This document provides frequently asked questions and answers about multicast technology. Multicast allows efficient delivery of data from one source to multiple destinations by replicating packets only where paths diverge. It provides benefits for content providers and network infrastructure compared to unicast. While limitations remain from lack of universal support, applications such as streaming media are well-suited to multicast and it allows more efficient usage of bandwidth resources.
Implementing multicast communication system making use of an existing data ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
New technical architectures and deployment models for radio productionRyan Jespersen
In this presentation Ryan Jespersen, VP Marketing at Jutel, discusses new technical architectures and deployment models for radio production available with RadioMan 6.
The presentation discusses the web-native technologies and architecture that enables RadioMan to be deployed in a virtual private cloud, public cloud like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure or Google Compute Engine, or a hybrid deployment with physical and virtual machines.
Advances in IPv6 in Mobile Networks Globecom 2011John Loughney
IPv6 is ready, IPv6 is being deployed. This presentation gives an update on how to use IPv6 in mobile and cellular networks. This provides an update on IPv6 usage in mobile networks. It gives recommendations on what areas are under development and references documents for more details.
Implementing multicast communication system making use of an existing data ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
New technical architectures and deployment models for radio productionRyan Jespersen
In this presentation Ryan Jespersen, VP Marketing at Jutel, discusses new technical architectures and deployment models for radio production available with RadioMan 6.
The presentation discusses the web-native technologies and architecture that enables RadioMan to be deployed in a virtual private cloud, public cloud like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure or Google Compute Engine, or a hybrid deployment with physical and virtual machines.
Advances in IPv6 in Mobile Networks Globecom 2011John Loughney
IPv6 is ready, IPv6 is being deployed. This presentation gives an update on how to use IPv6 in mobile and cellular networks. This provides an update on IPv6 usage in mobile networks. It gives recommendations on what areas are under development and references documents for more details.
Deploy ultra low latency at a massive scale with sub-three-second end-to-end latency for audiences as big as you can assemble. Shorten the first and last mile with distribution of datacenters, POPs and nodes across the globe.
Leverage innovative technologies to dramatically reduce time-to-first-frame and provide consistent, low-latency user experience across devices and apps.
Provide intelligent load-balancing and scaling to immediately provide the streaming resources needed to deliver reliable, consistent, ultra low latency viewing experiences to audiences of any size, everywhere.
Enable unprecedented visibility, insight and control throughout the entire streaming workflow, from ingest to playback—allowing you to anticipate, tune and optimize your workflow.
Designing LoRaWAN networks for dense IoT deploymentsActility
LoRaWAN has recently emerged as one of the key radio technologies to address the challenges of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) deployments, namely power efficiency, long range, scalable deployments and cost effectiveness. LoRaWAN architecture is like cellular system in which devices communicate directly with a central node. LoRaWAN provides different communication options (center frequency, spreading factor, bandwidth and coding rates) to facilitate simultaneous transmissions.
In this paper, we develop an uplink multi-cell model for LoRaWAN capacity and then validate it with system simulations. These studies are based on inputs from real-world Actility world-wide deployments of LoRaWAN with leading Tier-1 carriers such as Comcast, Enforta, KPN, NTT, Orange, Proximus, SoftBank or Swisscom, or large cities such as the city of Shanghai (with partners such as FoxConn group and OPG).
We show in this paper how quasi-orthogonal spreading factors, macro diversity, power control, retransmissions and Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) techniques are the key to scale LoRaWAN dense multi- cell deployments and to ensure consistent QoS (Quality of Service) in presence of increasing traffic as usage of LoRaWAN and ISM band networks in general grows.
We highlight the fact that LoRaWAN capacity scales very gracefully with densification of gateways, but the key to achieving this capacity lies in the network server algorithms that are proprietary and not part of the LoRaWAN standard.
We also show how the simplicity of LoRaWAN leads to ultra-low power consumption and ease of deployment for end nodes. However, this simplicity of protocol needs to be compensated by advanced algorithms for network management in the network server to meet the needs of the IoT deployments. Finally, we conclude the paper with the case study for operator use cases and show how densification leads to dramatic reduction in TCO for both operator and enterprises.
Qualcomm is elevating its role as a market leader by bringing breakthrough concepts to LTE’s evolution. We believe that the next significant performance leap will come from heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, which bring the network closer to the user through low-power nodes such as pico and femto-cells. LTE Advanced uses adaptive interference management techniques to further improve the capacity and coverage of these HetNets. There by, ensuring fairness among users and an enhanced mobile experience, especially for those users at the cell edge. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to leverage ultra wide bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting very high data rates.
Network Configuration Example: Configuring a Dual Stack That Uses NDRA and DH...Juniper Networks
This NCE describes how service providers can implement IPv4 and IPv6 dual stack in a Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) subscriber access network. It also provides a step-by-step configuration example for configuring a dual stack that uses Neighbor Discovery Router Advertisement (NDRA) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) prefix delegation over PPPoE.
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Deploy ultra low latency at a massive scale with sub-three-second end-to-end latency for audiences as big as you can assemble. Shorten the first and last mile with distribution of datacenters, POPs and nodes across the globe.
Leverage innovative technologies to dramatically reduce time-to-first-frame and provide consistent, low-latency user experience across devices and apps.
Provide intelligent load-balancing and scaling to immediately provide the streaming resources needed to deliver reliable, consistent, ultra low latency viewing experiences to audiences of any size, everywhere.
Enable unprecedented visibility, insight and control throughout the entire streaming workflow, from ingest to playback—allowing you to anticipate, tune and optimize your workflow.
Designing LoRaWAN networks for dense IoT deploymentsActility
LoRaWAN has recently emerged as one of the key radio technologies to address the challenges of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) deployments, namely power efficiency, long range, scalable deployments and cost effectiveness. LoRaWAN architecture is like cellular system in which devices communicate directly with a central node. LoRaWAN provides different communication options (center frequency, spreading factor, bandwidth and coding rates) to facilitate simultaneous transmissions.
In this paper, we develop an uplink multi-cell model for LoRaWAN capacity and then validate it with system simulations. These studies are based on inputs from real-world Actility world-wide deployments of LoRaWAN with leading Tier-1 carriers such as Comcast, Enforta, KPN, NTT, Orange, Proximus, SoftBank or Swisscom, or large cities such as the city of Shanghai (with partners such as FoxConn group and OPG).
We show in this paper how quasi-orthogonal spreading factors, macro diversity, power control, retransmissions and Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) techniques are the key to scale LoRaWAN dense multi- cell deployments and to ensure consistent QoS (Quality of Service) in presence of increasing traffic as usage of LoRaWAN and ISM band networks in general grows.
We highlight the fact that LoRaWAN capacity scales very gracefully with densification of gateways, but the key to achieving this capacity lies in the network server algorithms that are proprietary and not part of the LoRaWAN standard.
We also show how the simplicity of LoRaWAN leads to ultra-low power consumption and ease of deployment for end nodes. However, this simplicity of protocol needs to be compensated by advanced algorithms for network management in the network server to meet the needs of the IoT deployments. Finally, we conclude the paper with the case study for operator use cases and show how densification leads to dramatic reduction in TCO for both operator and enterprises.
Qualcomm is elevating its role as a market leader by bringing breakthrough concepts to LTE’s evolution. We believe that the next significant performance leap will come from heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, which bring the network closer to the user through low-power nodes such as pico and femto-cells. LTE Advanced uses adaptive interference management techniques to further improve the capacity and coverage of these HetNets. There by, ensuring fairness among users and an enhanced mobile experience, especially for those users at the cell edge. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to leverage ultra wide bandwidths up to 100 MHz, supporting very high data rates.
Network Configuration Example: Configuring a Dual Stack That Uses NDRA and DH...Juniper Networks
This NCE describes how service providers can implement IPv4 and IPv6 dual stack in a Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) subscriber access network. It also provides a step-by-step configuration example for configuring a dual stack that uses Neighbor Discovery Router Advertisement (NDRA) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) prefix delegation over PPPoE.
final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai", Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, Final Year Java Projects, Final Year ASP.NET Projects, Final Year VB.NET Projects, Final Year C# Projects, Final Year Visual C++ Projects, Final Year Matlab Projects, Final Year NS2 Projects, Final Year C Projects, Final Year Microcontroller Projects, Final Year ATMEL Projects, Final Year PIC Projects, Final Year ARM Projects, Final Year DSP Projects, Final Year VLSI Projects, Final Year FPGA Projects, Final Year CPLD Projects, Final Year Power Electronics Projects, Final Year Electrical Projects, Final Year Robotics Projects, Final Year Solor Projects, Final Year MEMS Projects, Final Year J2EE Projects, Final Year J2ME Projects, Final Year AJAX Projects, Final Year Structs Projects, Final Year EJB Projects, Final Year Real Time Projects, Final Year Live Projects, Final Year Student Projects, Final Year Engineering Projects, Final Year MCA Projects, Final Year MBA Projects, Final Year College Projects, Final Year BE Projects, Final Year BTech Projects, Final Year ME Projects, Final Year MTech Projects, Final Year M.Sc Projects, IEEE Java Projects, ASP.NET Projects, VB.NET Projects, C# Projects, Visual C++ Projects, Matlab Projects, NS2 Projects, C Projects, Microcontroller Projects, ATMEL Projects, PIC Projects, ARM Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, FPGA Projects, CPLD Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Electrical Projects, Robotics Projects, Solor Projects, MEMS Projects, J2EE Projects, J2ME Projects, AJAX Projects, Structs Projects, EJB Projects, Real Time Projects, Live Projects, Student Projects, Engineering Projects, MCA Projects, MBA Projects, College Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, M.Sc Projects, IEEE 2009 Java Projects, IEEE 2009 ASP.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 VB.NET Projects, IEEE 2009 C# Projects, IEEE 2009 Visual C++ Projects, IEEE 2009 Matlab Projects, IEEE 2009 NS2 Projects, IEEE 2009 C Projects, IEEE 2009 Microcontroller Projects, IEEE 2009 ATMEL Projects, IEEE 2009 PIC Projects, IEEE 2009 ARM Projects, IEEE 2009 DSP Projects, IEEE 2009 VLSI Projects, IEEE 2009 FPGA Projects, IEEE 2009 CPLD Projects, IEEE 2009 Power Electronics Projects, IEEE 2009 Electrical Projects, IEEE 2009 Robotics Projects, IEEE 2009 Solor Projects, IEEE 2009 MEMS Projects, IEEE 2009 J2EE P
Should live streaming video be a part of your strategy? Phil Bowyer
There was once a girl who had a submarine. She would float down the stre.am in search of her next adventure. One day, she raised the periscope on her fancy, kid sized submarine. What she saw was something amazing. It was a meerkat holding a video camera while chatting with friends on the shore. He looked very social and happy just hanging out with his buddies.
The girl couldn't believe what she was seeing. She wished she had friends, and a fancy video camera. As she floated down the river, she wondered if she should get a camera and live stream her video to everyone in the world. Maybe, just maybe, she could find some friends on-the-line, like those far away places with funny names like Twitter and Google Plus.
As her daydream took hold, the radio on the submarine crackled and popped. A voice gradually made it's way out of the static....
"This is the Rule Breaking Ideas show..."
This is the presentation that goes with my weekly radio show. Enjoy.
http://rulebreakingideas.com
Meerkat and Periscope: Is Live-Streaming Video Legal? by Kerry O’Shea GorgoneY'all Connect
Kerry O'Shea Gorgone
Y'all Connect Presented by Alabama Power
June 12, 2015
Birmingham, Alabama
For more: http://yallconnect.com/videos/kerry-oshea-gorgone-meerkat-and-periscope-is-live-streaming-video-legal/
Kerry O’Shea Gorgone: Apps like Meerkat and Periscope make it easy to live-stream video from any device, but should you? In this session, we’ll consider legal aspects of live-streaming, from copyright to privacy, and cover best practices for keeping your live-streaming broadcast legal.
Mobile Movies with HTTP Live Streaming (CocoaConf DC, March 2013)Chris Adamson
If your iOS app streams video, then you're going to be using HTTP Live Streaming. Between the serious support for it in iOS, and App Store rules mandating its use in some cases, there realistically is no other choice. But where do you get started and what do you have to do? In this session, we'll take a holistic look at how to use HLS. We'll cover how to encode media for HLS and how to get the best results for all the clients and bitrates you might need to support, how to serve that media (and whether it makes sense to let someone else do it for you), and how to integrate the HLS stream into your app.
Describe how to setup Darwin/VideoLAN/LIVE555/FFmpeg streaming media server.
The test target is MID(Mobile Internet Device) with Android Donut 1.6.
Also, it provide a method to add hints used in SDP for MP4 and 3GP media files.
7 essential lessons for successful live streaming by Tony Sprando & NewtekTony Sprando
LIVE STREAMING HOW TO TAKE YOUR
PRODUCTIONS INTO
REAL TIME, BIG TIME
7 essential lessons for successful live streaming
LIVE STREAMING IS BIG
(AND ONLY GETTING BIGGER)
We’re in the middle of a live-streaming revolution. If you’re a broadcast
or video professional, you’ll have been hard pressed to miss it. The evidence is everywhere—from the businesses, sports teams and other organizations making
it happen through to the analysts, bloggers and publications talking about it.
LESSON 1
THINK ABOUT
YOUR VIEWERS
LESSON 2 GET A POST-PRODUCTION
LOOK DURING PRODUCTION
LESSON 3 DRIVE GREATER ENGAGEMENT
LESSON 4 BUILD YOUR COMMUNITY
LESSON 5 MEASURE MORE TO
MONETIZE MORE
LESSON 6 CAN YOU DELIVER?
LESSON 7 EXPAND YOUR HORIZONS
THE TIME TO GO
LIVE IS NOW
Solving QoS multicast routing problem using aco algorithm Abdullaziz Tagawy
In IP multicasting messages are sent from the source node to all destination nodes. In order to meet QoS requirements an optimizing algorithm is needed. We propose an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to do so. Ants release a chemical called pheromone while searching for food. They are capable of finding shortest path to their target. This can give an effective optimal solution to our Multicast Routing Problem.
Comparative Analysis and Secure ALM P2P Overlay Multicasting of Various Multi...IJERD Editor
Multicasting is the delivery of a message or information to a group of destination computers simultaneously in a single transmission from the source. The copies of the messages are automatically created in other network elements like routers but only when the topology of the network requires it. Multicast is implemented most commonly in IP multicast which is further could be employed in internet protocol applications of streaming media. In the IP multicast the implementation of the multicast concept occurs at the IP routing level where routers create optimal distribution paths for datagram sent to a multicast destination address. At the Data Link Layer, multicast describes one-to-many distribution such as Ethernet multicast addressing, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) point-to-multipoint virtual circuits (P2MP) multicast. In this paper we have compared various multicasting mechanisms. The comparison is done on the basis of various factors like complexity, overhead, maintenance, etc. The mechanisms that are part of the paper are a secure ALM P2P multicasting technique for large scale networks using face recognition, IP multicasting techniques and the overlay multicasting techniques. The comparison of these multicasting techniques will help us to design and Implement a Secure Application-Level Multicasting (SALM) P2P Overlay Multicasting for large Scale Network. The main objective of the paper is to discuss all the three above mentioned multicasting phenomenon’s and compare them on the basis of certain criterion so as carved out the best of all which can be further used for designing a secure multicasting technique which can take the best features of all combined together so as to get effective and efficient technique for multicasting the throughput of the network by effective and efficient delivery of the information to all the members of the group. The certain findings can be carved out of the comparison can help us to create a multicasting technique with less incurring of delays so that information can be delivered in limited time span and multicast path length so that efficient paths should be used so as to enhance performance in multicasting. Moreover in this paper we will study & investigate other issues that degrades the performance of Multicasting Techniques for large Scale Network and later we will come to know through the comparison that which technique performs well in these harsh environment and give effective results.
MulticastingIt is the communication between a single sender and m.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and router processing and ideal for usage in
applications such as video and audio. PIM is a usually used multicast routing protocol.
SDN:
Software Defined Networking is an upcoming architecture that is dynamic, manageable and
adaptable of making it perfect for the dynamic nature of today\'s applications.
Open Flow:
Open Flow is enable for researchers to run experimental protocols in the campus networks we
use every day. Open Flow is added as a feature to saleable Ethernet switches, routers and
wireless access points and provide a regular hook to allow researchers to run experiments
without require vendors to expose the inner workings of their network devices.
Solution
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and route.
Implementation of multicast communication in internet
Individual hosts are configured as members of different multicast groups
One particular user may a member of many multicast groups
For a one multicast can be few members/nodes
IP Multicast group is identified by Class D address (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255)
Every IP datagram send to a multicast group is transferred to all members of group
Deterministic Formulization of End-to-End Delay and Bandwidth Efficiency for ...CSCJournals
End-System multicasting (ESM) is a promising application-layer scheme that has been recently proposed for implementing multicast routing in the application layer as a practical alternative to the IP multicasting. Moreover, ESM is an efficient application layer solution where all the multicast functionality is shifted to the end users. However, the limitation in bandwidth and the fact that the message needs to be forwarded from host-to-host using unicast connection, and consequently incrementing the end-to-end delay of the transmission process, contribute to the price to pay for this new approach. Therefore, supporting high-speed real-time applications such as live streaming multimedia, videoconferencing, distributed simulations, and multiparty games require a sound understanding of these multicasting schemes such as IP multicast and ESM and the factors that might affect the end-user requirements. In this paper, we present both the analytical and the mathematical models for formalizing the end-to-end delay and the bandwidth efficiency of both IP and ESM multicast system. For the sake of the experimental verifications of the proposed models, numerical and simulation results are presented in this paper. Finally, the proposed formulization can be used to design and implement a more robust and efficient multicast systems for the future networks
In this presentation, we review what multicast enabled networking means for the live streaming industry. This technology has the power to radically change your video production workflows. Explore the power of video over IP and PTZOptics cameras with the NDI-HX.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
AMT - Automatic IP Multicast without Explicit TunnelsThomas Kernen
The article explains how AMT (Automatic IP Multicast without Explicit Tunnels) can help with delivering multicast based services to end points that may not current have an end to end multicast path available.
1. VIDEO STREAMING SERVICES, LLC
Multicast FAQ
Q: What is multicast?
A: Multicast is an IP technology that allows for streams of data to be sent efficiently from
one to many destinations. Instead of setting up separate unicast sessions for each
destination, multicast will replicate packets at router hops where the path to different
multicast group members diverges. This allows a source to send a single copy of a stream
of data, while reaching any number of possible receivers.
Q: What are the advantages to using multicast?
A: Multicast is the most efficient method of delivering the same data to multiple receivers
at the same time. Servers send only one data stream to reach any number of end-users.
This greatly benefits content providers, who don't need as much raw bandwidth in order
to reach a large audience. Using unicast, a server would need to send out as many streams
as there are receivers. This increases the CPU load, as well as the amount of bandwidth
required to reach that audience. Multicast also benefits Internet providers, as there will
only be a single copy of the data streamed across any links. Utilizing multicast can
decrease bandwidth across a network, and increase the life of a current network without
constantly upgrading links and routers. End users probably won't see any immediate
benefits to multicast, but they should see content and network providers offering new
services due to the benefits they see from multicast.
Q: Which applications are best suited for multicast?
A: Many people associate multicast with multimedia as it is an excellent transmission
method for multimedia. This can be an Internet radio broadcast, television broadcast,
video conferencing, stock market tickers, slide presentations, etc. However, multicast is
also suited to a large number of other applications. Such applications include file
transfers to multiple locations, or dynamic web page updates. In addition, other
applications, such as online gaming, news feeds, chatrooms, and more are suited for
multicast.
Q: Can you provide an example of using multicast vs. unicast?
A: On May 18, 2000, over two million Internet users flocked to watch the Victoria's
Secret Fashion Show. Several different versions of the video stream were available: a 56
kbps unicast stream, 100 kbps unicast stream, and two multicast streams at 300 kbps and
700 kbps. The vast majority of these viewers did not have multicast available to them.
Even assuming that everyone was using the 56 kbps stream, that's over 100 Gbps of data
WWW.VIDEOSSC.COM all rights reserved 2005
2. being streamed, or the equivalent of 10 OC-48 connections. This is a huge expense,
especially for a 30 minute event. However, any number of users could have joined the
multicast streams, and the maximum amount of bandwidth that Victoria's Secret would
have needed for the event would have been 1 Mbps. A single T1 connection would have
served to reach the two million users, if multicast had been available to them, and it
provided higher quality video.
Q: What are the limitations of multicast?
A: Multicast has one major limitation. For multicast to work, every router between the
recipient and the source must be multicast enabled. Since multicast is a relatively new
technology, not all networks are multicast enabled. Sprint was the first ISP to completely
enable multicast technology natively across its entire backbone. As the technology is
embraced, more router vendors and ISPs will enable multicast. The cost benefits to
multicast and the increasing use of high bandwidth multimedia applications on the
Internet suggest that multicast will be ubiquitous very soon.
Joining Multicast Groups
Q: What do I need to do in order for my personal computer to receive multicast?
A: It's necessary for a computer system to support IGMP (Internet Group Management
Protocol), in order for you to join multicast groups. Most modern operating systems
already do, without needing any additional files to be added. This includes Windows
95/98/ME, Windows NT 4/2000/XP, MacOS 8 and later, Linux, Solaris (2.5 and later),
Net/Free/OpenBSD, etc. OS versions earlier than those listed here may also support
IGMP.
For more information about IGMP, please read RFC 2236.
In order to support SSM (Source Specific Multicast), a computer needs to support IGMP
version 3. Not as many operating systems support this yet. You can find patches for
FreeBSD and Linux to compile in your kernel, and Windows XP also has IGMPv3
support.
Q: What software applications are there for multicast?
A: Several. Many popular streaming applications, such as Microsoft Windows
MediaPlayer, Real Networks RealPlayer, and Apple QuickTime have multicast
capabilities. Several other multicast-only applications are appearing, such as Cisco's
IP/TV and Apple's MacTV.
WWW.VIDEOSSC.COM All Rights Reserved 2005
3. Numerous applications were developed in conjunction with the MBONE (an educational
multicast backbone research project). The most widely used of these is SDR (session
directory), which is a program that lists many of the multicast sessions occurring on the
MBONE. A host of helper applications are available for SDR, such as VIC (video), VAT
and RAT (audio), WB (white board), and more. These applications are available for
UNIX and Microsoft Windows platforms. Several other applications have been built as
clones of these programs for other operating systems.
You can find many MBONE applications for numerous platforms at the following site:
http://www.merit.edu/~mbone/index/titles.html
Q: How can I find out if my Internet provider offers multicast service?
A: Multicast Technologies maintains a list of active autonomous systems which are
routing multicast. This list will only show networks that utilize BGP routing, so your ISP
may not be listed. Ask you ISP or for INTRANET Multicasting talk with your network
administrators
DSL and cable modems could be capable of handling multicast (cable modems should
follow the DOCSIS 1.0 or 1.1 standards), depending on your ISPs network design.
Contact your provider for details.
To see if you are already capable of receiving multicast streams, you can use the
Multicast Technologies multicast tester. Please make sure to read the instructions
carefully.
Q: What is the MBONE?
A: The MBONE was an educational research project to test new multicast applications.
Begun in 1992, the MBONE was orginally a collection of networks tunneled together to
support multicast. Today, MBONE refers to the general multicast backbone that is
deployed on the Internet. Many of the providers that connect to the MBONE use native
multicast routing protocols, instead of relying on tunnels.
Q: Can I still reach the MBONE ?
A: Yes. Some but not all Tier 1 Carriers have peerings to numerous other multicast
providers that make up the MBONE.
Multicast Routing
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4. Q: What multicast protocols do ISPs use?
A: Most ISPs route multicast through their backbone with PIM-SM (Protocol
Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode). PIM-SM creates multicast trees from a central
core location, called a rendezvous point (RP). Tier 1 ISPs usually have several RPs
located geographically throughout their network. These RPs share the same IP address,
allowing our customers and peers to contact the nearest available RP (anycast RP).
RPs communicate with each other and RPs in other networks through MSDP (Multicast
Source Discovery Protocol). Routing is provided with either static routes, or MBGP
(Multicast extensions for Border Gateway Protocol).
Q: How does PIM-SM work?
A: PIM-SM is a multicast routing protocol belonging to the shared-tree family. It uses a
rendezvous point (RP), which multicast sources use to register their sessions. The RP
maintains a table with this source and group information. When a host wishes to join a
multicast session, it sends a join request to its gateway router for a multicast group. Since
the gateway router doesn't have information about the source address, it will build a path
back to the RP, which does contain the source information. The path that is chosen is
determined by the unicast routing protocol (such as IS-IS, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, or RIP)
running on the router. The RP will continue to build a tree from the destination back to
the source, and forward multicast packets to the destination. Once traffic has been
received from the source of the session, the gateway router can then build a tree back to
the source directly, which may be a more optimal path than going through the RP. PIM-
SM is defined in RFC 2362.
Q: What exactly does an RP do?
A: An RP serves as a central point for multicast sessions. A source will register its
session with an RP. This information is carried to other RPs through MSDP. When a host
joins a multicast group, it first joins the group at the RP. Once the host has received
traffic from the source, the host can switch to a tree rooted at the source.
Q: Do I need to have my own RP?
A: No. If you choose to, you can set up one of your own routers as an RP. However,
some ISPs have several routers geographically dispersed to provide the same service.
Q: What protocols does my router need to run?
A: Your router will need to be able to run PIM-SM and IGMP. If you have a Cisco
router, multicast functionality is available in almost all Cisco IOS versions 11.1 or later.
We strongly recommend using version 12.0 or later for best performance and reliability.
If you plan to use your own RP or run MBGP, we recommend version 12.0S or later.
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5. JunOS 4.2 and later should support multicast, although we recommend using the latest
available version of JunOS.
Q: How difficult is it to configure a router for native multicast?
A: While the protocols that make multicast work can be extremely complicated,
configuring a router is very simple. The following is a very simplified sample
configuration for Cisco routers to show what is minimally needed to enable a router for
native multicast. In this example, the router is homed only to Sprint and is using Sprint's
RP.
ip multicast-routing
ip pim rp-address 144.232.187.198
ip pim accept-rp 144.232.187.198
!
int Ethernet0
ip pim sparse-mode
!
int Serial0
ip pim sparse-mode
Repeat for all interfaces through which multicast traffic should flow.
For further Cisco configuration examples, we strongly encourage you to visit
ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ipmulticast.html.
Q: What if I don't have a Cisco router?
A: You will need to check with your router vendor to find out if multicast is an available
option. Minimum requirements are the ability to support PIM-SM and IGMP.
Performance will be improved if your router supports PIM-SM version 2.
Q: What is IGMP?
A: The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a protocol that controls group
membership individual hosts. This protocol only operates in a LAN setting, but is
required if you wish to be able to join a multicast group on a host. IGMP is defined in
RFC 2236.
Q: Do I need to have special addresses for multicast?
A: Multicast addresses are only needed for multicast sources. You don't need to obtain
any special addresses if you only wish to receive multicast traffic. Multicast sources use
Class D addresses (224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255). Addresses in this range are
controlled by IANA.
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6. Many applications have been provided with ranges of addresses for their use, and will
dynamically assign a multicast address to sessions created using it. For instance, SDR
will automatically assign a multicast address to your session, if you announce the session
with SDR. More applications are expected to use this method of dynamically assigning
multicast addresses in the future.
The 233.0.0.0/8 block has been set aside for multicast use for anyone with their own
autonomous system number (ASN). The ASN can be written as a 16-bit binary number
(left-padded with zeroes), and then inserted into the middle two octets of this address
block. For example, Sprint has ASN 1239. Written as a 16-bit binary number, this value
is 00000100 11010111. By inserting this value into the middle two octets of the
233.0.0.0/8 block, Sprint can then use 233.4.215.0/24 for multicast sessions. Anyone with
their own ASN can use this method to create a /24 block for multicast use. You can find a
JavaScript calculator that will figure out a block for you at
http://www.sprint.net/multicast/addresses.html.
The 239.0.0.0/8 block is administratively scoped for internal use only. You can use this
block within your own network similar to the way that the 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and
192.168.0.0/16 blocks are used.
If you decide that you require static multicast addresses and do not have your own ASN,
you can request them from IANA at this site: http://www.iana.net/cgi-bin/multicast.pl. In
rare occassions where a customer is unable to obtain addresses from IANA, your ISP
may be able to provide a limited number of addresses for use.
Q: Will multicast work through my firewall?
A: You will need to check with your firewall vendor to determine how to enable
multicast traffic through a firewall. In addition, you may want to read RFC 2588: IP
Multicast and Firewalls.
Q: I have multicast enabled. How can I make sure that everything is working correctly?
A: There are a number of tests you can perform to make sure that multicast is working.
First, you should verify that the router is set up correctly. On a Cisco router, you should
be able to perform the command: mtrace rp.sprintlink.net and see a result similar to the
following:
sl-gw10-dc#mtrace rp.sprintlink.net
mtrace rp.sprintlink.net
Translating "rp.sprintlink.net"...domain server (204.117.214.10) [OK]
Type escape sequence to abort.
Mtrace from 144.232.187.198 to 144.228.20.10 via RPF
From source (rp.sprintlink.net) to destination (sl-gw10-
dc-0-0-0.sprintlink.net)
Querying full reverse path...
0 sl-gw10-dc-0-0-0.sprintlink.net (144.228.20.10)
-1 sl-gw10-dc-0-0-0.sprintlink.net (144.228.20.10) PIM/MBGP
[144.232.187.198/32]
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7. -2 sl-gw13-dc-4-0-0.sprintlink.net (144.228.20.13) PIM/MBGP
[144.232.187.198/32]
-3 sl-bb22-rly-2-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.25.217) PIM
[144.232.187.198/32]
-4 rp.sprintlink.net (144.232.187.198)
The key here is to see the mtrace terminate to rp.sprintlink.net. Because we have multiple
RPs in the network, you may see the trace take a different route than the one shown here.
You can also pull up a web browser, and use that to verify that multicast is working. A
multicast tester is available that uses an applet to test your connectivity. Please use the
contact information available on that page to report any issues.)
Users who have Microsoft Windows Media Player can attempt to join one of two
multicast streams.
• Video - 363 kbps - suitable for cable modem, DSL, and T1 or greater
• Audio - 22 kbps - suitable for modem users
Alternatively, multicast streams are also available for users of Real Network's RealOne
player, or a MP3 player capable of receiving RTP-encapsulated data, such as Zinf.
• RealOne can use this URL: http://mcast2.sprintlink.net:8080/Mussorgsky.sdp
• In Zinf, open the following URL. rtp://233.19.86.123:51042
These streams are only available via multicast. If you can view or hear the stream you've
selected, then multicast is working.
Additional Information
Q: Where can I find out more information?
A: For more information about multicasting, you might want to check out the following
sources:
Edwards, Brian M. et al. Interdomain Multicast Routing: Practical Juniper Networks and
Cisco Systems Solutions Addison-Wesley, Inc. 2002. ISBN: 0201746123
Parkhurst, William R. Cisco Multicast Routing and Switching. McGraw Hill Text. 1999.
ISBN: 0071346473
Williamson, Beau. Developing IP Multicast Networks. Cisco Press. 2000. ISBN:
1578700779
Maufer, Thomas A. Deploying IP Multicast in the Enterprise. Prentice Hill PTR. 1998.
ISBN: 0138976872
The following RFC's and drafts contain useful information about multicast:
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8. • RFC 2236: Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2236.txt
• RFC 2283: Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2283.txt
• RFC 2362: Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2362.txt
• RFC 2588: IP Multicast and Firewalls
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2588.txt
• RFC 2858: Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2858.txt
• RFC 3180: GLOP Addressing In 233/8
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3180.txt
The following sites also contain useful information about multicast:
• ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ipmulticast.html
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