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This study investigated the effects of depression and stress on cognitive functioning. The hypothesis was that individuals suffering from depression would have more impaired cognitive function than non-depressed individuals due to the effects of stress from depression. Participants completed cognitive tests and MRIs to examine brain activity and hippocampal volume. Results showed depressed individuals had worse memory and differences in brain activity compared to healthy participants, supporting the hypothesis that depression is associated with cognitive impairments from stress and changes in brain structure.
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Murray research proposal presentation
The study investigated the effects of depression and stress on cognitive functioning by examining brain scans and cognitive tests of participants. It hypothesized that individuals suffering from depression would be more likely to have impaired cognitive function due to stress caused by the disease. Participants completed a depression inventory and were split into dysphoric and nondysphoric groups. They then memorized words and took a cognitive test while their brain activity was analyzed via MRI scans. The study aimed to see if stress levels, cognitive performance, and hippocampal volume correlated between depressed and healthy participants.
Strategies for coping with stress
This file accompanies a Youtube clip which covers the manner in which 1: biofeedback, 2: relaxation & meditation, 3: exercise & 4: social support can help manage stress. See facebook page 'epsychvce.com' or twitter account 'psyccounting' for link.
Benefits of Meditation
Meditation provides numerous cognitive, intellectual, and emotional benefits. It improves school and work performance by reducing stress and improving decision-making. Regular meditation can increase intelligence and lead to higher brain integration, supporting creativity and problem-solving. Additional benefits include access to higher states of consciousness, positive emotions and well-being, and improved personal and professional relationships. Studies have demonstrated meditation's benefits for students, work efficiency, and marital satisfaction.
The psychology of relaxation
This document reviews research on the efficacy of relaxation training techniques like progressive relaxation, meditation, applied relaxation, and autogenic training in treating anxiety. The studies considered found that all of these relaxation methods proved effective in reducing anxiety for both clinical and non-clinical samples. The review supports using relaxation training as a standalone or supplemental treatment for anxiety disorders.
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Stress & Memory
Chronic stress can cause atrophy of the hippocampus through several mechanisms:
1. Elevated cortisol levels from chronic stress damage neurons in the hippocampus, impairing memory formation and long-term potentiation.
2. Chronic stress decreases neurogenesis and the normal branching of neurons in the hippocampus. This neuronal loss and atrophy has been observed in the hippocampus of individuals with depression, PTSD, and Cushing syndrome.
3. The atrophy and neuronal damage to the hippocampus from chronic stress and elevated cortisol impairs explicit memory and is often irreversible according to studies of the brain structure.
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Research Proposal:
THESIS: “Does memory self-efficacy (as monitored and diagnosed by a professional) play a positive role in effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in stroke patients.”
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Murray research proposal presentation
The study investigated the effects of depression and stress on cognitive functioning by examining brain scans and cognitive tests of participants. It hypothesized that individuals suffering from depression would be more likely to have impaired cognitive function due to stress caused by the disease. Participants completed a depression inventory and were split into dysphoric and nondysphoric groups. They then memorized words and took a cognitive test while their brain activity was analyzed via MRI scans. The study aimed to see if stress levels, cognitive performance, and hippocampal volume correlated between depressed and healthy participants.
Strategies for coping with stress
This file accompanies a Youtube clip which covers the manner in which 1: biofeedback, 2: relaxation & meditation, 3: exercise & 4: social support can help manage stress. See facebook page 'epsychvce.com' or twitter account 'psyccounting' for link.
Benefits of Meditation
Meditation provides numerous cognitive, intellectual, and emotional benefits. It improves school and work performance by reducing stress and improving decision-making. Regular meditation can increase intelligence and lead to higher brain integration, supporting creativity and problem-solving. Additional benefits include access to higher states of consciousness, positive emotions and well-being, and improved personal and professional relationships. Studies have demonstrated meditation's benefits for students, work efficiency, and marital satisfaction.
The psychology of relaxation
This document reviews research on the efficacy of relaxation training techniques like progressive relaxation, meditation, applied relaxation, and autogenic training in treating anxiety. The studies considered found that all of these relaxation methods proved effective in reducing anxiety for both clinical and non-clinical samples. The review supports using relaxation training as a standalone or supplemental treatment for anxiety disorders.
Our Brain on Stress
An overview of the physiology and neurobiology connected to acute and chronic stress. Intended audience is for those who work with farming families who are dealing with stress and critical decision making. For more information, see: www.agsafety.info
Stress & Memory
Chronic stress can cause atrophy of the hippocampus through several mechanisms:
1. Elevated cortisol levels from chronic stress damage neurons in the hippocampus, impairing memory formation and long-term potentiation.
2. Chronic stress decreases neurogenesis and the normal branching of neurons in the hippocampus. This neuronal loss and atrophy has been observed in the hippocampus of individuals with depression, PTSD, and Cushing syndrome.
3. The atrophy and neuronal damage to the hippocampus from chronic stress and elevated cortisol impairs explicit memory and is often irreversible according to studies of the brain structure.
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thesis presentation
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Meditation has numerous benefits for both physical and mental health according to recent studies. Research has found that long-term meditators have more grey matter volume in the brain as they age, helping to preserve brain function. Meditation also reduces activity in the brain's "default mode network", lowering self-centered thoughts. Studies show meditation can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety similar to antidepressants. Regular meditation has been shown to improve concentration and attention as well as reduce stress and anxiety. It may also help with conditions like addiction by strengthening self-control areas of the brain. Introducing meditation and yoga into schools can benefit students by helping them better manage stress.
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- Data and figures should be visualized through graphs instead of just listing numbers. Stick to a consistent brand style and colors instead of mixing different styles. Keep designs simple with one idea per slide and one illustrative image.
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This presentation along with a literature review of the same topic was my final project for my Advanced General Psychology capstone class at Argosy University. I am very passionate and interested in combination therapy and contextual therapeutic methods rather than the more common medical approach to treating depression. The therapeutic alliance and therapeutic process itself has substantial healing capabilities. Contextual treatments are more difficult to measure and less readily available than medical treatment. This presentation explores the issue.
ADAA Poster_MUH_NRF_03_28_16
1) The study examined whether symptom change in computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) for depression is mediated by changes in cognitive skills, and whether dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity as measured by pupil reactivity moderates this process.
2) The results found that symptom change was partially mediated by acquisition of cognitive skills, and that pupil reactivity moderated the effect of treatment on skill acquisition, such that those with low-moderate pupil reactivity showed greater skill improvements.
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This document compares Western and Ayurvedic approaches to treating post-traumatic stress disorder caused by motor vehicle accidents. It summarizes research on cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, finding the latter more effective. It also discusses Ayurvedic treatments focusing on balancing vata dosha. The ideal treatment would combine EMDR therapy with panchakarma cleansing treatments and regular yoga practices tailored to each individual.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
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Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADD/ADHD, but about 60-65% of cases persist into adulthood. Short-acting stimulants have the highest abuse potential, with 46% of adults with ADHD using them and nearly 80% of patients abusing them. There is interest in alternative treatments due to concerns about side effects and stigma of behavioral therapy. Recent research has investigated brain training games to improve cognition, with some studies finding they can enhance memory, attention, and executive functions in both young and old. The proposed study will examine whether brain training games targeted at improving attention are effective for adults with ADD/ADHD by comparing pre- and post-training Stroop test attention scores between those
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Meditation has numerous benefits for both physical and mental health according to recent studies. Research has found that long-term meditators have more grey matter volume in the brain as they age, helping to preserve brain function. Meditation also reduces activity in the brain's "default mode network", lowering self-centered thoughts. Studies show meditation can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety similar to antidepressants. Regular meditation has been shown to improve concentration and attention as well as reduce stress and anxiety. It may also help with conditions like addiction by strengthening self-control areas of the brain. Introducing meditation and yoga into schools can benefit students by helping them better manage stress.
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acs_vulnerabilities_Karlie
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Hans Selye first coined the term "stress" in 1936 to refer to the body's non-specific response to demands for change. There are various definitions of stress, including the body's reaction to adjustments, demands placed on a person, or excessive pressures. Stress can be caused by factors like fear, worry, environmental pressures, fatigue, and overwork. Effects of stress depend on individual characteristics and can include physical and emotional impacts. Theories of stress include James-Lange's theory that physiological arousal leads to emotional interpretation, Cannon-Bard's view of simultaneous arousal and emotion, and cognitive appraisal theory where thinking determines the emotional response after an event.
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Similar to Murray completed research proposal presentation
Running Head DEPRESSION .docx
Running Head: DEPRESSION 1
DEPRESSION 3
Lana Eliot
Depression
Psychology 630
Professor Benton
August 25, 2018
Many people throughout the world experience some type of depression in their lives and it is one of the most common mental disorders. The current statistic show that depression is linked to genetic, environmental, biological and is also psychological. Depression can ben found with any age person. A small child or an adult may have to deal with the depression that is affecting them. Chemical imbalances in the brain is the leading cause for a person dealing with the depressive order. The neurotransmitter is the what we call the communicator between the brain and the limbic system. Researchers study the limbic system in the brain as this is where depression starts; especially for anxiety and stress. The 3 major neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine all have direct relations with a persons’ depression and anxiety.
Serotonin plays a crucial role in our brain. It is associated with many physical actions that we may portray. The actions associated with serotonin are mood altering, sleeping patterns, eating disorders, and aggression. If a persons’ serotonin levels decrease, they may experience these depressive symptoms. This can also make persons have a feeling of self-worth and suicidal feelings.
Another transmitter in the brain which is associated with the depressive disorder is dopamine. This is the part of the brain that deals with our motivation and how we gain the feeling of self-worth and self-pleasure. Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. One main cause of depression is the reduction in the concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. The decrease in the concentration of these neurotransmitters leads to disturbed neuronal signal processing which leads to alterations in the structure of the neuronal networks. These basic changes are accepted to be one of the fundamental purposes behind sorrow. The emergence of neuroimaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional fMRI, established the importance of the ‘neurocircuit of emotion’ which has been expanded to include other important brain areas and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These brain sites and their connections, which have been widely studied, are responsible for maintaining emotional stability and their malfunction is considered central to the pathophysiology of depression (Palazidou, E., 2012).
Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison,.
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Running head PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER .docx
Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 1
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 6
Psychiatric Disorder
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Course Title
Date
Psychiatric disorder
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders found in the world. Current studies indicate that depression may result from genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. People of all ages are susceptible to depression but the elderly are at a high risk than the young. In the brain, depression starts with simple chemical imbalances. Communication within the brain and to and fro the rest of the body is via the chemical transmitter, known as neurotransmitters. The brain limbic system has been a key interest for many researchers as it comes to anxiety, stress and depression. There exists relationship between depression and the functioning of three primary neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with the control of many crucial bodily operations such as aggression, sleeping, sexual behavior, mood, and eating. The production of serotonin is in the serotonergic neurons. Some people are likely to suffer depression with a drop in the production of serotonin in the neurons. The resultant mood is one that is more particularly associated with individuals feeling suicidal.
Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison, people who lives have been marred with a recurrence of depressive episodes possess lesser norepinephrinergic neurons unlike those who have not had depressive history. Norepinephrine assist our bodies detect and respond to stressful instances. People who are susceptible to depression have a norepinephrinergic system which does not take care of the effects of stress very efficiently.
Dopamine is another chemical transmitter in the brain associated with depression. The neurotransmitter plays a critical part in controlling our motivation to seek out reward, also the ability to get a sense of pleasure. Low levels of dopamine may partly explain as to why some individuals suffering from depression do not get the same pleasure sense from people are activities that they used to before falling into depression.
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Running Head BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE1Running Head BACKGR.docx
Running Head: BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 1
Running Head: BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE 1
Background and Significance
Lana Eliot
Psychology 625
Professor Weniger
July 29, 2018
Specific Aims:
The effect of stress on human beings is terrible that leads them to different diseases. The stress comes from environment and change in human behavior. Stress profoundly impacts or minds that leads to damages of prefrontal cortex which plays a prominent role in cognition (Andrew Holmesa, 2010 ). The cognitive abilities of a human being the effect a lot in the presences of stress. That leads to mood swings, schizophrenia and anxiety disorder. Hence, numerous studies are carried out on the stress-induced cognitive abilities (Joëls, 2006).
Intense stress and even the minor stress is responsible for changes in cognition impairment. It is responsible for significant changes in the remodeling of neurons. It also brings changes in neuronal morphology and effects the working memory of human beings (Luine, 1994). This study demonstrates that how stress-induced cognitive impairment affects the different areas of the brain (Maroun, 2008). The impact of stress on the human brain is studied under molecular basis induced changes. There is numerous significance of this study that includes how the brain is affected by stress and what stress causes cognition problems. It will further demonstrate how molecular basis changes the prefrontal cortex. It also gives details about pathophysiology and its association with dysfunction in neuropsychiatric diseases. Further strategies will also have introduced for its treatment that helps in overcoming stress-induced cognitive impairments.
Background
Stress have destructive effects on human. These results are related to all internal and external development of human body and mind. Humans are exposed to multiple stressors in their daily routine that leads to severe problems. When the human body is exposed to stress at that time that time, they did notice that how this stress affects them. But later, when they are more frequently exposed to stress they feel changes in their behavior and brain as well. Mood swings and unpredicted behavior of humans are the results of this stress. As well as the brain is concerned, stress disturbs the chemical balance that restricts brains from performing their ordinary functions. Most importantly it affects the cognition problems in humans. They more frequently started to forget about different things that they did not realize initially. But with the passage of time when these things get severe, they know that how this stress negatively affect this stress. Furthermore, stress is the only factors that induce cognition and learning problems in humans.
Bondi et al. (2007) conducted a study on chronic unpredictable stress that induces cognitive deficit as well as anxiety problems. Keeping in view the aim of this study, he experiments on rats where he injected the chronic antidepr ...
Scientifi c Journal of Depression & Anxiety
This research article examines whether a questionnaire measure of executive function (EF) can predict treatment outcomes for anxiety and depression following cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). 206 outpatients with major depression or an anxiety disorder completed the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) to assess EF before undergoing group CBT. The DEX-R measures EF across factors of inhibition, volition, and social regulation. Higher DEX-R scores indicate greater executive dysfunction. Results showed that executive dysfunction predicted concurrent anxiety and depression symptoms after controlling for comorbidity. Specifically, inhibition predicted anxiety and volition predicted depression. Executive dysfunction also predicted post-treatment anxiety symptoms but not depression following CBT. The study concludes that EF deficits are associated
Scientifi c Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results.
Scientific Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians.
How is Meditation Helpful for Mood Disorders
Meditation can help treat mood disorders like depression and anxiety by impacting the brain in several ways:
1. It increases gray matter in areas involved in cognition and emotion regulation over time.
2. It stimulates the prefrontal cortex and posterior cortical midline structures, brain regions linked to emotional regulation and self-awareness.
3. Studies found mindfulness meditation and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety when practiced consistently.
East Meets West
This document discusses East meets West neuroscience and meditation. It provides biographical information on Dr. Freddy Starr and his experience with meditation. It then summarizes various studies that have examined the physiological and brain-based effects of meditation, finding things like increased cortical thickness, changes in functional connectivity in brain regions, and different patterns of brain activity during different types of meditation like loving-kindness meditation.
Role of Stress in Information Processing and Decision Making, an overview
Stress can negatively impact cognitive processes like learning and memory through its effects on brain structures and physiology. Chronic stress is particularly harmful. Stress activates the HPA axis causing the release of cortisol which initially provides energy but prolonged high cortisol levels can damage the brain. fMRI images show brain regions like the default mode network, dorsal attention network, and visual network display greater activity in stressed individuals compared to controls. Stress can impair memory encoding, storage and retrieval. It can bias information processing towards negative information and hamper decision making by depleting prefrontal cortex resources needed for reasoned decisions. Trauma and stressor related disorders like PTSD and adjustment disorder can develop from excessive stress. Stress is also implicated in the onset and exacerbation of
London iCAAD 2019 - Daniel Souery - A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC APPROACH FOR PSYCHIATRI...
Diagnostic approaches applied in psychiatry are often criticized and deemed unsatisfactory because of their relative lack of reliability and validity. One reason for this complexity lies in the purely symptomatic approach to diagnosis. This approach also results in misdiagnosis, difficulties and high risk of aberrant therapeutic choices. The problem is also the source of great difficulty in differentiating the normal from the pathological in situations of emotional and psychological distress that should not be the subject of a psychiatric diagnosis.
Meditation pnas 2
1) The study investigated differences in brain activity and connectivity between experienced meditators and non-meditators during different types of meditation.
2) They found that regions associated with the default mode network, including the medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices, were less active in experienced meditators across all meditation types.
3) Experienced meditators also showed stronger functional connectivity between regions involved in self-monitoring and cognitive control both at baseline and during meditation.
Presentation2
This study investigated and compared the executive functions of university students with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms to those of healthy students. 448 students were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and tests of selective attention, shifting attention, and cognitive abilities. Results found no significant differences in selective and shifting attention among the groups. Healthy students performed better on tests of cognitive abilities and decision-making than students in the other groups. Their sustained attention was only better than those with anxiety. The study concluded executive functions are impacted by depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.
luisetto m et al mindset kinetics and some depression status a new quantitati...
luisetto m et al mindset kinetics and some depression status a new quantitati...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
The document discusses depression from the perspective of mindset kinetics and biochemical/toxicological factors. It proposes that depression may be related to the amount and quality of negative thinking, and how the brain/mind responds to and manages stress over time. The document suggests applying concepts from fields like biochemistry (e.g. kinetics, saturation limits) to better understand phenomena like depression. It argues that depression should be viewed as influenced by multiple interacting factors beyond just neurotransmitters, and that historical and social factors may influence what is considered a mental disorder.Psychotherapy the biological dimension
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
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Murray completed research proposal presentation
- 1. The Effects of Depression and Stress on Cognitive Functioning in Humans Samantha Tobin
- 2. Research Question Is depression associated with memory problems?
- 5. each individual’s cognitive function and also analyze images of the brain
- 6. Is there any correlation between the participant’s responses and hippocampalvolume?
- 8. Methods Participants Have a random population complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Scores below 7= nondysphoric (“healthy”) Score above 11 = dysphoric (high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms) Materials Beck Depression Inventory Cognitive test 3.0 Testa Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) Procedure BDI test: split into two groups (dysphoric and nondysphoric), memorize words and complete cognitive test. MRI scan: Compare the brain activity in depressed vs. healthy participants Statistical Analyses Difference scores: subtract participants delayed recall scores from immediate recall scores and compare the difference between the four groups (depressed/healthy and delayed/immediate recall)
- 9. Relevance Connects the previously distinct findings of effects of stress and depression on the brain and cognitive function Importance Understanding Depression
Editor's Notes
- PURPOSEto investigate the different levels of stress that the brain is subjected to and to what extent this stress affects the cognitive functioning in healthy versus clinically depressed people.study will test each individual’s cognitive function and also analyze images of the brain Is there any correlation between the participant’s responses and hippocampal volume. examine the long-term effects of stress
- One’s ability to understand and recall information and behavior has been linked to the level of stress that individual is subjected to.Moderate, healthy amounts of this hormone have been suggested to actually benefit the function of the brain (coping)smaller grey matter volume in [the] obitofrontal cortex, a reduction of hippocampal volume, and deficits of grey matter in temporal and parietal cortex -ZouInhibits ability to recover from stress and impairs memory
- Apart from being depressed, the participants in the two groups were comparable in age, sex, race, and level of education. All participants were physicallyhealthyand had no family history of mental illness and showed no signs of a neurodegenerative disorder, head injury, history of stroke or substance abuse MATERIALSCog test = memorize 10 neutral wordsPROCEDURE (immediate/ delayed recall)STAT ANALYS 4 groups= depressed1 vs depressed 2, depressed 1 vs not, depressed 2 vs not 2, not1 vs not 2. depressed people should have a higher difference bc over time their memory deteriorates Have participants take BDI test again and eliminate those who’s scores changed significantly