Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.12
ABSTRACT- Mucocele is a commonly found benign, mucus-containing cystic lesion of the minor salivary gland caused
due to the damage or blocking of the glands. The damaged duct causes the saliva to build up and a cyst like swelling
ensues. Histologically they are of two types: Extravasation cyst and Retention cyst. Clinically they present themselves as
soft, bluish and transparent cyst like swelling especially on the lower lip. This case report presents a case of a 35 year old
male patient reporting with a soft bluish swelling on the inside of the lower lip. The history revealed the patients habit of
biting on the lower lip hence a differential diagnosis of mucocele, oral hemangioma, oral lympangioma, lipoma, and soft
tissue abscess was made. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed increase in amylase and protein content. A final
diagnosis was formulated as mucocele from the history of trauma, clinical features, and investigation (chemical analysis).
Complete excision of the lesion was done and sent for histopathological investigation which revealed a mucin-filled
cyst-like cavity beneath the mucosal surface. The patient was kept under observation for 3 months. The healing was
devoid of any scar formation commonly associated with such surgery’s. There was no recurrence of the cyst after 6
months. Alternative treatment modalities are cryosurgery, intralesional steroid injections. Key-words- Mucocele, Cyst, Salivary Retention, Salivary glands, Duct
ABSTRACT:- A mucocele is a mucus-containing benigncystic lesion of the minor salivary gland. Mostly they are two types based on histological features mucous retention cysts and mucous extravasation cysts; arise in the minor salivary glands as a result of mechanical damage to the gland or its duct. The common sites are on the mucosal aspect of the lower lip, particularly in patients with a deep overbite, and in the buccal mucosa posteriorly where an upper wisdom tooth is erupting buccally. Typically the patient presents with a history of recurrent swelling that develops over days or weeks, ruptures and then recurs after a few weeks. They may have a soft consistency, bluish, and transparent cystic swelling. The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the mucocele.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.12
ABSTRACT- Mucocele is a commonly found benign, mucus-containing cystic lesion of the minor salivary gland caused
due to the damage or blocking of the glands. The damaged duct causes the saliva to build up and a cyst like swelling
ensues. Histologically they are of two types: Extravasation cyst and Retention cyst. Clinically they present themselves as
soft, bluish and transparent cyst like swelling especially on the lower lip. This case report presents a case of a 35 year old
male patient reporting with a soft bluish swelling on the inside of the lower lip. The history revealed the patients habit of
biting on the lower lip hence a differential diagnosis of mucocele, oral hemangioma, oral lympangioma, lipoma, and soft
tissue abscess was made. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed increase in amylase and protein content. A final
diagnosis was formulated as mucocele from the history of trauma, clinical features, and investigation (chemical analysis).
Complete excision of the lesion was done and sent for histopathological investigation which revealed a mucin-filled
cyst-like cavity beneath the mucosal surface. The patient was kept under observation for 3 months. The healing was
devoid of any scar formation commonly associated with such surgery’s. There was no recurrence of the cyst after 6
months. Alternative treatment modalities are cryosurgery, intralesional steroid injections. Key-words- Mucocele, Cyst, Salivary Retention, Salivary glands, Duct
ABSTRACT:- A mucocele is a mucus-containing benigncystic lesion of the minor salivary gland. Mostly they are two types based on histological features mucous retention cysts and mucous extravasation cysts; arise in the minor salivary glands as a result of mechanical damage to the gland or its duct. The common sites are on the mucosal aspect of the lower lip, particularly in patients with a deep overbite, and in the buccal mucosa posteriorly where an upper wisdom tooth is erupting buccally. Typically the patient presents with a history of recurrent swelling that develops over days or weeks, ruptures and then recurs after a few weeks. They may have a soft consistency, bluish, and transparent cystic swelling. The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the mucocele.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
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Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Report
1. “Multiple unilateral submandibular duct calculi: A case report”.
Shermil Sayd1*
, Sreejith VP2
, Resmi Sankar3
, Chaitanya Harindranath4
, Navya Mukund5
,
1
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Kannur dental college, Anjarakandy, Kerala, India.
2
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kannur dental college, Anjarakandy, Kerala, India.
3
Resmi Sankar, PG Student , Post-graduate trainee, Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, Kannur Dental College, Anjara-
kandy, Kerala, India.
4
Chaitanya Harindranath, Post-graduate trainee, Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, Kannur Dental College, Anjara-
kandy, Kerala, India.
5
Navya Mukund, Post-graduate trainee, Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, Kannur Dental College, Kerala, India.
Volume 1 Issue 3- 2018
Received Date: 15 Sep 2018
Accepted Date: 15 Oct 2018
Published Date: 22 Oct 2018
1. Abstract
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority
of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and
chronic infections. Sialolith can be unilateral, bilateral, single or multiple. Depending on the
gland affected and stone location, there are various methods available for the management of
salivary stones or calculi. here we report case of multiple sialolith in Wharton duct.
Annals of Clinical and Medical
Case Reports
Citation: Sayd S, Multiple Submandibular Duct Calculi: A Case Report. Annals of Clinical and Medical Case
Reports. 2018; 1(3): 1-3.
United Prime Publications: http://unitedprimepub.com
*Corresponding Author (s): Shermil Sayd, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
Kunhitharuvai memorial charitable trust (KMCT) Dental College and Hospitals, India, Tel:
+919446230425; Fax: +91495 2294726; Email:shermil12@gmail.com
Case Report
2. Introduction
Sialolithiasis, the formation of calcific concretions in the salivary
duct of a major or minor salivary gland, is a common salivary
gland pathology. These calcifications usually develop in the duc-
tal system of the submandibular salivary gland, but can involve
the parotid gland and, infrequently the ducts of sublingual or mi-
nor salivary glands. 1 The size of salivary calculi may vary from
less than 1 mm to a few centimeters in size, with most cases being
less than 10 mm in size.2 Although large and multiple sialoliths
have been reported in the salivary glands, they have been rarely
reported in the salivary duct.2 Here we are reporting a case of
multiple Wharton duct sialolithiasis.
3. Case Report
A 40-year-old male reported to our out-patient department with
a chief complaint of pain beneath the left side of the tongue for
the past 3 months. History revealed that the pain was slow in
onset, dull aching, intermediate and moderate in intensity. He
reported that the pain has been progressive since its onset and got
aggravated during meals, especially while having sour food, fol-
lowed by a period of self regression. No history of radiating pain
and other associated symptoms were provided by the patient. On
inspection, multiple dome-shaped swellings were noted on the
left side floor of the mouth (Fig 1). Among the two swellings, the
larger one measured approximately 0.5×0.5 cm at its greatest di-
mension. Anteroposteriorly, swelling extended from the lingual
Figure 1: Pre-operative view.
frenum towards the 36 region. The surface of the swellings and
the surrounding mucosa appeared normal. The swellings were
tender, hard in consistency, non-fluctuant, non-compressible,
non-reducible, and not fixed to any underlying structures. Based
on the history reported by the patient and clinical findings, pro-
visional diagnosis of left submandibular gland sialolithiasis was
made.
Figure 2: Occlusal View of the lesion.
Mandibular occlusal radiograph and ultrasonography (USG)
followed by routine hematological examinations were suggest-
3. References
1. Louis Mandel, Salivary Gland Disorders, Dent Clin N Am 55 (2011)
121–140.
2. Krishnappa BD. Multiple submandibular duct (Wharton’s duct) cal-
culi of unusual size and shape. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2008 Sep; 60(3):287-8.
3. Harold D. B, Submandibular Salivary Stones, Current Management
Modalities J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62:369-378, 2004.
4. Nahlieli O, Eliav E, Hasson O, et al: Pediatric sialolithiasis. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 6:709, 2000.
5. Epivatianos A, Harrison JD, Dimtiou T (1987) Ultrastructural and
histochemical observations on micro calculi in chronic submandibular
sialadenitis. J Oral Pathol 16:514–517.
6. Sherman JA, McGurk (2000) Lack of correlation between water hard-
ness and salivary calculi in England. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38:50–53
7. Yoshimura Y, Inoue Y, Odagawa T. Sonographic examination of
sialolithiasis.J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 47: 907-12.
8. Marmary Y. A novel and non-invasive method for the removal of sali-
vary gland stones.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;15:585–7.
9. June Sik Park, Jin Ho Sohn, and Jeong Kyu Kim, Factors influencing
intraoral removal of submandibular calculi,Otolaryngology–Head and
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