converters for signals containing DC components. The author tests this by implementing a vintage ISA soundcard design and adding a CMOS quad bilateral switch. By toggling the switch in software, they are able to capture an AC signal with a DC offset that is normally blocked by soundcard filters. This demonstrates that soundcards could be repurposed as more versatile sensor interfaces with some minor hardware modifications.
The document analyzes trends in the future of smartphones from 2013. It discusses how awareness of environmental and social impacts, demand for transparency from companies, and a desire for flexibility will shape smartphones going forward. Through collaborations and flexibility, efforts to build truly sustainable smartphones will increase, paving the way for more powerful and eventually wearable smartphones.
The document provides tips for preventing illnesses by listing various healthy and unhealthy foods, habits, and lifestyle factors such as eating breakfast, exercising daily, getting enough sleep, drinking water, and avoiding junk food, alcohol, and smoking. Maintaining a balanced diet with fruits and vegetables along with proper hygiene can help a person stay healthy.
This document discusses the use of iPods and iPads in kindergarten and elementary classrooms. It found that the devices engaged students and increased collaboration. Students used apps to create videos, stories, and assess each other's work. However, relying too heavily on technology may not teach skills as effectively as traditional methods. Additionally, there is a question of whether increased device use truly improves learning when key assessments are still done with paper and pencil. More research is needed to measure the success of these projects and determine how to best allocate funds and staff training.
A fiber that has a width of less than 1000 nanometers (1000 nm or 1 μm) is generally defined as a nano fiber. A nanoparticle is defined as a small group of atoms or molecules with a radius of less than 100 nanometers (100 nm).Particles on the nanoscale have a very high surface area to volume ratio, whereas this ratio is much lower for objects on the macroscopic scale.
Nanofabrics are textiles engineered with small particles that give ordinary materials advantageous properties such as superhydrophobicity, odor and moisture elimination, increased elasticity and strength, and bacterial resistance. Depending on the desired property, a nanofabric is either constructed from nanoscopic fibers called nano fibers, or is formed by applying a solution containing nanoparticles to a regular fabric.
Applications of nanofabrics have the potential to revolutionize textile manufacturing and areas of medicine such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
This report looks at the patenting activity around nanofabric processes, different applications and highlights the key companies involved, patents were categorized as per key processes and applications and highlights the key companies involved.
This document is a portfolio for Sumit Nair that includes information about his education and experience. It summarizes his Bachelor's degree in Product Design from IIT Guwahati and Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from San Jose State University. It also provides examples of projects he has worked on, including designing an automatic TCM wrist pulse meter, product design of an isotonic energy drink can, and exhibition design projects. Contact information is provided at the top.
در این اینفوگرافی، 7 ترفند ضروری که میتواند منجر به بهبود کار شما شما شود، آموزش داده میشود. بسیاری از این آموزشها علاوه بر آن که تحلیل دادهها را تسهیل مینماید به تحلیل کسب و کار نیز کمک فراوانی مینماید.
This document provides an overview of the Congressional Budget Office's approach to dynamic scoring. It discusses:
1) The new requirement for CBO to incorporate macroeconomic feedback effects into its estimates of major legislation.
2) CBO's models and methodology for analyzing short and long-term economic effects of fiscal policy changes.
3) A case study on CBO's dynamic estimate of repealing the Affordable Care Act, which found repealing it would increase deficits by $137 billion over 10 years after accounting for macroeconomic feedback effects.
Sie tun gut und sehen obendrein gut aus: Design-Boxspringbetten. Das ausgeklügelte Boxspring-System aus Box, Federung, Matratze und Topper begeistert immer mehr Menschen mit seiner effektiven Art, den Rücken zu stützen. Entdecken Sie jetzt, wie designstark Boxspringbetten auch dem Auge schmeicheln können! In diesem Artikel haben wir Ihnen sechs traumschöne Modelle zusammengestellt unter https://www.makeyourhome.de/story-artikel/boxspringbetten-beratung_designerstuecke_fuer_ihr_schlafzimmer-90
Este documento apresenta um repertório de músicas fáceis para violão, contendo músicas populares selecionadas com acordes simples e ritmos facilitados. O repertório é destinado a iniciantes e músicos menos experientes, apresentando as músicas ordenadas por nível de dificuldade gradual. Instruções sobre posições de dedos e acordes são fornecidas para facilitar a execução.
PayPal and the Internet of Things provides opportunities for e-commerce. Millions use PayPal for its simplicity in accepting payments. The Internet of Things is growing with smart devices like refrigerators and shirts. This allows for new commerce opportunities like online ordering direct from devices. The presentation demonstrates using Arduino, Python and the WooCommerce API with an IoT thermal printer for a prototype smart shopping cart that orders directly through a store.
From this presentation you will be able to learn how to train your young birds and what are the steps we must follow right after the weaning .You will also learn how to select your young birds frOm their behaviour whether to be part of your loft or not.
Maxime Javaux - Automated spike analysisMaxime Javaux
This document summarizes Maxime Javaux's master's thesis conducted at the University of Liège for Melexis to develop an automated spike analysis tool for integrated circuit production testing. The tool aims to detect undesirable high frequency voltage spikes during testing that could damage components, and to localize the source of any spikes found. To achieve this, the thesis designed analog circuit boards to detect spikes and interface with an oscilloscope for data acquisition. It also created a computer program to synchronize the test equipment, acquire and analyze waveforms, and identify which tests produce spikes. The completed tool allows test engineers to more efficiently debug spike issues, reducing analysis time from days or weeks to just hours.
This document provides an introduction to low resistance testing. It discusses why measuring low resistance is important, as it helps identify resistance elements that have increased above acceptable values. The document outlines various industries and applications that require low resistance testing, such as power generation and distribution. It also covers how to perform low resistance measurements, including using 2-wire, 3-wire, and 4-wire testing methods. Types of test equipment are described, and factors that can influence low resistance measurements like temperature, humidity, and material properties are discussed.
The document provides an introduction to MATLAB. It discusses general features of MATLAB including startup, simple calculations, variables, functions, vectors, matrices, and programming. Key points include:
1) MATLAB is an interactive environment for numerical computing and visualization. It allows users to perform complex computations with just a few commands.
2) Basic operations in MATLAB include arithmetic, defining variables, built-in functions, and plotting graphs. Vectors and matrices can be manipulated using standard operations.
3) Programming in MATLAB is done using scripts and functions. Commands include for-loops, if-statements, and while-loops. Functions allow breaking problems into modular pieces of code.
Matlab is an interactive programming environment that allows users to perform complex computational tasks with few commands. It was originally developed in the 1970s and has evolved over time. Matlab removes the need to program routine tasks, allowing users to focus on their work and experiment easily. Results can be viewed numerically or graphically in 2D and 3D. Matlab incorporates numerical solution tools, so users can be confident in results. Complex computations can be done with few commands by calling script files ("m-files") that run behind the scenes. Users can write their own m-files or use specialized toolboxes developed by others.
This document is a master's thesis that examines localization techniques in wireless sensor networks. It provides background on wireless sensor networks and how they emerged from military applications but are now used in various civil applications. The thesis focuses on developing and analyzing new localization algorithms. It presents the results of experiments measuring received signal strength indication (RSSI) from wireless sensor nodes, which indicate significant fluctuations that could limit the reliability of localization schemes. Overall, the thesis evaluates localization methods and develops new algorithms to improve positioning accuracy in wireless sensor networks.
Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution AbatementElisaMendelsohn
This document summarizes research on using interior landscape plants to help reduce indoor air pollution. The researchers tested plants' ability to remove benzene, trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde from sealed experimental chambers. They found that several common houseplants, including golden pothos and Chinese evergreen, were effective at removing these chemicals from the air in the chambers within 24 hours. The researchers also designed an indoor air purification system that combines plants with an activated carbon filter to help purify air by moving contaminated air through the carbon where pollutants are absorbed before the air passes over plant roots and soil where further breakdown and removal of pollutants occurs.
This document describes a hybrid method using finite difference time domain (FDTD) and finite element method (FEM) to model electromagnetic wave scattering from a flat surface containing a narrow groove. The authors divided the geometry into an outer region modeled with FDTD and an inner region within the groove modeled with FEM. They implemented this hybrid method in MATLAB but encountered problems with boundary conditions and updating fields between regions that they solved using Mur's absorbing boundary conditions and separating field variables between regions. The final code produced expected results for this 2D cavity problem model.
This document summarizes developments in radial basis function networks between 1996 and 1999. It describes applying the expectation-maximization algorithm to RBF networks, which results in re-estimation formulas for the noise variance and weight prior variance parameters. A new algorithm is also presented that combines regression trees and RBF networks to generate candidate centers and widths for the networks in a more efficient manner than previous approaches.
Design of a bionic hand using non invasive interfacemangal das
This document describes a project to design a bionic hand using a non-invasive interface. The project aims to restore motor function and limited sensory feedback to users who have lost a hand or arm. The design uses a control unit and sensors on the bionic hand. An input regulator circuit protects the user and microcontroller from voltage inputs. The microcontroller is programmed to receive input signals, decode them to control four motors in the hand, and receive feedback from pressure sensors. An amplification circuit powers the motors. The goal is to provide an easy-to-use bionic hand that improves users' ability to perform daily tasks.
This document is a doctrine manual that provides instructions on how to get started with doctrine, including requirements, installation methods, starting new projects, creating tables, generating models, auto loading models, using the command line interface, and a tutorial on creating a basic project with users. It also covers connecting to databases, managing connections, basic schema mapping including table and class naming, table and column options, and data types.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that implements a reliable overlay multicast protocol on wireless sensor nodes. The thesis first discusses related work on wireless sensor networks, communication schemes, hardware, and the Contiki operating system. It then presents the design of the Sensor Nodes Overlay Multicast Communication (SNOMC) protocol, including node roles, message types, design models, data structures, and the SNOMC algorithm. The implementation of SNOMC in Contiki is described, along with implementations of UDP and TCP for comparison. An evaluation analyzes the performance of transmitting small and large messages using SNOMC.
This document outlines a feasibility study and design for a hybrid hydro-wind power generation system for the town of Treforest. It includes background information on wind and hydro power technologies, components, and costs. It also provides site-specific details on wind speeds and hydro potential in the Treforest area. The main objectives are to simulate and determine the feasibility of an off-grid system using Matlab/Simulink software. The design chapters describe simulations of a wind farm and hydro plant in Treforest. Results of the simulations are presented and discussed. The conclusion evaluates the feasibility and potential for further work.
The document describes a senior project to design a progressive controller for water/methanol injection in forced induction vehicles. The system will have two operating modes - sport mode activates injection progressively after 10 psi of boost, while economy mode activates injection above 120 degrees Fahrenheit. It will incorporate a CAN bus to capture engine data. The project aims to model system behavior in Simulink and eventually create a physical prototype using an embedded processor. Due to COVID, the project was not fully completed but future work is planned.
The document describes the development and testing of the Euclidean Travelling Salesman Platform (ETSP) to test heuristics for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). It discusses the motivation, objectives, and requirements for ETSP. It also evaluates the performance of ETSP and compares the QSTSH heuristic tested on ETSP to a greedy nearest neighbor heuristic. The results show that QSTSH has better accuracy and efficiency than the greedy nearest neighbor approach.
This newsletter summarizes the research activities of several semiconductor companies in March 2010. It describes projects on growing InAlN/GaN heterostructures on different substrates for HEMT device applications from Alcatel-Thales III-V Lab and Soitec/Picogiga. It also summarizes research from Applied Materials on the band gap and offsets of HfxSi1−xO2 films, Fujitsu on photodetection using InAs/AlAs/AlGaAs quantum dots, and several other companies' work on materials growth, device fabrication and testing. The newsletter provides brief insights into recent research across the semiconductor industry.
The document is a project report submitted by Ajay Vishwas Jadhav to the Centre for Modeling and Simulation at Savitribai Phule Pune University. The report describes Jadhav's work on modeling and optimization of rheological data during his M.Tech program from January to June 2015. The project involved fitting experimental rheological data to relaxation spectra models using nonlinear regression techniques like the Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm and genetic algorithms. The report includes analysis of model and experimental data as well as details of the algorithms used.
Integrating IoT Sensory Inputs For Cloud Manufacturing Based ParadigmKavita Pillai
The first step in thermoplastic recycling is identifying the plastic waste categorically. This manual task is often inefficiency and costly. This study therefore analyzes the problem and presents a automatic classifier based on a WSN infrastructure. The classifier fuses data from two different sources using Kalman filter and neural network. The algorithm is run on a matlab simulator to test the results
This document is an internship report describing the development of a fiber-based terahertz time domain spectroscopy system for on-chip analysis using graphene and InGaAs photoconductive switches. The report includes:
1) A description of the experimental setup including fiber optic arms and an original electro-optic probe for detection.
2) Characterization of InGaAs photoswitches including electrical measurements and THz pulse detection.
3) Preliminary investigations of monolayer graphene photoswitches including growth, fabrication, and initial electrical measurements in preparation for THz pump-probe spectroscopy.
The fiber-based approach aims to provide a more robust system compared to free-space tabletop setups
This document provides guidance for developers of utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plants. It covers the entire project development process from early stage development through to construction, operation and financing. The document discusses key topics such as solar PV technology, site selection, plant design, permitting, contracts, construction, operations and maintenance, policies to support solar development, and financial analysis. It is intended to help project developers successfully develop, build and operate large-scale solar power plants.
The document describes a thesis submitted by Hsu Kuan Chun Issac to the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology for a Master of Philosophy degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The thesis proposes designing a 70 MHz CMOS band-pass sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter for wireless receivers. It describes implementing a second-order continuous-time band-pass sigma-delta modulator using transconductor-capacitor integrators for the loop filter. The design includes a latched comparator and TSPC D flip-flop as the quantizer. The performance of prototypes fabricated in 0.8um and 0.5um CMOS processes are evaluated.
1. The document presents a new method for monitoring electrical components within concrete structures using infrared thermography (IRT). IRT can detect thermal anomalies or hotspots indicating potential faults.
2. Common faults include loose connections, overloading, and corrosion, which can produce overheating and efficiency losses. The proposed system uses IRT to automatically detect hotspots, process images to identify faulty components, and classify the severity of issues found.
3. The system aims to make inspections faster, less costly and require less expert experience than conventional methods. It analyzes IRT images using image processing and neural networks to classify issues and recommend maintenance actions.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses using active thermography to detect hidden corrosion in lap joints of aircraft structures. Pulse thermography techniques observe changes in infrared radiation emitted by materials. Preliminary tests were conducted on samples with riveted lap joints. Thermography detected differences in thermal properties between solid corrosion compounds of aluminum alloys and the base material. Thermographs clearly showed damage to anti-corrosion paint coatings and anomalies from introduced solids in lap joints. The results indicate pulse thermography is a quick, effective method for evaluating hidden corrosion in aircraft structures.
This document discusses the challenges of testing in nanotechnology. It notes that electrical measurements are essential for understanding new nanoscale materials and devices, but that existing tools often lack the sensitivity needed. Measurements may require detecting very small currents and voltages in the femtoamp and microohm ranges. Tools must also be easy to use and cost-effective to support rapid research progress. Close collaboration between researchers and instrument developers is important to create solutions tailored to emerging needs.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. begin
A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
Introduction 2 | Nanotech Testing Challenges 2 | Electrical Measurement Considerations 5 | Electrical Noise 6 | Source-Measure Instruments 7
Pulsing Technologies 8 | Avoiding Self-Heating Problems 9 | Application Example: Graphene 10 | Summary 12 | Glossary 13 | Selector Guide 16 | For More Information 17
2. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Nanotech Testing Challenges Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
The nature of nanotech materials requires some As a substance is reduced to nanoscopic dimensions, Summary.......................................................... 12
novel testing techniques. Because these materials both the bandgap and the distance between
Introduction are built at the atomic or molecular level, quantum adjacent energy levels within the material’s electron
Glossary............................................................ 13
Selector Guide................................................ 16
Nanotechnology has the potential to improve mechanics come into play. As a result of small energy bands are altered. These changes, along For More Information.....................................17
our quality of life in diverse ways, such as faster particle sizes, the atoms and molecules of these with a particle’s nanoscopic size with respect to the
electronics, huge memory/storage capacities new materials may bond differently than they material’s mean free path (the average distance an
for PCs, cheaper energy through more efficient might otherwise in bulk substances. There may be electron travels between scattering events), directly Want to Explore Further?
energy conversion, and improved security new electronic structures, crystalline shapes, and affect the electrical resistance of a nanoparticle.
through the development of nanoscale bio- More generally, a material’s bandgap directly Featured Resources
material behavior. Nanoparticles with these new
and chemical-detection systems. influences whether a particle is a conductor, an • Standards Will Help
properties can be used individually or as building Ensure Order in Nano-
blocks for bulk material. Although the discovery of insulator, or a semiconductor. These influential Enabled Industries
bulk properties remains important, measurements electronic properties allow, for example, a carbon
also need to uncover the characteristics unique to nanotube (CNT) to be used to create a transistor
nanoscale structures. switch.2 One way to do this is by connecting a
semiconducting CNT between two electrodes that • Discover Today’s
With nanoelectronic materials, sensitive electrical Particle size and structure have a major influence function as a drain and source. A third electrode (the Solutions for
measurement tools are essential. They provide on the measurement techniques used to investigate gate) is placed directly under the entire length of the Tomorrow’s Nano
the data needed to understand the electrical a material. The material’s chemical and electrical carbon nanotube channel. For a semiconducting Characterization
properties of new materials fully and the electrical characteristics change as particle sizes are reduced CNT, the introduction of an electric field through the Challenges
performance of new nanoelectronic devices and to nanometer dimensions. This even applies to channel (via the insulated gate placed in proximity
components. Instrument sensitivity must be much biological materials. Therefore, most of these to the CNT channel) can be used to change the CNT
higher because electrical currents are much lower materials require chemical and electrical testing to from its semiconducting state to its insulating state
and many nanoscale materials exhibit significantly characterize them for practical product applications. by increasing the gate voltage. Decreasing the gate
improved properties, such as conductivity. The For many of them, the actual quantity being voltage will transition the device into a conducting Additional Resources
magnitude of measured currents may be in the measured is a low level current or voltage that was state. This conduction mechanism is analogous to • The Emerging Challenges of
femtoamp range and resistances as low as micro- translated from another physical quantity.1 Direct the operation of a silicon MOSFET transistor switch, Nanotechnology Testing
ohms. Therefore, measurement techniques and electrical measurements are possible on many which is created by doping silicon with either an • Climbing the Commercialization Hill
instruments must minimize noise and other sources substances with the probing instruments and nano- electron acceptor or donor to alter the material’s
of error that might interfere with the signal. manipulators now available. electronic conductivity in specific localities.
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
2
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
3. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Nanotech Testing Challenges (continued) Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
For macroscopic particles, electrons take on Because the density of states can be used to predict Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
discrete quanta of energy that lie within energy the electrical behavior of materials, it is also possible Pulsing Technologies......................................8
bands, with each band consisting of many energy to use electrical impedance measurements to derive Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
levels that electrons can share through their density of states information. The density of states Application Example: Graphene................ 10
thermal energies. For a conducting material, is found by plotting differential conductance vs. Summary.......................................................... 12
electrons can be thermally excited into the applied voltage. Differential conductance is simply Glossary............................................................ 13
conduction band (i.e., electrons are present in (di/dv). When this conductance is plotted against Selector Guide................................................ 16
the valence as well as in the conduction band). voltage, the graph indicates the material’s density For More Information.....................................17
For an insulator (bandgap > thermal energy of of states. Highly conductive materials possess an
the electron), enormous energy is required for abundance of free energy levels in the conduction
an electron to transition from the valence to Figure 1. As material is reduced from band, i.e., greater density of states (more individual
the conduction band separated by the material macroscopic dimensions to nanoscopic size, allowed energy levels per unit energy). Insulating
its continuous energy bands (a) separate into
bandgap. If a suitable amount of energy is absorbed discrete energy levels within the band (b) and materials have an electronic structure with a dearth
(> bandgap), then electrons can jump bands. the bandgap increases. of occupied energy levels in the conduction band.
Because density of states corresponds to the density
As a particle’s size is reduced to nanoscopic Characterizing the density of states is a fundamental of these energy levels, a plot of conduction vs.
dimensions, the allowable energies within the activity in nanoscopic material research. Density of voltage provides a direct measure of the electronic
continuous bands separate into discrete levels states (3D dimensionality) as a function of energy density of states at each energy level (voltage across
(because there are far fewer atoms in the mix). This can be expressed as: the device).
occurs when the separation between energy levels
approaches the thermal energy of the electrons One approach to this technique is to use a nano-
(Figure 1). With fewer energy levels within the This represents the number of electron states per manipulator that makes low resistance contacts
specific energy band, the density of states of the unit volume per unit energy at energy E, where: to the nanoparticle. Such an arrangement
material changes. allows charge transport and density of states
m = the effective mass of the particle,
measurements. This works well into the conduction
The density of states is a measure of the number h = Planck’s constant, and region thanks to the low resistance direct
of energy options available to an electron as it falls E = the energy (electron orbital location) in connections of the nano-probes on the material
into a lower energy level by giving up energy or as electron volts. (particle) being tested.
it ascends to a higher energy level after absorbing
energy. A corollary is that if the density of states is Although the result is independent of volume
known, the size of the particle can be deduced. (can be applied to any size particle), this equation
is of limited value if the particle size/structure is
unknown. However, other ways are available to
determine the density of states experimentally, from
which the particle size can be found.
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
3
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
4. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Nanotech Testing Challenges (continued) Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Photos courtesy of Zyvex Corporation Electrical Noise.................................................6
The nano-manipulator and its probes, along Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
with a source-measure unit (SMU), are used to Pulsing Technologies......................................8
apply a current or voltage stimulus directly to the Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
nanoparticle and measure its corresponding voltage Application Example: Graphene................ 10
or current response (Figure 2). The advantage Summary.......................................................... 12
of electrical source-measure testing is rooted in Glossary............................................................ 13
the fact that a specific SMU measurement mode Selector Guide................................................ 16
(source current/measure voltage or vice versa) can For More Information.....................................17
be chosen based on the relative impedance of the
material or device under test (DUT). Furthermore, Want to Explore Further?
the measurement mode can change dynamically Featured Resources
as the impedance changes, such as occurs in CNTs • Give Your Microscope a
acting as semiconductor switches. This allows a Hand: Characterization of
much wider dynamic range of voltage and current Nano Structures
stimuli and measurements, thereby optimizing Kleindiek Nanotechnik
parametric test precision and accuracy. SMU voltage Figure 2. Nano-manipulator probing of nanoscale structures: Microscopic view of low impedance probe
and current sensitivity can be as good as 1 microvolt contact to a CNT for direct electrical measurements. Photo of a nano-manipulator head assembly. • Electrical Character-
and 100 atto-amps. ization of Carbon
Nanotube Transistors
Electrical measurements on nanoscopic materials Particle self-assembly can be accomplished measurements through the volume as well as over (CNT FETs) with the
place stringent requirements on the instrumentation. from silicon to silicon, where conventional the surface, using appropriately placed macroscopic Model 4200-SCS
In order to measure conductivity, impedance, photolithographic techniques are used to make test pads formed on the material surface. For
or other electrical properties, and relate those electrical connection pads for probing. Particles thatconductive materials, separate pads for source and
measurements to the density of states, a galvanic are long enough to straddle such pads (for example, measure can be deposited to create a Kelvin (4-wire) Additional Resources
connection must be made to the nanoscopic DUT.3 carbon nanowires) can be connected to the pads connection.4 This type of circuit eliminates test lead • Nanoscale Device and Material Electrical
This represents one of the major hurdles to be through externally generated electrostatic fields. resistance from the measurement and improves Measurements
overcome in the field of nanotechnology testing. accuracy. In any case, a quantum well (nano-film) • Advanced Particle Beam Methods For
Although the properties of quantum wells, wires, Nano-characterization And Analysis
There are only a few tools available and few device can be tested like any other bulk material.
and dots differ, it’s possible that information about • Optimizing Low Current Measurements
constructs that facilitate connections of this type. with the Model 4200-SCS Semiconductor
a particular material in the form of a quantum dot Bioimpedance Bioelectricity Basics, Wiley 2003.
1
can be inferred by examining the same material Applied Physics Letters, Single and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Characterization System
2
fashioned as a quantum wire or well (nano-film). Transistors, volume 17, number 73, October 26, 1998, IBM Research Division. • I-V Measurements of Nanoscale Wires
Nano-films are particularly easy to measure because I-V Measurements of Nanoscale Wires and Tubes with the Model 4200-SCS and Zyvex
3 and Tubes with the Model 4200-SCS and
S100 Nanomanipulator, Application Note #2481, Keithley Instruments, 2004. Zyvex S100 Nanomanipulator
only one dimension is small. Such a film might
• Tips for Electrical Characterization of
be deposited on a conductive substrate, allowing Four-Probe Note #2475,and Hall Voltage Measurements with the Model 4200-SCS,
Resistivity
4
Application Keithley Instruments, 2004. Carbon Nanotubes and Low Power
Nanoscale Devices
4
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
5. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Electrical Measurement Considerations Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
Electrical measurements on passive devices (any n Nanoscopic particles will not hold off as much The switching speed of a source-measure test Summary.......................................................... 12
device that is not a source of energy) are made by voltage from adjacent devices as a conventional circuit may be limited by the instrumentation used Glossary............................................................ 13
following a simple procedure: stimulate the sample electronic component or material (such as a to follow the state of the device. This is especially Selector Guide................................................ 16
in some way and measure its response to the transistor). This is because smaller devices true if a non-optimal measurement topology is For More Information.....................................17
stimulus. This method also works for devices that can be and are placed closer together. Smaller used to observe the device. The two possible
have both passive and active properties with linear devices also have less mass and may be affected topologies are source current/measure voltage or
or non-linear transfer functions. With appropriate by the forces associated with large fields. In source voltage/measure current. Want to Explore Further?
techniques, a source-measure algorithm can be addition, internal electric fields associated with
When considering the measurement of low imped- Featured Resources
useful for characterizing sources of energy. nanoscopic particles can be very high, requiring
ance (<1000 ohms) devices, the source current/ • Measurement Needs in
careful attention to applied voltages.
For nanoscopic particles, this general method measure voltage technique will generally yield Nano-Architectonics
takes the form of source-measure testing to n Given that nanoscopic devices are so small, the best results. Current sources are stable when
quantify impedance, conductance, and resistance, they typically have lower parasitic (stray) applied to lower impedances, and a good signal-to- Dr. Kang Wang
Director of the Center on Functional
which reveal critical material properties. This test inductance and capacitance. This is especially noise ratio can be achieved without great difficulty. Engineered Nano Architectonics
methodology is useful even if the end application is useful when they are used in an electronic This allows for accurate low voltage response University of California, Los Angeles
not an electronic circuit. circuit, enabling faster switching speeds and measurements.
• Improving Low
lower power consumption than comparable Current Measurements
Several considerations are important in the When measuring high impedance (>10,000 ohms)
macroscopic devices. However, this also means on Nanoelectronic and
characterization of nanoscopic particles: devices, the source voltage/measure current
that instrumentation for characterizing their I-V Molecular Electronic
n Nanoscopic
technique is best. Stable voltage sources to drive Devices
particles will not support the curves must measure low currents while tracking
high impedances are easily constructed. When
magnitude of currents that macroscopic device the short reaction time.
a well-designed voltage source is placed across a
can carry (unless they are superconducting).
Because nanoscopic test applications often high impedance, it will quickly charge the stray
This means that when a device is interrogated,
require low current sourcing and measurement, capacitance of the DUT and test cables and rapidly Additional Resources
the magnitude of a current stimulus must be
appropriate instrument selection and use is critical settle to its final output value. The small current • Electrical Measurements on
carefully controlled.
for accurate electrical characterization. In addition response of the DUT can be accurately measured Nanoscale Materials
to being highly sensitive, the instrumentation must with an appropriate ammeter. • Four-Probe Resistivity and Hall Voltage
have a short response time (sometimes referred to Measurements with the Model 4200-SCS
as high bandwidth), which is related to a DUT’s low • Guide to Measuring New Materials
capacitance and ability to change state rapidly at and Devices
low currents.
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
5
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
6. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Electrical Noise Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
Summary.......................................................... 12
Glossary............................................................ 13
Selector Guide................................................ 16
For More Information.....................................17
Measurement topology also has an impact on
electrical noise, which is the ultimate limitation
on measurement sensitivity and accuracy. For low
impedance voltage measurements with a current Want to Explore Further?
source, the measurement circuits will be sensitive to Featured Resources
DUT voltage noise and impedance. For macroscopic • Electronic Properties of
devices, such as a resistor, the Johnson noise voltage Zinc-Blende Wurtzite
at room temperature (270K) is expressed as: Biphasic Gallium Nitride
Vn = √(4kTBR)
Nanowires and NanoFETs
(a) (b) Dr. Virginia Ayers
Head, The Electronic and Biological
Nanostructures Laboratory
where k = Boltzmann’s constant Figure 3. (a) Circuit model for the source voltage/measure current technique; (b) Modified Michigan State University
model illustrating the noise gain (op-amp noise “gained up”) when the DUT impedance is low
T = Absolute temperature of the source compared to the measurement impedance.
in degrees Kelvin • Making Ultra-Low Current
B = Noise bandwidth in Hertz The Johnson current noise of a resistor at 270K is: the correct measurement topology is chosen. Measurements with the
For example, consider a source voltage/measure Low-Noise Model 4200-SCS
R = Resistance of the source in ohms
current topology. An operational amplifier is used
which can be further simplified to: in many current measurement (ammeter) circuits,
as shown in Figure 3.
indicating that the noise goes down as DUT resis-
tance increases. To minimize noise gain, the ammeter circuit must
This equation shows that as DUT resistance (R) operate at a low gain with respect to its non-inverting Additional Resources
For all particle sizes, in addition to Johnson
decreases, the Johnson voltage noise generated by input terminal. • Low Level Measurements Handbook
noise, there could be a noise gain associated with
the DUT also decreases. Conversely, high impedance the measurement topology chosen. Noise gain
devices stimulated with a voltage source are limited is a parasitic amplification of the noise of the
by current measurement noise. measurement system that is not present when
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
6
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
7. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Source-Measure Instruments Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
A commercial DC source-measure unit (SMU) is a When using the compliance function, an SMU will Summary.......................................................... 12
convenient test tool for many nanoscopic material satisfy the source value unless the user’s compliance Glossary............................................................ 13
and device measurements. SMUs change measure- value is exceeded. For example, when an SMU is Selector Guide................................................ 16
ment topology automatically (that is, they can rapidly configured to source voltage with a preset current For More Information.....................................17
switch between sourcing voltage/measuring current compliance, if that compliance value is exceeded, the
and sourcing current/measuring voltage). This SMU automatically starts acting as a constant current
makes it easier to minimize measurement noise source. Its output level then will be the compliance Want to Explore Further?
while maximizing measurement speed and accuracy. current value. Alternately, if the SMU is set to source
current with a compliance voltage, it will automati- Featured Resources
Some nanoparticles can change state with the • Test System is Key to
cally switch to sourcing voltage (the compliance
application of an external field. When investigating Practical Applications
voltage) if the DUT impedance and the current it
such materials, an SMU can be configured to source of Nanotechnology
draws begin to drive the voltage higher than the
voltage and measure current for a nanoparticle in its
compliance value.
high impedance state. When the material is in its low
impedance state, more accurate results are achieved Although a nanoscopic device, such as a CNT switch, • In-situ Correlation of
by sourcing current and measuring voltage. can change states rapidly, the change in instrument Mechanical Properties,
Furthermore, the SMU has a current compliance state is not instantaneous. Depending on the SMU Deformation Behavior,
function that can automatically limit the DC current model, the switching time can range from 100 and Electrical
Characteristics of
level to prevent damage to the material or device nanoseconds to 100 microseconds. Although such Materials Using
under test (DUT). Similarly, there is a voltage switching speeds are not fast enough to track a Conductive
compliance function when voltage is being sourced. nanoparticle as it changes state, the time is short Nanoindentation
enough to allow accurate measurements of both Ryan Major
states while limiting DUT power dissipation to R&D Project Manager
Hysitron, Inc.
acceptable levels.
Additional Resources
• Model 4200-SCS Semiconductor
Characterization System
• Series 2600A System SourceMeter®
Instruments
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
7
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
8. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Pulsing Techniques Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
Choosing the correct measurement topology to Low power pulsing techniques may offer a partial Summary.......................................................... 12
improve measurement speed and minimize noise solution to this problem and are available in some Glossary............................................................ 13
may still be insufficient to the test needs for some SMU designs. The idea is to use a much higher test Selector Guide................................................ 16
nanoscopic materials. For example, it appears current or test voltage and apply this large stimulus For More Information.....................................17
that some CNTs can switch 1000 times faster than for a short sourcing cycle. The larger stimulus will
conventional CMOS transistor switches. This is lower the sourcing noise (by improving the signal-
too fast for the nano-amp ranges of commercial to-noise ratio) and improve the rise or settle time Want to Explore Further?
picoammeters. Demanding devices like these may for a voltage pulse or current pulse, respectively.
require other techniques to improve the speed of Quieter sources require less filtering and permit a Featured Resources
impedance measurements. shorter sourcing cycle time (narrower pulse width). • Low-Level Pulsed
A larger source stimulus also increases the response Electrical Characteri-
zation with the Model
current or voltage so that higher instrument ranges 6221/2182A Combination
can be used, further minimizing the effects of
noise. Because there is less noise, the measurement
acquisition time (integration period) can be
shortened, allowing for faster measurements.
• Ultra-Fast I-V Applications
for the Model 4225-PMU
Ultra-Fast I-V Module
Additional Resources
• Pulse Testing for Nanoscale Devices
• Keithley Pulse Solutions
DC offsets due to thermal voltages and meter Performing a 2-point delta measurement cancels An optional third measurement point can help
offsets can give significant errors in the mea- offset error. The measured delta voltage gives cancel moving offsets.
sured voltage. correct voltage response to the current pulse.
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
8
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
9. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
A possible source of error in nano research is The following equation illustrates how duty cycle Summary.......................................................... 12
self-heating due to excessive electrical current and measurement time in pulse mode affect DUT Glossary............................................................ 13
through the DUT. Such currents may even lead power dissipation. To calculate power dissipation Selector Guide................................................ 16
to catastrophic failure of the sample. Therefore, in pulse mode, multiply the apparent power For More Information.....................................17
instrumentation must automatically limit source dissipation (V·I) by the test stimulus time and
current during device testing. Programmable divide by the test repetition rate:
P = P × Tt / Tr
current and voltage compliance circuits are Want to Explore Further?
standard features of most SMU-based test
systems with pulsed current capabilities and may p a Featured Resources
be required to avoid self-heating of some low
resistance structures. • How to Avoid
where: Pp = Pulse power dissipation Self-Heating Effects on
When an elevated test current is required, it must Pa = Apparent power (i.e., V·I) Nanoscale Devices
be short enough so that it does not introduce Tt = Test time
enough energy to heat the DUT to destructive T = Test repetition rate
r
temperatures. (Nanoscopic devices tolerate very
little heat, so the total energy dissipated in them Pulse mode is also useful for density of state Jonathan Tucker
must be maintained at low levels.) In addition, measurements using a low impedance connection, Senior Marketer, Nanotechnology
care must be taken that the magnitude of the test such as through a nano-manipulator. Pulsing allows Keithley Instruments, Inc.
current is low enough that the DUT’s nanoscopic measurements at I/V locations that were previously
channel does not become saturated. (For instance, uncharacterizable due to particle self-heating.
a current channel that’s 1.5 nanometers in diameter
severely limits the number of electrons that can
pass through it per unit of time.) Some nanoscopic
devices can support only a few hundred nano-amps
of current in their conductive state. Thus, a device’s
saturation current may define the maximum test
current, even in pulsed applications.
Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
9
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e
10. previous home next
Introduction. .....................................................2
.
Nanotech Testing Challenges.......................2
Graphene: The Semiconductor Industry’s
Electrical Measurement Considerations....5
Electrical Noise.................................................6
Replacement for Silicon? Source-Measure Instruments. ......................7
.
Pulsing Technologies......................................8
Avoiding Self-Heating Problems.................9 .
Nanovoltmeter Vxx = Longitudinal
Application Example: Graphene................ 10
Graphene, the single-atom-thick crystal of carbon, Researchers characterizing graphene and V xx
Voltage
Summary.......................................................... 12
Vxx
has outstanding electrical conductivity. It also has graphene-based materials use Hall effect V = Transversal Voltage,
xy I
= R xx
Glossary............................................................ 13
extremely strong, yet flexible bonds. Its hardness is measurements and study longitudinal Hall Voltage with
applied B
Selector Guide................................................ 16
greater than the hardness of diamond. Until relatively resistance to assess carrier mobility and look For More Information.....................................17
recently, physicists did not believe that a solid crystal for evidence of the quantum Hall effect,
just a single atom thick could exist. Professors whereby longitudinal resistivity decreases to Vxy Graphene
Novoselov and Geim proved otherwise with the near 0Ω-cm. These measurements require Nanovoltmeter
discovery of graphene in 2004; for their achievement, very low current, precision sourcing, on
they won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. the order of nano-amps. However, the
most important aspect of tight control over
For the semiconductor industry, the exciting
sourcing is ensuring that excessive power
thing about graphene is that electrons travel DC Current Source
does not develop across the graphene sample
through it unimpeded, and these electrons behave
in order to avoid destroying it. Furthermore, Configuration for simultaneous measurement of
according to quantum electrodynamic principles.
at nano-amp source current levels, the Hall effect voltage and longitudinal resistance of a
Carrier mobilities through graphene are on the
resulting voltages developed across the graphene sample in a Hall bar configuration.
order of 10,000cm 2/V-s at room temperature,
sample are extremely small, on the order
and mobility values as high as 200,000 cm2/V-s
of ten to hundreds of nanovolts. These type of nanovolt-level measurements require special
on suspended samples of graphene have been
instrumentation with sufficient resolution and
reported. Graphene’s high mobility has
extremely high sensitivity.
already led to the development of very
high frequency (100GHz and higher) RF In nanovolt-level measurements, thermoelectric
transistors. Unfortunately, graphene does voltages and noise sources can significantly impact
not have a natural bandgap, so many measurement accuracy, so it’s important to employ
researchers are investigating methods techniques designed to minimize these effects.
to create one so graphene’s high speed For example, using a current source that allows
properties and nano scale size could reversing the polarity of its signal can eliminate
replace silicon in next-generation FETs measurement errors due to thermal voltage
for digital circuitry, thereby extending the offsets. Furthermore, a current source that can
life of Moore’s Law. output low duty cycle, narrow pulses will minimize
measurement errors due to resistivity changes
resulting from self-heating of the graphene sample.
A graphene single electron transistor (SET). Ask Us Your Application Or Product Question.
10
E n s u r i n g t h e Ac c u r ac y o f N an o sca l e E l ect r ica l M eas u r ements A g r e at e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e