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Experimental Investigation on Properties Concrete Paver Block with the Inclus...IJERA Editor
In this experimental investigation the compressive strength, water absorption and flexural strength of paver
blocks were determined by adding Coconut fibers in the top 20mm thickness. Coconut fibers were added in
proportions of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in volume of concrete. The compressive strength, flexural
strength and water absorption were determined at the end of 7 and 28 days. Test results indicate that addition of
coconut fiber by 0.3% paver block attains maximum compressive strength. Test results indicate that addition of
coconut fiber gradually increases flexural strengths and water absorption at 7 and 28 days. In this investigation
at 0.3% of coconut fiber content effect of top layer thickness on compressive strength and flexural strength is
also determined. Results show that inclusion of fibers even up to 50% of top layer thickness compressive and
flexural strengths are increasing. The paper also shows the cost comparison per each block.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Improvement in Strength of Concrete with Natural Fibers (Coir) & Artificial F...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a comprehensive study on the strength of concrete containing coir and steel fibers. Properties studied Include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity for hardened concrete. To improve the strength of concrete steel fibers were added and fiber volume fraction was 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% in weight basis. Coir fibers have higher tensile strength as compared to other natural fibers, as the coir does not break easily with hand. To improve the strength of concrete coir fibers were added and fiber weight fraction was 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0% in volume basis The laboratory results shown that steel fiber addition into Portland cement concrete Improve the tensile strength properties. However, it reduced workability. In case of coir fibers though the workability reduces both tensile and compressive strength increases.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Experimental Investigation on Properties Concrete Paver Block with the Inclus...IJERA Editor
In this experimental investigation the compressive strength, water absorption and flexural strength of paver
blocks were determined by adding Coconut fibers in the top 20mm thickness. Coconut fibers were added in
proportions of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in volume of concrete. The compressive strength, flexural
strength and water absorption were determined at the end of 7 and 28 days. Test results indicate that addition of
coconut fiber by 0.3% paver block attains maximum compressive strength. Test results indicate that addition of
coconut fiber gradually increases flexural strengths and water absorption at 7 and 28 days. In this investigation
at 0.3% of coconut fiber content effect of top layer thickness on compressive strength and flexural strength is
also determined. Results show that inclusion of fibers even up to 50% of top layer thickness compressive and
flexural strengths are increasing. The paper also shows the cost comparison per each block.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Improvement in Strength of Concrete with Natural Fibers (Coir) & Artificial F...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper reports on a comprehensive study on the strength of concrete containing coir and steel fibers. Properties studied Include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity for hardened concrete. To improve the strength of concrete steel fibers were added and fiber volume fraction was 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% in weight basis. Coir fibers have higher tensile strength as compared to other natural fibers, as the coir does not break easily with hand. To improve the strength of concrete coir fibers were added and fiber weight fraction was 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0% in volume basis The laboratory results shown that steel fiber addition into Portland cement concrete Improve the tensile strength properties. However, it reduced workability. In case of coir fibers though the workability reduces both tensile and compressive strength increases.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
Alternative reinforcement using coir fiber which is a natural agriculture waste which is available in bulk at rural areas. since this would be an appropriate one for replacement of steel in reinforcement, this can be used in the mode of pefabrication also in addition it is a cost ineffective methodology
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Behavior of combination of coconut fiber and recron fiber in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete is strong in compression, as aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the
cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. This weakness had been adjusted over many
decades by using a system of reinforcing bars (rebar) to create reinforced concrete; so that concrete primarily resists compressive
stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses. It has been recognised that addition
of small, closely spaced and uniformly distributed fibres to concrete would act as a crack arrester and would significantly
improve the its static and dynamic properties
Keywords: fibre, shear stresses, rebar, concrete
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
To Study the mechanical properties of coconut coir fiber reinforced with epo...IJMER
In this study the Mechanical Properties of Coconut coir Fiber is reinforced with epoxy resin
of different lengths (5mm,10mm,15mm) and coir fibers by treating the fiber with NaOH by fraction of
5 % are studied here. All samples were made using hand layup technique and specimens were prepared
as per ASTM standard D3039. The samples were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard using
Universal testing machine (UTM). The significant findings of the research showed that NaOH
treatment improved the tensile properties, ductility and hardness of the composite further Increase in
length of fibers was found to increase the tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength was found for
15 mm length of coir fibers
Natural Fibre Sandwich Composite Panels-Analysis, Testing and CharacterisationIOSR Journals
The paper deals about the development, comparison, testing and analysis of composite materials and
sandwich composite panels. In this paper we have carried out testing of mechanical and physical properties of
coir composites, SMC laminate, Bamboo Composite, Cement bonded wooden particle composite. Then we have
used SMC Laminate on coir composite so as to increase its strength. Also we have carried out tensile test for
bamboo composite, coir composite, cement bonded composite. Then we have compared the values of these
composites. Water absorption test and flame test of coir composite, Bamboo composite has been carried out, so
as to find out the mechanical and physical properties of composite materials. Finally, Bending test and Analysis
of sandwich composite panels has been carried out for bamboo-EPS sandwich panel and Bison-EPS sandwich
panel to understand the characteristics of sandwich composite panels.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
Prepared a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic board and determined the optimal drilling conditions that would cause the least delamination using Design of Experiments.
A Bathtub making procedure by natural fibre based compositeImran Hossain
This slide is about fabrication of natural fibre based composite and its performance test. This also describe why we use natural fibre instead of conventional materials. This slide also tells you about how to fabricate a bathtub by natural fiber.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
Alternative reinforcement using coir fiber which is a natural agriculture waste which is available in bulk at rural areas. since this would be an appropriate one for replacement of steel in reinforcement, this can be used in the mode of pefabrication also in addition it is a cost ineffective methodology
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Behavior of combination of coconut fiber and recron fiber in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete is strong in compression, as aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the
cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. This weakness had been adjusted over many
decades by using a system of reinforcing bars (rebar) to create reinforced concrete; so that concrete primarily resists compressive
stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses and rebar resist tensile and shear stresses. It has been recognised that addition
of small, closely spaced and uniformly distributed fibres to concrete would act as a crack arrester and would significantly
improve the its static and dynamic properties
Keywords: fibre, shear stresses, rebar, concrete
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
To Study the mechanical properties of coconut coir fiber reinforced with epo...IJMER
In this study the Mechanical Properties of Coconut coir Fiber is reinforced with epoxy resin
of different lengths (5mm,10mm,15mm) and coir fibers by treating the fiber with NaOH by fraction of
5 % are studied here. All samples were made using hand layup technique and specimens were prepared
as per ASTM standard D3039. The samples were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard using
Universal testing machine (UTM). The significant findings of the research showed that NaOH
treatment improved the tensile properties, ductility and hardness of the composite further Increase in
length of fibers was found to increase the tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength was found for
15 mm length of coir fibers
Natural Fibre Sandwich Composite Panels-Analysis, Testing and CharacterisationIOSR Journals
The paper deals about the development, comparison, testing and analysis of composite materials and
sandwich composite panels. In this paper we have carried out testing of mechanical and physical properties of
coir composites, SMC laminate, Bamboo Composite, Cement bonded wooden particle composite. Then we have
used SMC Laminate on coir composite so as to increase its strength. Also we have carried out tensile test for
bamboo composite, coir composite, cement bonded composite. Then we have compared the values of these
composites. Water absorption test and flame test of coir composite, Bamboo composite has been carried out, so
as to find out the mechanical and physical properties of composite materials. Finally, Bending test and Analysis
of sandwich composite panels has been carried out for bamboo-EPS sandwich panel and Bison-EPS sandwich
panel to understand the characteristics of sandwich composite panels.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
Prepared a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic board and determined the optimal drilling conditions that would cause the least delamination using Design of Experiments.
A Bathtub making procedure by natural fibre based compositeImran Hossain
This slide is about fabrication of natural fibre based composite and its performance test. This also describe why we use natural fibre instead of conventional materials. This slide also tells you about how to fabricate a bathtub by natural fiber.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Utilization of Fibers in Construction Industries for Properties Improvement o...ijsrd.com
Today Construction industries are facing problems of Cracking and Tensile strength problems, for that we have to add something in concrete to improve concrete in tensile way. For that Fiber is most commonly used in construction industries. In this present study we have try to aware people about various types of Natural and Artificial Fiber like Jute, Coir, Bamboo, Bagasse, Glass, Carbon, Steel Fibers with its properties and its application in various area. In this study we have also tried to give information regarding Fiber Reinforced Concrete with its application in Construction industries for Better Performances. So from this Paper a reader can get Knowledge about Properties of Various Fibers and Various Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Betterment of Construction industries.
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE - A COMPARATIVE EXPER...Journal For Research
Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The most important advantages are hindrance of macro-cracks’ development, delay in micro-cracks’ propagation to macroscopic level. In this project the flexural properties were studied for concrete prepared using different hybrid fibre combinations of glass fibres and polypropylene fibres. The volume fraction of the glass fibres and polypropylene fibres used in this study are 0.4% and 0.5% of total volume of concrete. The flexural properties were studied using centre point loading method on beam specimens. The objective of this study is to evaluate flexural strength of fibre reinforced concrete with respect to different combination of glass fibres and polypropylene fibres. It is observed that quantity of fibres both glass fibres and polypropylene fibres play significant role in increment flexural properties of concrete.
STUDIES ON METAKAOLIN BASED BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This paper investigates the effect of using high reactivity metakaolin on the properties of
Banana fiber reinforced concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength, and Impact resistance test were investigated. HRM content used in this study was 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of Banana fibers by volume of concrete.
The results indicated that the reference reinforced concrete with 2% Banana fibers by volume
showed a significant increase in Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
and impact resistance, the percentage increase after 28-day relative to reference concrete were
29.6% , 30.7% and 179% respectively.
The results also showed that the incorporation of 15% HRM as a partial replacement by weight
of cement with 0.5% Banana fibers showed considerable improvement, the percentage increase in
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength and 2% of Banana fibre
showed improvement of Impact resistance test after 28-day compared to reference concrete were
12.3% , 46.8% , and 46.5% respectively .
Key words: Metakaolin, Compressive strength, Banana fiber, reinforced concrete
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
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networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
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Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
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transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 4 (March 2013), PP. 93-101
Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
Shibi Varghese1, Eldhose M Manjummekudiyil2, Arun Das3
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, MACE Kothamangalam, Ernakulam dist, Kerala, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, VJCET Vazhakulam, Ernakulam dist, Kerala, India
Abstract:- Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Apart from its excellent properties
concrete is very poor in tensile strength. To improve its tensile strength, fibers are added to concrete
which is known as fiber added concrete. In our study we focused on structural behaviour of coir fiber
added concrete. Coir is abundantly available at low cost in the tropical areas especially Kerala. In this
study coir fiber of aspect ratio 50 is randomly dispersed in M20 concrete for the preparation of 48
specimens. Two different varieties of concrete with different fiber cement ratio (0.5% and 1.5%) were
casted. The specimens were tested for its compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength and modulus of elasticity. From the test results obtained it can be seen that compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength are greater than those of PCC. The optimum
percentage f/c ratio may be occurring very near to 0.5%. From the cost benefit analysis coir fiber is
proved to be far economical than any other fibers for a strength comparable to that obtained for 0.5%
fiber cement ratio coir fiber added concrete. This study also focus on the comparative study among
presently using fiber added concrete which their structural strength and cost of production.
Keywords:- Coir Fiber Added Concrete; Aspect ratio; Fiber Cement Ratio; Splitting Tensile Strength;
Compressive Strength; Flexural Strength
I. INTRODUCTION
Construction industry has undergone a rapid change in the last century especially with the advancement
of different types of concrete. The advancement finds their position in the limitations of ordinary concrete.
Concrete with the development of technology has undergone several changes not in its composition, but also in
its performance and application. Apart from its excellent properties, concrete shows a rather low performance
when subjected to tensile stress. Even a simple concrete bar under bending conditions has zones with high
compressive as well as high tensile stresses. The traditional solution to this problem is reinforced concrete,
where reinforcing bars or prestressed steel bars inside the concrete elements are capable of absorbing the
appearing tensile stresses. Another rather recent development is steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). By
adding fibers while mixing the concrete, a so-called homogenous reinforcement is created. This does not notably
increase the mechanical properties before failure, but governs the post-failure behaviour. Thus, plain concrete,
which is a quasi-brittle material, is turned to the pseudo ductile fiber reinforced concrete. Fiber reinforced
concrete is a concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity.
There are different varieties of fiber reinforced concrete, like steel, glass, polymer, carbon etc. In this
study, we have focused on one variety of natural fiber i.e. coir which is very abundant in Kerala. Being the coir
fibers are very cheap, replacement of the presently used fibers is very economical. Commonly added fibers like
steel and polymer fibers require a series of processes before they can be used. These fibers are also costly and
increase the construction cost. Coir is abundant in Kerala and can be used in its natural form, without any
treatment. Moreover, coir is usually cheap and its use in the construction industry would promote small – scale
industries in a large way. The main objective of this work is to study the structural behaviour of natural fiber
(coir) – added concrete. This work aims to improve the ductility of concrete by adding coir in its natural form.
This study is expected to determine the maximum percentage by weight of coir to be added to the concrete to
get maximum performance. The tests conducted are compressive strength, the test on flexural strength by
conducting experiments on specimens by varying percentage of fiber content and the test on splitting tensile
strength. These test results are compared with standard results, available for steel fibers and polymer fiber –
added concrete.
II. OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND TYPE OF COIR
Coir is a versatile hard fiber obtained from the husk of coconut. Coir fibers are categorized in two ways.
One distinction is based on whether they are recovered from ripe or immature coconut husks. The husks of fully
ripened coconuts yield brown coir which is strong and highly resistant to abrasion, its method of processing also
protects it from the damaging ultraviolet component of sunlight. On the other hand, white coir comes from the
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2. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
husks of coconuts harvested shortly before they ripen. Actually light brown or white in color, this fiber is softer
and less strong than brown coir. Both brown and white coir consist of fibers ranging in length from 4-12 in (10-
30 cm). It is the only natural fiber resistant to salt water and it is highly resistant to abrasion. It is Strong and
nearly impervious to the weather.
Coir fiber is in great demand for its toughness, strength, resilience to dampness, rot resistance,
durability, natural resilience, porous, hygroscopic, biodegradable, renewable, recyclable etc. it can withstand
huge amount of weight and rubbing and recovers as soon as the weight is removed from it.
The coir fiber is one of the hardest natural fibers because of its high content of lignin. Coir is much more
advantageous in different application for erosion control, reinforcement and stabilization of soil and is preferred
to any other natural fibers. Of all natural fibers coir processes the greatest tearing strength, retained as such even
in very wet conditions. The chemical constituents have found to be cellulose, lignin, hemi cellulose and pectin.
Higher lignin content makes the fiber stiffer and tougher. The physical and chemical properties of coir are
shown in table 1 and 2. Coir fiber is much coarser than most of the other natural fibers. However, the extent of
elongation of coir is not approached by any of the best fiber and this fact is of greater advantage in its utilization
in the preparation of materials which are expected to with stand the stresses resulting from operation involving
repeated tension, bending and relaxation.
TABLE 1 TENSILE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS COIR FIBERS
Type of coir Diameter Peak Break
Fiber load(N) load(N)
Anjengo fiber 0.248 8.46 8.21
(retted)
Vycom fiber 0.236 6.85 6.77
(retted)
Brown fiber 0.218 6.72 6.55
(non retted)
Green Husk fiber 0.260 8.79 8.66
( non retted)
TABLE 2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COIR
Substances Percentage Properties Values
Lignin 45.84 Length of 10-30 cm
single fiber
Cellulose 43.44 Diameter 0.1-1.5
mm
Hemi- 0.25 Density 1.4 g/cc
cellulose
Pectins 3.00 Rigidity 1.8924
modulus dyne/cm2
Water 5.25 Breaking 30%
soluble elongation
Ash 2.22 Swelling in 5%
water
Porosity 40%
III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Materials Used
The common ingredients of fiber added concrete are cement, coarse and fine aggregates, fibers and
water. Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 conforming to IS 12269 was used for this study. This grade was
selected due to the fact that the available test results for different varieties of fibers are obtained after conducting
tests on this grade of cement. Locally available river sand has been used as the fine aggregate. Sand is collected
from the local market, was washed and dried before use. It was sieved using 4.75 mm sieve. Locally available
crushed granite aggregate of 20 mm downsize conforming to IS 383 was used. In the present investigation,
potable water was used for mixing and curing. The brown fiber, collected from the local market (Defibering
Unit, Industrial Estate, Angamaly, Kerala, India) was used for the study. It was manually cut into pieces of
approximate length 40 mm each. Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the length of the fiber used to the mean
lateral dimension (diameter) of the fiber. The coir fiber was cut into an approximate length of 40 mm so as to
obtain an aspect ratio of 50.
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3. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
Mix Proportion and Preparation of Specimen
The mix proportion used for the fibre added concrete is M 20. The ratio of mixing is 1:1.5:3. The water
cement ratio used for this concrete is 0.6. Fiber cement ratio (f/c) is the percentage by weight of the fibre added
to the weight of cement added in the concrete. The different fibre cement ratio used for the testing are 0.5% and
1.5%. The specimens are casted for the two fiber cement ratios 6 specimens for each experiment.
Hand mixing was employed for mixing. The cement and fine aggregate were properly mixed until it obtained a
uniform colour. Then the fibre was uniformly distributed to the mix. Then the coarse aggregate was added and
was distributed uniformly. Water was then added and mixed till it appeared to be homogeneous and of desired
consistency. Vibrators were used for the compaction. The casted specimens were marked. Specimens were
removed from the moulds after 24hours and kept submerged in fresh water for 28 days.
Slump test was conducted in the laboratory for determining the consistency of concrete confirming to
IS: 1199. The variation of slump with fiber cement ratio obtained from the slump test is furnished in the fig 1as
graph. This test is intended for measuring workability of concrete mix. As per IS : 456 Clause 7.1, if the slump
is less than 25mm, the degree of workability is very low and hence it can be used in blinding concrete, shallow
sections, pavements using pavers.
10
9 9
8.4
8
7
Slump(cm)
6 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Fiber cement ratio(%)
FIG,1 VARIATION OF SLUMP WITH F/C RATIO
Testing of Specimen
The test conducted on hardened concrete after 28 days of curing are compressive strength test on
concrete cubes, flexural strength test on concrete beam, splitting tensile strength test and modulus of elasticity
test in concrete cylinders.
Splitting Tensile Strength test is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the
loading surface of the compression testing machine and a load is applied without shock and increased
continuously at normal rate within the range 1.2N/mm2 – 2.4N/mm2 /min until the failure of cylinder along the
vertical diameter. The loading condition produces high compressive stresses immediately below the two
generators to which the load is applied. In order to reduce the magnitude of the high compressive stresses near
the application of the load, narrow packing strips of plywood are placed between the specimens and loading
platens of the testing machine. The measured splitting tensile strength of the specimen is calculated to the
nearest 0.05N/mm2.
Compressive Strength Test of cubes was carried out in a compression testing machine as per IS 516
guidelines. The load is applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 140
kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be
sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen is then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete
and any unusual features in the type of failure is be noted.
In Flexural Strength Test specimens stored in water at a temperature of 24° to 30°C for 48 hours before
testing and tested immediately on removal from the water whilst they are still in a wet condition. The load is
applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre stress increases at
approximately 7 kg/sq.cm/min. The appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in
the type of failure is noted. The flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the modulus of rupture.
Modulus of Elasticity test specimens consist of concrete cylinders 15.0 cm in diameter and 30.0 cm long. The
three test specimens for compressive strength are first tested in accordance with IS 516 and the average
compressive strength is recorded. Immediately on removing the cylinder or prism from the water and while it is
still in a wet condition, the extensometers is attached at the ends. The load is applied continuously and without
95
4. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
shock at a rate of 140 kg/sq.cm/min until an average stress of (C + 5) kg/sq.cm is reached, where C is one-third
of the average compressive strength of the cubes calculated to the nearest 5 kg/sq.cm. The load is maintained at
this stress for at least one minute and then reduced gradually to an average stress of 1.5 kg/sq.cm when
extensometer readings are taken. The load is applied a second time at the same rate until an average stress of (C
+ 1.5) kg/sq.cm is reached. The load is maintained at this figure while extensometer readings are taken. The load
is again be reduced gradually and readings again taken at 1.5 kg/sq.cm. The load is then be applied a third time
and extensometer readings taken at ten approximately equal increments of stress up to an average stress of (C +
1.5) kg/sq.cm.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Concrete mix of various fiber cement ratios that is 0.5% and 1.5% was made. Six specimens of
concrete cubes for compressive strength test, six beams for flexural strength test, twelve cylinders for splitting
tensile strength and six cylinders for modulus of elasticity test were casted, cured and tested for each fiber
cement ratio varieties. Some test results which are done earlier using various fibers in M20 concrete using 43
grade OPC is given below in table 3.
TABLE 3 STRENGTH COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FIBER ADDED CONCRETE [3]
Type of Volume Compressive Splitting tensile Modulus
fiber Fraction strength strength(N/mm2) of
2
(%) (N/mm ) rupture
(N/mm2)
Plain
Concrete 0 21.42 2.88 3.25
M 20
Steel 0.5 22.55 3.16 3.79
fiber 1.0 23.68 3.52 4.41
(ST3C) 1.5 26.42 3.87 4.82
Polymer 0.5 21.51 3.13 3.47
fiber 1.0 23.31 3.40 3.95
(Recron) 1.5 25.10 3.70 4.16
2.0 24.82 3.63 4.28
Glass 0.5 21.04 3.07 3.41
1.0 21.98 3.42 3.77
1.5 23.87 3.63 4.23
2.0 23.68 3.52 3.36
Jute 0.5 21.42 2.99 3.77
1.0 22.46 3.11 4.05
1.5 23.31 3.31 4.07
2.0 23.50 3.35 3.38
Splitting Tensile Strength
Twelve cylinders of sizes 150mm diameter and 300mm height were kept for each fiber cement ratio
tested in a compression testing machine as per IS 5816 - 1999 for determining split tensile strength and the test
results are shown in table 4
TABLE 4 SPLITTING TENSILE TEST RESULT OF COIR FIBER ADDED CONCRETE
Fiber cement Avg.Max.Load Splitting tensile
ratio (%) (tonnes) strength(N/mm2)
0.5 22.22 3.14
1.5 15.32 2.17
In general it can be seen that with increase in fiber content there is increase in tensile strength of
concrete. From the above table it is understood that the tensile strength increases up to 0.5% fiber cement ratio
then decreases. Figure 2 is the graph showing the variation of splitting tensile strength with fiber cement ratio.
Even after the splitting of the cylinder if we apply more load to the specimen the specimen will not break and
more over it take some more load. This may be due to the post cracking integrity of the fiber added concrete
while using coir fiber in the concrete. Split tensile strength of coir fiber added concrete is greater than plain
96
5. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
cement concrete by 9.03% for 0.5% fiber content variety. Increase in strength is because in fiber added concrete,
fiber bridges between concrete matrix which holds the matrix together. After matrix crack initiation, the stresses
are absorbed by bridging fibers, and the bending moments are redistributed. The concrete element does not fail
spontaneously when the matrix is cracked; the deformation energy is absorbed and the material becomes
pseudo-ductile. The split tensile strength of fiber added concrete is greater than that of plain cement concrete by
9.03% for coir fiber. Figure 3 shows the percentage increase of tensile strength of the concrete while using
different types of fibers.
From table 3 tensile strength of 0.5 % volume fraction of steel fiber added concrete is 3.16 N/mm 2, this
strength can be obtained by coir fiber added concrete of 0.5% f/c ratio. Tensile strength of coir fiber added
concrete of 0.5% f/c ratio is also comparable with other fiber added concrete.
3.5
Spliting tensile strength(N/mm2)
3.14
3 2.88
2.5
2.17
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Fiber cement ratio(%)
FIG. 2 VARIATION OF SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH WITH FIBER CEMENT RATIO
40
% Increase of tensile strength
Steel, 34.38
35 Polymer,
28.47 Glass,
30 26.04
25
20 Jute, 16.32
15
Coir, 9.03
10
5
0
Steel Polymer Glass Jute Coir
Types of fibers
FIG. 3 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF TENSILE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBERS
Compressive Strength
Six cubes of size 150x150x150 mm were tested in compression testing machine for each verity of fiber
cement ratio to determine the 28th day compressive strength of concrete. The specimens were tested as per IS
516 - 1959. The table V shows the Average compressive strength of sample cubes after 28 days for various f/c
ratio.
TABLE 5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT OF COIR FIBER ADDED CONCRETE
Fiber cement Avg.Max.Load Compressive
ratio (%) (tonnes) strength(N/mm2)
0.5 52.6 23.38
1.5 47.5 21.11
Concrete mix of f/c ratio 0.5% is showing an increase of 9.15% in compressive strength when
compared to that PCC. Figure 4 is the graph showing the variation of compressive strength with f/c ratio.
97
6. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
23.5
23.38
Compressive strength(N/mm2)
23
22.5
22
21.5 21.42
21.11
21
20.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Fiber cement ratio(%)
FIG. 4 VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH F/C RATIO
FIG. 5 CUBE AFTER COMPRESSION TEST
After the breaking load in compression test of the cube if we apply more load to the specimen the
specimen will not break and more over it take some more load. This may be due to bridging of the fibers in the
matrix causes the post cracking integrity of the fiber added concrete while using coir fiber in the concrete. The
figure 5 shows the cube specimen after compressive strength test.
The compressive strength increases for increase in f/c ratio up to 0.5% and then shows a decrease. The
increase in compressive strength is due to bridging of fibers within the matrix. The decrease in compressive
strength may be due to formation of weak zones by bundling of large amount of fibers in the matrix. Figure 6
shows the percentage increase of compressive strength of the concrete while using different types of fibers.
Tensile strength of 1.0 % volume fraction of steel fiber added concrete is23.68 N/mm2, this strength can be
obtained by coir fiber added concrete of 0.5% f/c ratio. To get the same compressive strength by using other
fibers we have to use more than 1.5% volume fraction.
% Increase of compressive strength
25 Steel, 23.34
Polymer,
20
17.18
15 Glass,
11.44
Jute, 9.71 Coir, 9.15
10
5
0
Steel Polymer Glass Jute Coir
Types of fibers
FIG. 6 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBERS
Flexural Strength Standard beam specimens of size 100x100x500 mm were used for finding flexural strength of
the concrete. Six of these specimens were kept for each f/c ratio and tested Universal testing machine as per IS:
516 - 1959 for determining flexural strength and the test results are shown in tables 6
98
7. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
TABLE 6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST RESULT OF COIR FIBER ADDED CONCRETE
Fiber cement Avg.Max.Load Flexural
ratio (%) (tonnes) strength(N/mm2)
0.5 1.19 4.75
1.5 1.08 4.32
The specimen of fiber content is showing an increase of 46.15% when compared to that of PCC. Figure
7 is the graph showing the variation of flexural strength with f/c ratio. Flexural strength of 1.5 % volume
fraction of steel fiber added concrete is 4.82 N/mm2, this strength can be obtained by coir fiber added concrete
of 0.5% f/c ratio. Maximum Flexural strength that can be achieved by other fiber added concrete is
comparatively lesser than coir fiber added concrete.
When PCC beam is subjected to bending test the breaking is suddenly at a particular load. But when
coir fiber added concrete beam is tested even after the breaking load the specimen did not break into two more
over it takes more load it may be due to the phenomenon called tension stiffening due to bridging of fibers
within the matrix. The fibers incorporated in the concrete matrix, bridges within the matrix which has positive
effect on tension stiffening effect. It is well known that after cracking the fibers between the cracks carries
tension and hence stiffness the response of a reinforced concrete member subjected to tension. This stiffening
effect, after cracking, is referred to as tension stiffening.
Figure 8 shows the percentage increase of flexural strength of the concrete while using different types of fibers.
5
4.75
4.5
4.32
Flexural strength(N/mm2)
4
3.5
3.25
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Fiber cement ratio (%)
FIG.7 VARIATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH WITH F/C RATIO
60
% increase in the flexural strength
Steel
Coir
48.31
50 46.15
40 Polymer Glass
31.69 30.15 Jute
30 25.23
20
10
0
Steel Polymer Glass Jute Coir
Types of fibers
FIG. 8 PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBERS
Modulus of Elasticity
Six cylinders of sizes 150mm diameter and 300mm height were casted for each fiber cement ratio.
These were tested in a compression testing machine as per IS: 516 - 1957 for determining the modulus of
elasticity and the test results are shown in the tables 7
TABLE 7 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF COMPOSITE
99
8. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
Fiber cement Avg. Modulus
ratio (%) N/mm2 (x104)
0.5 3.38
1.5 2.94
Modulus of elasticity of the coir fiber added concrete composite is more than that of the ordinary
concrete (2.236x104 for M20 concrete). Increase in the modulus of elasticity of the fiber added concrete may be
due to the tensile property of the fibers added to the concrete. Coir fibers have percentage elongation of 30%
which increases the modulus elasticity of the composite.
V. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
The cost benefit ratio for any work or test can be defined as the ratio of the cost needed to produce or
realize the benefit in required quantities to the corresponding benefit.
In this study, the benefit required is synonymous to the realization of maximum strength attained on
testing of the standard specimens, according to Indian Standard provisions, after 28 days of curing in water. The
maximum strength attained by the specimens is considered in terms of the splitting tensile strength and the
flexural strength on testing after 28 days of curing. After analyzing the test results from the figures and tables,
comparing them with the available test results for steel, polymer, glass and jute fiber added concretes, it can be
seen that the strengths obtained by 0.5% f/c ratio coir fiber added concrete and those obtained by 0.5% volume
fraction steel, polymer, glass and jute fiber added concretes are comparable. The extra cost required for the
production of one cubic meter fiber added concrete is calculated. It can be seen that for getting same splitting
tensile strength using different types of fibers the cost for the coir fiber added concrete is very less compared to
the other fiber added concrete. The cost analysis is shown in the graph as figure 9.
12000
Steel
Cost of fiber for 1 cubic metre
9773
10000
concrete (in Rs.)
8000
6000
4000
Glass Polymer
1599 1690
2000 Coir Jute
18.18 56.25
0
Coir Jute Glass Polymer Steel
Types of Polymer
FIG.9 COST OF FIBER FOR 1 CUBIC METER FIBER ADDED CONCRETE
From the graph it is clear that cost for producing coir fiber added concrete to get strength as that for other fiber
added concrete is negligible which means it is far cost effective than other fiber added concrete.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
From this study it can be seen that coir fibers can be effectively used in concrete to increase the tensile
strength, flexural strength etc. Splitting tensile strength of the ordinary concrete was increased while adding coir
fiber to the concrete. The maximum tensile strength that can be obtained by coir fiber added concrete may be
very near to 3.14 N/mm2 which is about 9% more than the ordinary concrete. This strength is obtained when
fiber cement ratio is 0.5% while the same strength can be obtained by adding 0.5 volume fraction of steel fibers
into the ordinary concrete.
Compressive strength of the coir fiber added concrete also increases with increase in the fiber content
to a maximum value and then decreases. Compressive strength is never decreased by the addition of the coir into
the concrete. A 9.15 % increase in the compressive strength is obtained as maximum increase for the f/c ratio of
0.5%, Which is Comparable with 1.0% volume fraction of Steel fiber added concrete.
Flexural strength of the ordinary concrete increased up to 4.75 N/mm2 by the addition of coir fiber into the
concrete with 0.5% f/c ratio which shows an increase of 46.15 % in flexural strength which comparable to steel
fiber added concrete whose increase percentage is 48%.
Modulus of elasticity of the coir fiber added concrete composite is higher than the ordinary concrete.
Modulus of elasticity is increased up to 3.384x 10 4 N/mm2 for the f/c ratio of 0.5%. This increase in modulus of
elasticity may be due to the growth of cement hydration products with in the hollow cellulose fibers which lead
to excessive fiber to matrix bonding. Increase in the modulus of elasticity is may be due to the tension stiffening
behaviour of fiber added concrete. As the modulus of elasticity increases the tension stiffening by fibers also
increases.
100
9. Structural Behaviour of Coir Fiber Added Concrete
Strength of the coir fiber added concrete increases with the fiber content at first and then it is reduced.
Maximum value for the compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength was obtained for the f/c ratio of
0.5%. So it can be inferred from the study that optimum f/c ratio of coir fiber to the concrete may be 0.5%.
Workability of the fresh concrete is getting reduced with the increase in the fiber content. But at the most
efficient f/c ratio that is f/c = 0.5% decrease in the slump value is very less.
Coir fiber added concrete very cost effective than any other fiber added concrete. Cost for the
production of coir fiber added concrete of strength equal to the strength obtained by 0.5% volume fraction of
steel fiber added concrete, polymer fiber added concrete and glass fiber added concrete is negligible.
From the testing of the specimen it can be seen that even after breaking load the concrete did not break more
over it took more and more load. This is due to the post cracking integrity of the fiber added concrete which is
the property of any fiber added concrete. It can be seen that the post failure integrity or post cracking strength
increases with increase in fiber content. But we can see that increase in fiber content beyond a limit will cause
decrease in strength of concrete. So the post failure behaviour and strength of concrete need to be compromised
for an optimum fiber cement ratio.
The increase in the strength may be due the bridging of fibers and redistribution of moments. The
splitting tensile strength and flexural strength increases as the fibers incorporated in the concrete matrix absorb
the deformation energy and make the fiber added concrete a pseudo ductile material to an extend.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The project carries the hallmark of untiring efforts and constant determination put in by a motley group
Sreejesh Sivan, Sarath Babu George, Nitin Antony Francis and Tumken Ete. We would like to thank Mr. U.C.
Sharma, Chairman, Central Coir Research Institute,(CCRI), Alapuzha, Kerala Mr. Ravi and Mrs. Lakshmi
Nair for having provided us with essential data and information, regarding the coir fiber, during our visit to the
CCRI.
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