This document discusses a study examining driver understanding of center lines and their effect on driving behavior. The study utilized a driver survey distributed in Zambia and South Africa to evaluate understanding of center line markings. It also involved field observations of vehicle position relative to center lines on roads in South Africa. The results showed drivers had a better understanding of center lines regarding overtaking versus their purpose in separating opposing traffic. Presence of both center and edge lines correlated with reduced accidents, suggesting they positively impact drivers maintaining their lane position.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Reducing health and safety risks on poorly maintained rural roads, granlundJohan Granlund
This paper presents a handful of methods to measure road alignment properties and pavement damages that bring health and safety risks. These methods can be used in new approaches to reduce disproportionally high risks in hot spots on the low-volume road network. Suitable actions include road curve reconstruction, reinforcement of road edge or entire pavement, resurfacing or retexturing the wearing course, as well as mounting intelligent warning signs using radar for detection of excessive vehicle speed. The potential for crash reduction is high at hot spot road sections, especially where friction is low. This paper ends with a consensus statement on the urgent need to implement such approaches in road management. The statement is given by the Nordic Road Associations (NVF) working group “Vehicles and Transportation”, consisting of about 50 recognized experts in the fields of heavy vehicles, transportation and of vehicle-road interaction
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aims to provide innovative
services relating to dierent modes of transport and trac managementbr /> and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated,br /> and #39;smarter#39; use of transport networks. Considering ITS applicationsbr /> that require information to be relayed multiple hops between cars, vehicularbr /> networks are poised to become the most widely distributed and largest scalebr /> ad hoc networks. Such challenges and opportunities serve as the backgroundbr /> of the widespread interest in vehicular networking by governmental, industrial,br /> and academic bodies. This paper tackles the great variety of Intelligentbr /> Transport System applications, its dierent used cases and security issues.br /> The objective of this tutorial is to integrate and synthesize some areas andbr /> applications, technologies discuss with all prospects.br /> nbsp;/p>
This document presents a draft paper on a field test of a Lane Departure Warning (LDW) function in Italy as part of the larger euroFOT project. The field test will involve up to 1000 vehicles equipped with LDW and will collect data through questionnaires administered at intervals over 12 months. The questionnaires will assess drivers' perceptions of safety, usefulness, and behavior with the system. The results are expected to provide an accurate picture of the real-world impacts of LDW technology.
This document analyzes accidents on state highways. It discusses factors that contribute to accidents like increased traffic volume due to population growth and lack of road safety features. Common causes of accidents are distracted driving, speeding, reckless behavior, and impaired driving. The conclusion recommends improvements like widening narrow bridges, controlling speeds, restricting overloading, and adding safety features to reduce accidents on high-risk road segments.
This document describes an innovative system for monitoring novice drivers during accompanied driving periods. The system, created by iSafe company, validates that the novice driver and approved accompanying driver are in the vehicle during drives. It collects driving data like speed, location, time of day, and ensures novice drivers comply with graduated driver licensing requirements of accumulating a minimum number of practice hours. This monitoring system could help address issues with current graduated licensing programs by ensuring novice drivers gain sufficient supervised experience to become safer drivers.
This document discusses using driver state monitoring and feedback systems to enhance traffic safety. It summarizes that driver state factors like distraction, impairment, and drowsiness contribute to a major portion of crashes. Monitoring technologies like eye tracking can assess driver state in real-time by measuring visual distraction, drowsiness, and impairment. Experiments show measures like total eyes-off-road time and reaction times correlate with degraded driving performance when distracted. Driver state monitoring has potential to prevent crashes by modifying risky behavior and integrating with other safety systems.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Reducing health and safety risks on poorly maintained rural roads, granlundJohan Granlund
This paper presents a handful of methods to measure road alignment properties and pavement damages that bring health and safety risks. These methods can be used in new approaches to reduce disproportionally high risks in hot spots on the low-volume road network. Suitable actions include road curve reconstruction, reinforcement of road edge or entire pavement, resurfacing or retexturing the wearing course, as well as mounting intelligent warning signs using radar for detection of excessive vehicle speed. The potential for crash reduction is high at hot spot road sections, especially where friction is low. This paper ends with a consensus statement on the urgent need to implement such approaches in road management. The statement is given by the Nordic Road Associations (NVF) working group “Vehicles and Transportation”, consisting of about 50 recognized experts in the fields of heavy vehicles, transportation and of vehicle-road interaction
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aims to provide innovative
services relating to dierent modes of transport and trac managementbr /> and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated,br /> and #39;smarter#39; use of transport networks. Considering ITS applicationsbr /> that require information to be relayed multiple hops between cars, vehicularbr /> networks are poised to become the most widely distributed and largest scalebr /> ad hoc networks. Such challenges and opportunities serve as the backgroundbr /> of the widespread interest in vehicular networking by governmental, industrial,br /> and academic bodies. This paper tackles the great variety of Intelligentbr /> Transport System applications, its dierent used cases and security issues.br /> The objective of this tutorial is to integrate and synthesize some areas andbr /> applications, technologies discuss with all prospects.br /> nbsp;/p>
This document presents a draft paper on a field test of a Lane Departure Warning (LDW) function in Italy as part of the larger euroFOT project. The field test will involve up to 1000 vehicles equipped with LDW and will collect data through questionnaires administered at intervals over 12 months. The questionnaires will assess drivers' perceptions of safety, usefulness, and behavior with the system. The results are expected to provide an accurate picture of the real-world impacts of LDW technology.
This document analyzes accidents on state highways. It discusses factors that contribute to accidents like increased traffic volume due to population growth and lack of road safety features. Common causes of accidents are distracted driving, speeding, reckless behavior, and impaired driving. The conclusion recommends improvements like widening narrow bridges, controlling speeds, restricting overloading, and adding safety features to reduce accidents on high-risk road segments.
This document describes an innovative system for monitoring novice drivers during accompanied driving periods. The system, created by iSafe company, validates that the novice driver and approved accompanying driver are in the vehicle during drives. It collects driving data like speed, location, time of day, and ensures novice drivers comply with graduated driver licensing requirements of accumulating a minimum number of practice hours. This monitoring system could help address issues with current graduated licensing programs by ensuring novice drivers gain sufficient supervised experience to become safer drivers.
This document discusses using driver state monitoring and feedback systems to enhance traffic safety. It summarizes that driver state factors like distraction, impairment, and drowsiness contribute to a major portion of crashes. Monitoring technologies like eye tracking can assess driver state in real-time by measuring visual distraction, drowsiness, and impairment. Experiments show measures like total eyes-off-road time and reaction times correlate with degraded driving performance when distracted. Driver state monitoring has potential to prevent crashes by modifying risky behavior and integrating with other safety systems.
Review of the National Culture Influence on Pilot’s DecisionMaking during fli...IOSRJBM
Thisreview paperstudies the influence of the national culture onflying safety in the cockpit. Likewise, the study aims toevaluate the pilot behaviour and response to risk during flight in terms of pilot decisionmaking. According to Helmreich (2000), ―cultural values are so deeply ingrained; it is unlikely that exhortation, edict, or generic training programs can modify them. The challenge is to develop organizational initiatives that congruent with the culture‖. Thus,evaluating the technology-culture interference impact on a pilot’s decision-making performance, within a specific region gives deep understanding of the pilot’s behaviour under the effect of this region national culture. In addition,this appraises the risk tolerance, error management and factors that affect pilot decision-making in regarding to national culture within the region.The expected contribution of this research is to enhance the pilot decision-making performance within the region of North Africa. Moreover, this study will enhances the implementation of Crew Resource Management training program (CRM), in which will support the culture calibration of the CRM tofit the pilot’sneeds within this region. Ultimately, a safe operation of the aircrafts and improvethe aviation marketwithin the region
Breakout Session 2: Strategies to Improve Truck Safety
2015 Traffic Safety Conference
by Dan Blower, Associate Research Scientist, ATLAS Center/University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
This report summarizes a road accident study conducted at an intersection in New Delhi, India. A rear-end collision occurred between a Honda City and Hyundai i10 due to faulty brakes on the Honda. The accident caused damages of Rs. 75,000 and Rs. 35,000 respectively but no injuries. Remedial steps taken included improving signage, reducing speeds, and prohibiting turns at the intersection. The conclusion emphasizes inexperience as a contributing factor in provisional license holders' high crash rates and stresses avoiding risky behaviors like tailgating and speeding.
The document summarizes details of a fatal bus accident in Karachi, Pakistan in January 2015. 62 people died after a bus collided with an oil tanker and caught fire. An inquiry found negligence on the part of both drivers as well as government authorities responsible for road maintenance and enforcement of traffic laws. The report concluded the accident could have been avoided if relevant stakeholders and institutions had fulfilled their responsibilities.
AMTID International Conference: Road Safety Audit of Palm Beach Road, Navi Mu...Jatin Solanki
- Performed road safety audit on 10km stretch of Palm Beach Road for the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC)
- Developed a mathematical model and presented ‘Road Safety Audit for Indian Roads’ at proceedings of Advances in Materials and Techniques for Infrastructure Development (AMTID 2011), NIT Calicut
- Recommended redesigning of a rotary junction which was implemented by the NMMC
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Intelligent Overloading Prevention System in TrucksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an intelligent system to prevent overloading in trucks. The system uses sensors to detect when a truck's load exceeds a preset limit. It then alerts the driver with a buzzer and light. If the overloaded truck approaches an enforcement checkpoint, a receiver detects the checkpoint's signal and activates a siren to alert authorities. Authorities can also stop an overloaded truck remotely if the driver does not stop. The system aims to reduce road damage from overloaded trucks and improve safety by automatically enforcing load limits.
Although the road transport sector is crucial for the overall development of a country, if it is not managed in an organized manner, it can have a negative impact. In Ethiopia, fatalities due to traffic accidents is very high compared to the SSA.
Data play a critical role in reducing road traffic accident by identifying the right causes. Ethiopia can use Transport Management System mobile application to empower citizens, acquire real-time data regarding misconduct of drives, overloading of taxis, and traffic accidents. This will help to design policies and strategies to tackle major causes of traffic accidents.
This document discusses epidemiology of road traffic accidents. It provides definitions of road traffic accidents and some key facts such as road accidents being a global problem that disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. Speeding, drinking and driving, lack of helmet and seatbelt use, and poor road infrastructure are identified as major risk factors. The document also outlines the epidemiological triad of host, agent, and environmental factors in road accidents. It discusses the burden of road accidents in India and provides data on deaths by type of road users and vehicles. Prevention strategies covered include education, legislation around drinking and driving, helmet and seatbelt use, speed management, and improving trauma care systems.
FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS IN METRO PLUS CITY OF INDIAPraveen Mukati
The document discusses road accidents in Tamil Nadu, India. It finds that road accidents have significantly increased in metropolitan cities due to rising populations and economic growth. In Tamil Nadu specifically, accidents have risen due to increased motorization, with four-wheel vehicles and two-wheelers causing the majority of accidents. The objectives of the study are to analyze the causes of accidents, severity of accidents, types of vehicles involved, and develop safety measures. The research methodology includes collecting secondary accident data from government sources to analyze trends and characteristics. The findings suggest the need for improved road safety management and policies to address the rising accidents in Tamil Nadu.
The Greek road safety plan is mainly directed at creating a better safety culture among Greek drivers. High risk site treatment, road safety audits and inspections are obligatory parts of infrastructure management in Greece. Traffic laws and regulations are similar to those of most EU countries, though enforcement is assessed as quite low compared to other EU countries. There is no information provided on speed limits and enforcement in Greece.
To Find out the Relationship between Errors, Lapses, Violations and Traffic A...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that explored the relationship between errors, lapses, violations and traffic awareness among 500 drivers in Cuddalore district, India. The study found significant relationships between driving errors, lapses and violations, and significant relationships between these behaviors and participants' traffic awareness. Specifically, errors and lapses showed moderate positive correlations, as did errors and violations and lapses and violations, while lapses and violations showed weak negative correlations with traffic awareness.
IRJET - Road Accidents and its Preventive Measures in India: An OverviewIRJET Journal
1) Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death worldwide according to the WHO, killing over 1 million people annually. India faces significant issues with road accidents due to rapid motorization.
2) The majority of road accidents in India are attributed to human error by drivers. Other contributing factors include vehicle issues, road conditions, and environmental factors.
3) Preventive measures that could reduce accidents and fatalities include improving road and vehicle safety, enforcing traffic laws, educating drivers and the public, and enhancing emergency response. A multifaceted approach is needed to address this major public health issue.
Road engineers have realized that no matter the safety programs, road accidents will still occur. Their responsibility is now to design "forgiving roads" that help prevent crashes and reduce their severity. Key elements of forgiving road design include conducting safety audits, improving visibility, removing hazards, providing space for maneuvering, and installing crash-tested barriers. Road safety audits identify high-risk factors and make recommendations to engineers to incorporate safety mitigations into their designs. The goal is to reduce both the number and severity of accidents.
Schwarz et al._2016_The Detection of Visual Distraction using Vehicle and Dri...Julie J. Kang, Ph.D.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed algorithms to detect visual driver distraction using vehicle-based sensors and driver-based head tracking data. Researchers collected driving simulator data from participants performing secondary tasks of varying difficulty levels. They developed machine learning algorithms including Random Forest and Hidden Markov Models to detect distraction. The algorithms were trained on distraction ground truth from an eye tracking system and evaluated on their ability to detect distraction using only vehicle-based and head tracking data. The research aims to help detect distraction in a way that could be implemented in vehicles to warn drivers and enhance safety.
Assessement of Human Factors as Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents among ...iosrjce
The study examined the assessement of human factors as determinants of road traffic accidents
among commercial vehicle drivers in Gbonyin Local Government Area of Ekiti State. 210 structured
questionnaires were administered to commercial vehicle drivers at motor parks in selected towns in the study
area. The descriptive statistics of frequency counts and simple percentage was used to analyze demographic
data of the respondents while inferential statistics of linear regression was used to analyze data collected.
Findings indicated that about 60% of the drivers were below 45 years while over 70% of them have no more
than secondary education-out of which 16% have no formal education while 11% had primary school
certificate. Also, it was revealed that driving under the influence of alcohol was the most significant determinant
of road traffic accidents among others with F-ratio 2.506, p<0.05;><0.05;><0.05;><0.05;><0.05. The paper call for eradication of all alcohol sellers at every parks
and proactive drivers’ education and training as well as effective law enforcement in order to reduce the level
of carnage on Nigerian.
IRJET - Road Accident and Emergency Management: A Data Analytics ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using data analytics to analyze road accident data and provide recommendations for emergency management. Descriptive analytics identified key factors related to accidents, such as time to clear accidents, accidents by time zone and state, proximity to traffic objects, and days of the week with most accidents. A predictive model using random forest classification predicted accident severity with 94% accuracy. The study aims to help emergency services by identifying preventable causes of accidents and factors affecting severity.
This document provides an overview of road safety audits for rural roads in India. It discusses the road safety situation in India, outlines the road safety audit process, and provides checklists to audit various elements of rural road design and construction. The document was submitted by three students for their Master's degree in transportation engineering at the National Institute of Technology in Hamirpur, India under the guidance of Associate Professor Dr. Sunil Sharma. It aims to help reduce accidents and improve safety on rural roads through a formal road safety audit process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review of the National Culture Influence on Pilot’s DecisionMaking during fli...IOSRJBM
Thisreview paperstudies the influence of the national culture onflying safety in the cockpit. Likewise, the study aims toevaluate the pilot behaviour and response to risk during flight in terms of pilot decisionmaking. According to Helmreich (2000), ―cultural values are so deeply ingrained; it is unlikely that exhortation, edict, or generic training programs can modify them. The challenge is to develop organizational initiatives that congruent with the culture‖. Thus,evaluating the technology-culture interference impact on a pilot’s decision-making performance, within a specific region gives deep understanding of the pilot’s behaviour under the effect of this region national culture. In addition,this appraises the risk tolerance, error management and factors that affect pilot decision-making in regarding to national culture within the region.The expected contribution of this research is to enhance the pilot decision-making performance within the region of North Africa. Moreover, this study will enhances the implementation of Crew Resource Management training program (CRM), in which will support the culture calibration of the CRM tofit the pilot’sneeds within this region. Ultimately, a safe operation of the aircrafts and improvethe aviation marketwithin the region
Breakout Session 2: Strategies to Improve Truck Safety
2015 Traffic Safety Conference
by Dan Blower, Associate Research Scientist, ATLAS Center/University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
This report summarizes a road accident study conducted at an intersection in New Delhi, India. A rear-end collision occurred between a Honda City and Hyundai i10 due to faulty brakes on the Honda. The accident caused damages of Rs. 75,000 and Rs. 35,000 respectively but no injuries. Remedial steps taken included improving signage, reducing speeds, and prohibiting turns at the intersection. The conclusion emphasizes inexperience as a contributing factor in provisional license holders' high crash rates and stresses avoiding risky behaviors like tailgating and speeding.
The document summarizes details of a fatal bus accident in Karachi, Pakistan in January 2015. 62 people died after a bus collided with an oil tanker and caught fire. An inquiry found negligence on the part of both drivers as well as government authorities responsible for road maintenance and enforcement of traffic laws. The report concluded the accident could have been avoided if relevant stakeholders and institutions had fulfilled their responsibilities.
AMTID International Conference: Road Safety Audit of Palm Beach Road, Navi Mu...Jatin Solanki
- Performed road safety audit on 10km stretch of Palm Beach Road for the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC)
- Developed a mathematical model and presented ‘Road Safety Audit for Indian Roads’ at proceedings of Advances in Materials and Techniques for Infrastructure Development (AMTID 2011), NIT Calicut
- Recommended redesigning of a rotary junction which was implemented by the NMMC
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Intelligent Overloading Prevention System in TrucksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an intelligent system to prevent overloading in trucks. The system uses sensors to detect when a truck's load exceeds a preset limit. It then alerts the driver with a buzzer and light. If the overloaded truck approaches an enforcement checkpoint, a receiver detects the checkpoint's signal and activates a siren to alert authorities. Authorities can also stop an overloaded truck remotely if the driver does not stop. The system aims to reduce road damage from overloaded trucks and improve safety by automatically enforcing load limits.
Although the road transport sector is crucial for the overall development of a country, if it is not managed in an organized manner, it can have a negative impact. In Ethiopia, fatalities due to traffic accidents is very high compared to the SSA.
Data play a critical role in reducing road traffic accident by identifying the right causes. Ethiopia can use Transport Management System mobile application to empower citizens, acquire real-time data regarding misconduct of drives, overloading of taxis, and traffic accidents. This will help to design policies and strategies to tackle major causes of traffic accidents.
This document discusses epidemiology of road traffic accidents. It provides definitions of road traffic accidents and some key facts such as road accidents being a global problem that disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. Speeding, drinking and driving, lack of helmet and seatbelt use, and poor road infrastructure are identified as major risk factors. The document also outlines the epidemiological triad of host, agent, and environmental factors in road accidents. It discusses the burden of road accidents in India and provides data on deaths by type of road users and vehicles. Prevention strategies covered include education, legislation around drinking and driving, helmet and seatbelt use, speed management, and improving trauma care systems.
FATAL ROAD ACCIDENTS IN METRO PLUS CITY OF INDIAPraveen Mukati
The document discusses road accidents in Tamil Nadu, India. It finds that road accidents have significantly increased in metropolitan cities due to rising populations and economic growth. In Tamil Nadu specifically, accidents have risen due to increased motorization, with four-wheel vehicles and two-wheelers causing the majority of accidents. The objectives of the study are to analyze the causes of accidents, severity of accidents, types of vehicles involved, and develop safety measures. The research methodology includes collecting secondary accident data from government sources to analyze trends and characteristics. The findings suggest the need for improved road safety management and policies to address the rising accidents in Tamil Nadu.
The Greek road safety plan is mainly directed at creating a better safety culture among Greek drivers. High risk site treatment, road safety audits and inspections are obligatory parts of infrastructure management in Greece. Traffic laws and regulations are similar to those of most EU countries, though enforcement is assessed as quite low compared to other EU countries. There is no information provided on speed limits and enforcement in Greece.
To Find out the Relationship between Errors, Lapses, Violations and Traffic A...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that explored the relationship between errors, lapses, violations and traffic awareness among 500 drivers in Cuddalore district, India. The study found significant relationships between driving errors, lapses and violations, and significant relationships between these behaviors and participants' traffic awareness. Specifically, errors and lapses showed moderate positive correlations, as did errors and violations and lapses and violations, while lapses and violations showed weak negative correlations with traffic awareness.
IRJET - Road Accidents and its Preventive Measures in India: An OverviewIRJET Journal
1) Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death worldwide according to the WHO, killing over 1 million people annually. India faces significant issues with road accidents due to rapid motorization.
2) The majority of road accidents in India are attributed to human error by drivers. Other contributing factors include vehicle issues, road conditions, and environmental factors.
3) Preventive measures that could reduce accidents and fatalities include improving road and vehicle safety, enforcing traffic laws, educating drivers and the public, and enhancing emergency response. A multifaceted approach is needed to address this major public health issue.
Road engineers have realized that no matter the safety programs, road accidents will still occur. Their responsibility is now to design "forgiving roads" that help prevent crashes and reduce their severity. Key elements of forgiving road design include conducting safety audits, improving visibility, removing hazards, providing space for maneuvering, and installing crash-tested barriers. Road safety audits identify high-risk factors and make recommendations to engineers to incorporate safety mitigations into their designs. The goal is to reduce both the number and severity of accidents.
Schwarz et al._2016_The Detection of Visual Distraction using Vehicle and Dri...Julie J. Kang, Ph.D.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed algorithms to detect visual driver distraction using vehicle-based sensors and driver-based head tracking data. Researchers collected driving simulator data from participants performing secondary tasks of varying difficulty levels. They developed machine learning algorithms including Random Forest and Hidden Markov Models to detect distraction. The algorithms were trained on distraction ground truth from an eye tracking system and evaluated on their ability to detect distraction using only vehicle-based and head tracking data. The research aims to help detect distraction in a way that could be implemented in vehicles to warn drivers and enhance safety.
Assessement of Human Factors as Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents among ...iosrjce
The study examined the assessement of human factors as determinants of road traffic accidents
among commercial vehicle drivers in Gbonyin Local Government Area of Ekiti State. 210 structured
questionnaires were administered to commercial vehicle drivers at motor parks in selected towns in the study
area. The descriptive statistics of frequency counts and simple percentage was used to analyze demographic
data of the respondents while inferential statistics of linear regression was used to analyze data collected.
Findings indicated that about 60% of the drivers were below 45 years while over 70% of them have no more
than secondary education-out of which 16% have no formal education while 11% had primary school
certificate. Also, it was revealed that driving under the influence of alcohol was the most significant determinant
of road traffic accidents among others with F-ratio 2.506, p<0.05;><0.05;><0.05;><0.05;><0.05. The paper call for eradication of all alcohol sellers at every parks
and proactive drivers’ education and training as well as effective law enforcement in order to reduce the level
of carnage on Nigerian.
IRJET - Road Accident and Emergency Management: A Data Analytics ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using data analytics to analyze road accident data and provide recommendations for emergency management. Descriptive analytics identified key factors related to accidents, such as time to clear accidents, accidents by time zone and state, proximity to traffic objects, and days of the week with most accidents. A predictive model using random forest classification predicted accident severity with 94% accuracy. The study aims to help emergency services by identifying preventable causes of accidents and factors affecting severity.
This document provides an overview of road safety audits for rural roads in India. It discusses the road safety situation in India, outlines the road safety audit process, and provides checklists to audit various elements of rural road design and construction. The document was submitted by three students for their Master's degree in transportation engineering at the National Institute of Technology in Hamirpur, India under the guidance of Associate Professor Dr. Sunil Sharma. It aims to help reduce accidents and improve safety on rural roads through a formal road safety audit process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Case Study of Traffic CongestionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on traffic congestion. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper will identify congestion, classify it into categories, discuss reasons for congestion and potential management strategies. The introduction defines traffic congestion and notes it commonly occurs in urban areas when demand exceeds road capacity. Some impacts of congestion are increased travel time, frustration, and environmental pollution. Potential causes of congestion discussed include improper city planning, inadequate traffic enforcement, illegal parking, festivals/events, large vehicles on small roads, poor lane management, and accidents. The paper concludes more public transportation and fewer private vehicles are needed to reduce congestion in Indian cities.
Mitigating collisions between pedestrians and vehiclesIRJET Journal
This document examines collisions between pedestrians and vehicles, analyzing data on traffic accidents in Samara, Russia. It finds that 50-60% of collisions are due to pedestrian infractions like crossing outside of designated areas, while 20-27% are due to driver infractions like speeding. The document analyzes common collision points, like intersections and locations where pedestrians walk alongside traffic. It concludes that better training is needed for traffic investigators to properly assess conflicts between drivers and pedestrians.
IRJET- A Review Study on Road Accident in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document reviews road accidents in India. It discusses that road traffic accidents claim over 1 million lives worldwide each year, making it a leading cause of death according to the WHO. In India, factors like rapid motorization without sufficient road safety measures have led to high road accident rates. The key causes of road accidents in India are identified as human factors (reckless driving, drunken driving), environmental factors (poor road quality, lighting), and vehicle-related factors (poorly maintained vehicles). Solutions proposed include better enforcement of traffic rules, driver training programs, vehicle safety standards, and improved road infrastructure to reduce accidents in India.
This document discusses human factors that affect road safety. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding road traffic safety, human factors, and causes of accidents. It then defines human factors and how they influence driver behavior and crash causes, such as attention, perception, and reaction time. The document also examines the driving task model and how road design can support driver expectations and abilities through consistent information presentation and accommodation of human limitations. In conclusion, it stresses the importance of road safety education to positively guide road users.
A Review on Optimization of Design and Safety of IntersectionIRJET Journal
1. The document reviews optimization of design and safety at intersections. It discusses reducing conflict points, congestion, and delay.
2. Intersection design factors like entry/exit radii, sight distances, and channelized islands are examined. Proper widening, marking, and signaling can minimize conflicts and efficiently flow traffic.
3. Sources of delay at intersections include traffic growth, lane indiscipline, and heterogeneous traffic characteristics in developing countries. Models for estimating saturation flow from other countries may not apply due to differences in traffic behaviors.
4. Conflicting traffic maneuvers at intersections make them prone to crashes. Understanding the interactions between geometric designs, traffic flows, and crashes can help identify effective safety countermeasures.
Realtime Car Driver Drowsiness Detection using Machine Learning ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses a real-time driver drowsiness detection system using machine learning. It aims to analyze images from a car's webcam to detect drowsiness in the driver by identifying facial features like yawning, eye closure, and head movements. If drowsiness is detected, the system will sound an alarm and increase audio alerts to wake the driver. If the driver does not wake up after five alerts, a message will be sent to an emergency contact notifying them of the situation. The system is being developed to help prevent accidents caused by drowsy driving, which accounts for a large number of crashes annually.
The Human Factor Investigating the Role of Driver Behavior in Ride Sharing Ac...PrestigeLaw
Ride sharing services have revolutionized transportation, providing convenient and affordable options for passengers worldwide. However, with the growing popularity of ride sharing, concerns regarding safety and accidents have also emerged. While various factors contribute to ride sharing accidents, one critical element that cannot be overlooked is the role of driver behavior. This article delves into the impact of driver behavior on ride sharing accidents, examining the factors that influence driver actions and exploring potential solutions to enhance safety on the roads.
Taking into consideration the drivers’ state might be a serious challenge for designing new advanced driver
assistance systems. During this paper we present a driver assistance system strongly coupled to the user. Driver
Assistance by Augmented Reality for Intelligent Automotive is an augmented reality interface informed by a several
sensors. Communicating the presence of pedestrians or bicyclists to vehicle drivers may end up in safer interactions
with these vulnerable road users. Advanced knowledge about the presence of these users on the roadway is
particularly important when their presence isn't expected or when these users are out of range of the advanced safety
systems that are becoming a daily feature in vehicles today. For example, having advanced knowledge of a pedestrian
walking along a rural roadway is important to increasing driver awareness through in-vehicle warning messages that
provide an augmented version of the roadway ahead. Voice recognition system through an android platform adds
some good flavour during this project. The strategy of voice recognition through this platform is achieved by
converting the input voice signal into text of string and subsequently it's transmitted to embedded system which
contains an arduino atmega328 microcontroller through Bluetooth as a technique of serial communication between an
android application and a control system. The received text string on an arduino is also displayed on the AR Glass. As
connected vehicles start to enter the market, it's conceivable that when the vehicle sensors detect a pedestrian on a
rural roadway, the pedestrian presence is also communicated to vehicles upstream of the pedestrian location that
haven't reached the destination. This paper presents a survey of studies related to perception and cognitive attention
of drivers when this information is presented on Augmented Reality
IRJET- Passing Opportunity Model of Vehicles on Two Lane Undivided Highways u...IRJET Journal
The document presents a study on developing a passing opportunity model for vehicles on two-lane undivided highways under mixed traffic conditions. Data was collected through a moving car method and video recording on two highway sections. The study analyzed factors such as traffic density, opposing gap, speed of overtaking/overtaken/opposing vehicles, and type of opposing vehicle. A logit model was developed using binary logistic regression, showing that passing opportunity depends on density in the opposite direction, type and speed of opposing vehicle, opposing gap, and speed of the overtaking vehicle. The model had high accuracy in predicting drivers' passing decisions.
IRJET- Measuring The Driver's Perception Error in the Traffic Accident Risk E...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to measure drivers' perception errors in evaluating traffic accident risk. The study investigated how drivers subjectively evaluate their own risk levels compared to more objective risk evaluations based on recorded driving kinematics. A survey was conducted in India to assess drivers' risk awareness, which revealed three factors: risk attitude, risk perception, and risk behavior. Statistical analysis showed some drivers had high risk awareness. The study found that higher driver sensation-seeking was associated with lower risk awareness. The methodology allows comparing subjective and objective risk measures and could help increase driver awareness to promote safer driving.
Similar to Motorist Understanding of Pavement Centre Lines and their Effect on Driving Behaviour (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence techniques in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to e-commerce and AI, and how AI is being used increasingly in e-commerce applications worldwide. It then reviews literature on how AI can be integrated into e-commerce systems and the various applications of AI in e-commerce. Some key applications discussed include AI assistants, personalized recommendations, demand forecasting, supply chain management, fraud detection and more. The document concludes that Saudi Arabia is well positioned to benefit from using AI to boost its growing e-commerce sector.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses theoretical estimates for the costs of compressing and transporting CO2 from a hypothetical carbon capture and storage project at the Saline Joniche Power Plant in Italy. It first provides background on the power plant project from 2008 that proposed converting the site to coal power. It then details the methodology used to size the compression system, estimating power needs for multi-stage compression up to pipeline pressures. Costs are considered for constructing, operating, and maintaining both the compression plant and pipeline to a potential offshore storage site. The aim is to evaluate retrofitting the existing plant with carbon capture and storage as a way to enable continued coal power production consistent with climate goals.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Literature review for prompt engineering of ChatGPT.pptx
Motorist Understanding of Pavement Centre Lines and their Effect on Driving Behaviour
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume-11, Issue-1 (February 2021)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.16
110 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Motorist Understanding of Pavement Centre Lines and their Effect on
Driving Behaviour
Erastus Mishengu Mwanaumo1
and Kelvin Lungu Agabu2
1
Senior Research Associate, SARChi on Sustainable Construction Management and Leadership in the Built Environment,
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA
2
Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Zambia, Great East
Road, Lusaka, ZAMBIA
1
Corresponding Author: erastus.mwanaumo@unza.zm
ABSTRACT
Human factors and more generally driver errors
account for the largest number of road accidents. Driver
errors are external human factors that can contribute to
specific error types selected from slip, lapse, mistake and
violation. Action and information retrieval errors are both
examples of driver errors. The failure to interpret correctly
an intended road marking’s message causes driver
misunderstanding and lead to a driver error. Centre lines are
examples of such markings and if misread or unrecognised
may cause unintentional driver violations and unsafe driving.
This study focused on the examining of driver understanding
of road markings, and the influence of centre lines on their
driving behaviour. This study determined that drivers had a
much better understanding of the overtaking messages
intended by road markings, than the directional flow
message. Drivers demonstrated that they relied more on signs
and other drivers to determine whether the road is a two-way
or not. This study demonstrated that the presence of both
centre lines and edge lines have a positive effect on a driver in
handling and controlling of their vehicles’ position. It was
postulated from this study that the absence of the edge lines
has a more significant effect on a vehicle’s position than the
absence of centre lines.
Keywords-- Centre Lines, Driver Error, Human Factor,
Lateral Vehicle Position
I. INTRODUCTION
Human factors, and more generally human errors,
account for the largest number of road accidents [1], [2]. A
study carried out in the Western Cape of South Africa to
investigate the relationship between accident types and
causes determined that the human factor contributed about
75.4% to the occurrence of accidents [3]. Human factors,
particularly of drivers, include factors such as error,
impairment, fatigue, traffic violations, alcohol, negligence,
age, speed choice and distraction These factors are all
external factors that may lead to a specific error type
ranging from slips, lapses to, mistakes and violations [4].
Road markings are traffic control devices intended
to relay messages on the road [5]. Sometimes they may
either be interpreted wrongly or fail to be recognised by
motorists. The general contributing conditions to such
driver misunderstandings may include their level of
training, driving experience and knowledge [6]. Traffic
control device affect a motorist’s control of their vehicle
[4]. Depending on the implemented traffic control device
and road characteristics, the lateral vehicle position control
may be such that the motorist drives the vehicle too close
to the edge of the opposing travelling lane [7], [8].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Risk factors for road fatalities include human,
vehicle and environment factors [1]. Human factors
followed by road/environment factors are the dominant
risk factors in most countries such as USA and Australia.
However, the South African Department of Transport
found that vehicle factors play a larger role than
road/environment factors, probably reflecting in the lower
quality of vehicles and vehicle maintenance in developing
countries such as South Africa [3], [9].
Figure 1:Contributing factors to road accidents from
studies in Australia [3].
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Studies done in South Africa have demonstrated
that driver-related factors are present in almost 75.4%.
Figure1 shows the contributing factors to road accidents
from studies conducted in Australia. This figure illustrates
that driver-related factors are as high as 95%, and the same
figure indicates that this factor is the main contributing
factor to accidents in Australia. Driver-related factors are
considered as human factors and include the following
driver related characteristics among others: driver error,
age, drug/alcohol influence, emotional agitation, traffic
violations, aggressive driving/speeding and negligence [3].
Human errors are generally failures of planned
cognitive or physical actions to achieve their intended
outcome These error are the major causal factor in high
proportion of accidents and incidents [10]–[12]. An
example is research within the Australian road transport
system which indicates that driver error contributes to 75%
all road accidents [13]. Figure 2 shows a road user error
classification scheme developed in Australia. It divides
road user error into error types and external error modes
that these road user errors take.
Figure 2:Road user error classification[14]
Cognitive work load is an important concept when
talking about cognitive and decision making errors in that
it refers to the information processing demands imposed
by the performance of a task, and in that high cognitive
work load leads to degradation in performance [10], [15],
[16]. Any degradation in driver performance restricts the
driver in the interaction with their environment, and thus
cognitive and perceptual errors are principally involved in
accident causation and not violations [17], [18].
Cognitive failures are defined as failures in which
the executed action does not match the intention , and thus
also defined as failures in memory, perception, and motor
functioning [2], [19]. Motor function slips, lapses in
attention and lapses in memory are examples of such
failures [20]. Lapses in attention are failures in perception.
On the other hand, memory lapses are failures in
information retrieval, and motor function slips are action
slips defined as the slips in performance of unintended
actions [14].
Decisional failures occur at the stage of deciding
on the execution of a specific vehicle manoeuvre. It is
these failures that lead to violations and errors [21], [22].
These decisions depend on the interpretations of the
perceived information processed at a stage referred to as
the diagnostic stage. For a correctly performed detection
stage, the problems of evaluating physical parameters and
misunderstandings of information acquired concerning
confronted situation characterise failures at this stage [2],
[23].
Information retrieval errors are classified as
detection and diagnosis failures [14]. Driver
misunderstanding of information is an example of such an
error. Drivers depending on their knowledge may wrongly
interpret the message a road marking intends to
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communicate. However, experienced drivers may not tend
to make this error as much as beginners [5], [21].
Action errors are failures that occur at the
psychomotor stage of the action being executed [4], [21].
In the case of vehicle control, drivers positioning their
vehicles too close to either edge of the travelling lane
demonstrate action errors [11], [17].
Violations are failures in the decision-making
function, and can be either intentional or unintentional [4],
[6]. Deliberate violations of a safety rule are examples of
intentional violations[21]. An unintentional violation on
the other hand refers to situations where the infringement
is not deliberate but an error such as drivers’ failure to
remain in control of their vehicle. Another example is
drivers overtaking in a prohibited area and unaware of
violation [2], [6], [21].
The South African Road Traffic Signs Manual
documents the standards for road signs, road markings and
other traffic control devices such as traffic signals. It is in
this manual that the guidelines and standards for road
marking symbols and patterns used in South Africa are
presented [24]. Yellow and white colour codes are used for
centre line markings in the United States of America. This
yellow-white pavement marking system is different from
the centreline marking system adopted by South Africa,
which is an all-white system [5]. However, both countries
have a colour coding of white, yellow or red for edge line
marking depending on regular occurrence of mist, fog and
rain. Zambia, like South Africa, uses an all-white colour
coding system, for centre line markings. However, unlike
South Africa, only white or yellow markings are used in
Zambia for edge lines. Zambia does not have an original
manual developed for the design, implementation and
maintenance of traffic control devices. It relies on the
regulations provided in the Roads and Road Traffic Act,
Chapter 364 of the Laws of Zambia [25]. The
predominantly used centre line markings in both South
Africa and Zambia are single broken lines, single solid
lines and double lines (broken and solid). In both
countries, continuous road marking lines indicate
prohibition of crossing or overtaking, and passing zones
are indicated by broken lines [24]. In Zambia, in place of
white centre lines, road studs with a colour code of white,
silver or light grey are used as substitutes in locations
where the road markings are subject to conditions of poor
or limited visibility [25]. In South Africa, road studs are
used for the same purposes. However, the three colour
codes used are red, yellow and white. According to South
African standards, red represents prohibition, yellow
represents warning, and white offers vehicle guidance [24].
A study carried out by [26]in Virginia,
investigating the impacts on safety of edge and centre lines
on narrow, low-volume roads. The data analysed was 5-
years of accident data (2004-2008 road accident data) from
Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). This was
based on pavement width, Average Annual Daily Traffic
(AADT) and the presence of edge and centre lines. The
methods of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) modelling and
Negative Binominal modelling were the two approaches
taken in measuring safety in this study.
Individual ANOVA models were developed for
the pavement widths 4.9 m, 5.5 m and 6.1 m, so as to
account for the difference in pavement widths. The
presence of centre lines and edge lines were taken as the
independent variables and predictors of these models,
whereas the safety measures adopted for these models
were taken as dependent variables. The safety measures
used in the ANOVA modelling approach included 5-year
road accident frequency, density and rate. These safety
measures were calculated as follows:
i. Road accident frequency was calculated from the
number of recorded road accidents in the 5-year period
(number of road accidents/5 years)
ii. Road accident density was calculated from the
road accident frequency divided by the total length based
on pavement width (number of road accidents/kilometre/5
years)
iii. Road accident rate was calculated from the road
accident density divided by the AADT data based on
pavement width (number of road
accidents/kilometre/vehicle/5 years)
This study indicated strong correlations among
AADT, the presence of both centre lines and edge lines,
and the pavement width. These results show reduced mean
road accident predictions for segments with both centre
lines and edge lines. This suggests a positive effect when
both markings are present.
[27]conducted a study in USA on driver
understanding of road marking colours and patterns, and
this was carried out using a driver survey. This survey was
administered to 851 drivers in five different states of USA,
which included Texas, Illinois, California, Minnesota, and
Georgia. This survey contained five questions
demographic information;
i. Three-open ended questions based on determining
drivers’ dependence on road markings for directional cues
when found in unfamiliar situations;
ii. Multiple choice questions structured to determine
driver understanding of colour by basing these questions
on four image-based scenarios with yellow and white road
markings; and
iii. Multiple choice questions structured to determine
driver understanding of patterns by basing these questions
on four image-based scenarios with road markings shown
in black on a grey road.
The four graphics used for questions on centre
line marking patterns and colour included images of a
single broken line, double solid lines, passing prohibited
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double lines (broken and solid lines), and passing
permitted double lines (broken and solid lines).
Results from this study indicated that drivers rely
on signage and other traffic as the primary indication of
whether a road is one-way or two-way. The survey results
also suggest that at least 75% drivers understand both
directional separation and passing control purpose of both
yellow and white centre lines. This study shows that
drivers have a better understanding of whether a centre line
prohibits (95%) or allows passing (90%), than they do of
whether it separated opposing traffic (75%).
III. METHODOLOGY
One of the purposes of this study was to evaluate
motorist understanding and recognition of centre line and
road markings based on patterns. This assessment was
carried out through a driver survey distributed to 100
drivers in Zambia and South Africa. This was to explore
inter-cultural-comparisons, between a Zambian and South
African cultural context. This survey focuses on
determining the level of motorists’ understanding of
highway standards regarding patterns of centre line
markings.
The other purpose of this study was to observe
driving behaviour based on a vehicle’s distance from the
centre line of the roadway. This was carried out by making
field observations of lateral position for various vehicle
types on selected roads with centre and edge line
markings. These observations were carried out only in
South Africa, in the township of Stellenbosch, and a
minimum of 100 test vehicles was selected. Only single
broken centre lines were included in this part of the study.
This was because this study focuses on data collected for
narrow, two lane, urban streets, and this is the centre line
marking predominantly used for such roads. These
observations were made manually from video footage
recorded on level and straight stretches of road. This was
attainable by selecting vantage points at intersections that
allowed videotaping of approaching and departing
vehicles. This video footage was analysed using screen
superimposition and a frame-by-frame analysis. This
analysis was done by placing a transparent sheet on a
computer screen as the video footage played. This
horizontal scale was used to measure the lateral position of
vehicles as they passed the horizontal reference line of this
scale. These lateral positions were observed for eight
vehicle classes. Table 1 tabulates these classes and the
class designation used for the purpose of this study. The
predominantly targeted classes in this study are classes C1,
C2, C4 and C7 because this study focuses on urban streets.
Table 1: Vehicle classes selected for this study
Clas
s
Designation
Description
C1 Motorcycle/scooter
C2 Passenger car
C3 Microbus/minibus taxi (9-16
seats)
C4 Light Delivery Vehicle
(bakkie, minivan, SUV)
C5 Minibus (24-40 seats)
C6 Big bus (50-70 seats)
C7 Medium Delivery Vehicle/
rigid trucks (2-axle)
C8 3 or more axle rigid
trucks
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This research was carried out in two-study area
countries that are both located in Southern Africa, South
Africa and Zambia. The two studies in this research
include the survey and field study:
i. The survey is administered in Lusaka, a city
located in Zambia, and Stellenbosch, a town located in the
Western Cape in South Africa.
ii. The field study is conducted in Stellenbosch. It is
in this location that three test sites were selected based on
road characteristics required for investigating three
different test conditions. Table 2 shows the road
characteristics for each of these selected test sections. Test
site 1 has both a larger pave width of closer to 4.5 m
(greater than the minimum lane width of about 3.5 m
desired for low volume roads) and a bicycle lane on both
sides of the road. Test sites 2 and 3 have a much narrower
lane width (less than 3.5 m) than site 1.
Table 2: Road characteristics for test sections
Characteristic Site
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Location Martinson Rd. Merriman Ave. Victoria St.
Road Type Urban Street Urban Street Urban Street
Pavement Type Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous
Number of Lanes 2 2 2
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Lane Width >3.5m (about 4.5m) <3.5m <3.5m
Usable Shoulder for
Vehicle (>1.2m)
No No No
Bicycle Lane(s) Yes (both sides of the
road)
No No
Parking No No Yes
Single Broken Centre Line Yes Yes No
Edge Line Yes No Yes
Curved or Straight Road Straight Road Straight Road Straight Road
In this research, the three comparison scenarios or
test conditions for distinct vehicle classes included the
following:
i. Site 1: Both centre line and edge line markings
present
ii. Site 2: Centre line markings present and edge line
markings absent
iii. Site 3: Centre line markings absent and edge line
markings present
The measurement of performance used for
vehicles observed at these sites was lateral position from
the centre of the carriageway.
The frequency of vehicles at each site were
transformed to corresponding percentage frequencies, so as
to eliminate the effects of different vehicle class volumes
when analysing and comparing the lateral position
distribution for each site. The lateral position of vehicles
was determined by measuring the perpendicular distance
or deviation of the right front wheel from the centre of the
road. Deviations falling within the travelling lane
represented a positive deviation. No deviation observed at
any of these sites exceeded +2.0m. This study postulates
that minibus taxis (C3) are the only vehicle class without
lateral wandering more than +1.51m regardless of the
presence and/or absence of centre and edge lines. The table
shows that for each of the classes C2, C3, C4 and C7, the
lateral deviation from the centre line reduced as the
pavement width reduced. This shows that a reduction in
pavement width had a much greater influence in the
change in deviation than the absence of centre lines but
presence of edge lines (site 3) test conditions.
A negative value for the lateral position
represented wheel wandering to the right side of the centre
line of the carriageway. No deviation observed at any of
these sites exceeded -0.5m and only one site (site 3) had
negative lateral positions for the vehicle classes observed.
The absence of centre lines however, did influence drivers
of class C2, C4 and C7 vehicles to have negative lateral
positions. Lane width seems to have attributed less to such
wheel wandering as both site 2 and site 3 test conditions
had almost the same narrow lane widths of less than 3.5m.
Figures 3 to 7 show the effect of centre and edge
line markings on the lateral position distribution of distinct
vehicle classes. To study this effect, the scenario with both
markings present (test site 1) is used as the reference
scenario in the comparison analysis of the other test
conditions.
Figure 3: Lateral Position PCF Distribution for motorcycles/scooters
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
%
Cumulative
Frequency
Lateral Position in m
LATERAL POSITION PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION FOR VEHICLE CLASS C1
SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3
50th Percentile 80th Percentile 95th Percentile
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Figure 3 shows that up to 95% of
motorcycles/scooters shift towards the right-side edge of
the travelling lane when a centre line is absent but edge
line is present (site 3/test three conditions). However, this
graph indicates that the absence of the edge lines but
presence of centre lines (site 2/test two conditions) has no
notable effect on the shift in lateral position distribution.
Therefore, the effect of the presence and absence of these
line markings on motorcycles/scooters can be stated as
follows:
i. Centre lines present but edge lines absent-
motorcycles/scooters maintain their lateral positioning.
ii. Centre lines absent but edge lines present-
motorcycles/scooters travelling on such a carriageway shift
closer to the centre of the carriageway.
Figure 4: Lateral Position PCF Distribution for passenger cars
Figure 4 shows that up to 95% of passenger cars
shift towards the right-side edge of the travelling lane
when a centre line is present but edge line is absent (site
2/test two conditions). This graph indicates that 80% of
passenger cars shift even further towards the right-side
edge of the travelling lane when a centre line is absent but
edge line is present (site 3/test three conditions). About
20% of passenger cars cross the centre of the carriageway
into the opposing traffic lane under test three conditions.
Therefore, the effect of the presence and absence of these
line markings on passenger cars can be stated as follows:
i. Centre lines present but edge lines absent-
passenger cars travelling on such a carriageway shift closer
to the centre of the carriageway.
ii. Centre lines absent but edge lines present-
passenger cars travelling on such a carriageway shift even
much closer to the centre of the carriageway than the
former test condition.
Figure 5: Lateral Position PCF Distribution for mini bus taxis
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
%
Cumulative
Frequency
Lateral Position in m
LATERAL POSITION PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION FOR VEHICLE CLASS C2
SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3
50th Percentile 80th Percentile 95th Percentile
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
%
Cumulative
Frequency
Lateral Position in m
LATERAL POSITION PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION FOR VEHICLE CLASS C3
SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3
50th Percentile 80th Percentile 95th Percentile
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Figure 5 shows that more than 95% of minibus
taxis shift towards the right-side edge of the travelling lane
when a centre line is present but edge line is absent
(site2/test two conditions). This graph indicates that 95%
of minibus taxis shift even further towards the right-side
edge of the travelling lane when a centre line is absent but
edge line is present (site 3/test three conditions). About
50% of minibus taxis cross the centre of the carriageway
into the opposing traffic lane under test three conditions.
Therefore, the effect of the presence and absence of these
line markings on minibus taxis can be stated as follows:
i. Centre lines present but edge lines absent-
minibus taxis travelling on such a carriageway shift closer
to the centre of the carriageway.
ii. Centre lines absent but edge lines present-minibus
taxis travelling on such a carriageway shift even much
closer to the centre of the carriageway than the former test
condition. In addition, negative deviations are observed for
minibus taxis in such test conditions.
Figure 6: Lateral Position PCF Distribution for LDVs
Figure 6 shows that up to 95% of LDVs shift
towards the right-side edge of the travelling lane when a
centre line is present but edge line is absent (site2/test two
conditions). This graph indicates that 90% of LDVs shift
even further towards the right-side edge of the travelling
lane when a centre line is absent but edge line is present
(site 3/test three conditions). About 35% of LDVs cross
the centre of the carriageway into the opposing traffic lane
under test three conditions. Therefore, the effect of the
presence and absence of these line markings on LDVs can
be stated as follows:
i. Centre lines present but edge lines absent- LDVs
travelling on such a carriageway shift closer to the centre
of the carriageway.
ii. Centre lines absent but edge lines present-LDVs
travelling on such a carriageway shift even much closer to
the centre of the carriageway than the former test
condition. In addition, negative deviations are observed for
LDVs in such test conditions.
Figure 7: Lateral Position PCF Distribution for MDVs
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
%
Cumulative
Frequency
Lateral Position in m
LATERAL POSITION PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION FOR VEHICLE CLASS C4
SITE 1 SITE 2
SITE 3 50th Percentile
80th Percentile 95th Percentile
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Figure 7 shows that more than 95% of MDVs shift
towards the right-side edge of the travelling lane when a
centre line is present but edge line is absent (site2/test two
conditions). This graph indicates that 95% of MDVs shift
even further towards the right-side edge of the travelling
lane when a centre line is absent but edge line is present
(site 3/test three conditions). About 60% of MDVs cross
the centre of the carriageway into the opposing traffic lane
under test three conditions. Therefore, the effect of the
presence and absence of these line markings on MDVs can
be stated as follows:
i. Centre lines present but edge lines absent- MDVs
travelling on such a carriageway shift closer to the centre
of the carriageway.
ii. Centre lines absent but edge lines present-MDVs
travelling on such a carriageway shift even much closer to
the centre of the carriageway than the former test
condition. In addition, negative deviations are observed for
MDVs in such test conditions.
Table 3: Hypothesis Test Statements
Site 1 and Site 2 Site 1 and Site 3 Site 2 and Site 3
Null Hypothesis: 𝑯𝟎 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝜇1 = 𝜇3 𝜇2 = 𝜇3
Alternative Hypothesis:
𝑯𝒂
𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇3 𝜇2 ≠ 𝜇3
Significance Level: 𝜶 0.05 0.05 0.05
Test: Z or t-test (two
tail)
Z-test; because
sample size n>30 and
standard deviation is
known
Z-test; because
sample size n>30 and
standard deviation is
known
Z-test; because
sample size n>30 and
standard deviation is
known
Decision Rule: Critical
Value
𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ±1.96
If Z<-1.96 or
Z>1.96, Reject 𝐻0
𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ±1.96
If Z<-1.96 or
Z>1.96, Reject 𝐻0
𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = ±1.96
If Z<-1.96 or
Z>1.96, Reject 𝐻0
Table 3 presents the hypothesis statements used to
verify whether the differences of the means of the lateral
position data (𝜇1 : mean of lateral position data for test
condition 1, and 𝜇2 or 𝜇3 : mean of lateral position data
used as reference for comparisons), under two different
situations exist or not. To determine whether the reduction
in pavement width had a more effect on lateral position
than test 3 road marking conditions, the researcher also
tested the difference in means between site 2 and site 3
lateral positions. Consequently, the researcher tested the
effect of swapping from a scenario with the presence of
centre lines to edge lines (surely also a swap in which of
the two is absent), but with a minimal reduction in
pavement width.
Table 4: Hypothesis Test Results for Vehicle Class C2
Si
te 1
Site 2 Vs Site
1
:Test 2
conditions
Site 3 Vs Site 1
:Test 3
conditions
Site 3Vs Site 2
:Test 3 conditions
Vehicle Class C2
Sample
Size: 𝑵
4
1
54 66 66
Mean:
𝝁
0.
85
0.45 0.40 0.40
Standar
d Deviation: σ
0.
40
0.30 0.43 0.43
Varianc
e: σ2
0.
16
0.09 0.18 0.18
Degrees
of Freedom: d
4
0
53 65 65
Z-value:
Z
- 6.44 5.26 0.63
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P-
Value: p
- <0.00001 <0.00001 0.53
Conclus
ion
Z-test:
- Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Accept 𝐻0
Not significant at
p<0.05
Table 4shows that the effects of the absence of
centre lines but presence of edge lines (test 3 conditions),
for the vehicle class C2 were not significant because their
P-values are greater than 0.05. This table shows that a
reduction in pavement width has more effect (lower p-
value) on lateral position (site 2 Vs site 1 and site 3 Vs site
1) than absence of centre lines. This is deduced from the
test results when the presence of centre lines was swapped
with edge lines but a minimal change in pavement width
(site 3 Vs Site 2). The effect on difference in means of
lateral position observed between sites 1 and 3 is thus
attributed to a reduction in pavement width when
considering changes observed form this tested hypothesis
and that of site 3 Vs site 2. This table also shows that the
effects of the absence of edge lines but presence of centre
lines (test 2 conditions), for this vehicle class, was
statistically significant because of a P-value less than 0.05.
Therefore, a reduction in pavement width coupled with the
absence of edge lines has a significant effect on the lateral
positioning of class C2 vehicle drivers.
Table 5: Hypothesis Test Results for Vehicle Class C4
Site 1 Site 2 Vs Site 1
:Test 2
conditions
Site 3 Vs Site
1
:Test 3
conditions
Site 3Vs Site
2
:Test 3
conditions
Vehicle Class C4
Sample
Size: 𝑵
42 38 27 27
Mean: 𝝁 0.70 0.42 0.15 0.15
Standard
Deviation: σ
0.40 0.26 0.43 0.43
Variance
: σ2
0.16 0.07 0.18 0.18
Degrees
of Freedom: d
41 37 25 25
Z-value:
Z
- 4.81 5.19 2.49
P-Value:
p
- <0.00001 <0.00001 0.0112774
Conclusi
on
Z-test:
- Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Table 5 shows that the effects of the absence of
centre lines but presence of edge lines (test 3 conditions),
for the vehicle class C4 were significant because their P-
values are less than 0.05. However, this table shows that a
reduction in pavement width has a significantly more
effect (lower p-value) on lateral position (site 2 Vs site 1
and site 3 Vs site 1) than absence of centre lines. This is
deduced from the test results when the presence of centre
lines was swapped with edge lines but a minimal change in
pavement width (site 3 Vs Site 2). The effect on difference
in means of lateral position observed between sites 1 and 3
is thus attributed to larger extent to reduction in pavement
width when considering changes observed form this tested
hypothesis and that of site 3 Vs site 2. This table also
shows that the effects of the absence of edge lines but
presence of centre lines (test 2 conditions), for this vehicle
class, was statistically significant because of a P-value less
than 0.05. Therefore, a reduction in pavement width
coupled with the absence of edge lines has a significant
effect on the lateral positioning of class C4 vehicle drivers.
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Table 6: Hypothesis Test Results for Vehicle Class C7
Site 1 Site 2 Vs Site
1
: Test 2
conditions
Site 3 Vs
Site 1
: Test 3
conditions
Site 3Vs Site 2
: Test 3
conditions
Vehicle Class C7
Sample
Size: 𝑵
15 4 5 5
Mean: 𝝁 0.70 0.15 -0.12 -0.12
Standard
Deviation: σ
0.42 0.26 0.42 0.42
Variance
: σ2
0.18 0.07 0.18 0.18
Degrees
of Freedom: d
14 3 4 4
Z-value:
Z
- 3.76 3.78 0.96
P-Value:
p
- 0.00017 0.000157 0.337055
Conclusi
on
Z-test:
- Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Reject 𝐻0
Significant at
p<0.05
Accept 𝐻0
Not significant at
p<0.05
Table 6 shows that the effects of the absence of
centre lines but presence of edge lines (test 3 conditions),
for the vehicle class C7 were not significant because their
P-values are greater than 0.05. This table shows that a
reduction in pavement width has more effect (lower p-
value) on lateral position (site 2 Vs site 1 and site 3 Vs site
1) than absence of centre lines. This is deduced from the
test results when the presence of centre lines was swapped
with edge lines but a minimal change in pavement width
(site 3 Vs Site 2). The effect on difference in means of
lateral position observed between sites 1 and 3 is thus
attributed to a reduction in pavement width when
considering changes observed form this tested hypothesis
and that of site 3 Vs site 2. This table also shows that the
effects of the absence of edge lines but presence of centre
lines (test 2 conditions), for this vehicle class, was
statistically significant because of a P-value less than 0.05.
Therefore, a reduction in pavement width coupled with the
absence of edge lines has a significant effect on the lateral
positioning of class C7 vehicle drivers.
Figure 8: Percentage of Respondents with Correct Response to the Directional Message Questions: Comparison between
Zambian and South African Drivers
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Single Broken Line
Single Solid Line
Double Centre Line (Broken
Line to Left of Solid Line)
Double Centre Line (Broken
Line to Right of Solid Line)
South Africa
Zambia
Directional
Message
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Figure 8 presents the different percentages of the
respondents that gave a correct response to the directional
message questions. This figure illustrates that for any of
the surveyed road markings; at least 75% of South African
drivers were able to interpret the intended directional
messages for all of these road markings. Compared to
South African drivers, Zambian drivers had a lower level
of understanding of these road markings, and had as high
as 66% of drivers failing to interpret the intended
directional message of a single solid line marking.
Figure 9: Percentage of Respondents with Correct Response to the Overtaking Message Questions: Comparison
between Zambian and South African Drivers
Figure 9 presents the different percentages of the
respondents that gave a correct response to the overtaking
message questions. This figure illustrates that for any of
the surveyed road markings; at least 80% of South African
drivers were able to interpret the intended overtaking
messages for all of these road markings. Compared to
South African drivers, Zambian drivers had a lower level
of understanding of these road markings, and had at most
83% of drivers managing to interpret the intended
overtaking message of a single solid line marking.
Figures 8 and 9 show that South African drivers
have a better understanding of the directional and
overtaking messages intended to be relayed by these road
markings, than Zambian drivers.
V. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
The survey study indicated that the centre line that
respondents had the most problem of understanding the
directional message is the solid line marking. This is
apparent from the percent respondents that correctly
identified this marking’s intended directional message
been as low as 34%. However, the level of understanding
of the intended directional message by the other road
markings is not as much as when compared to that of the
overtaking message. This is discernible from the generally
higher percentage of correct responses, for all the
questioned type of centre lines. Results from this study
also show that South African drivers have a better
understanding of the directional and overtaking messages
intended to be relayed by these road markings, than
Zambian drivers do.
The classes with representative observed vehicles
in the field study included motorcycles/scooters, passenger
cars, Light Delivery Vehicles (LDVs), Medium Delivery
Vehicles (MDVs) and minibus taxis. This study showed no
deviation exceeding -0.5m and +2.0m at any of the test
sites. Minibus taxis have the smallest wheel wander
measured from the centre of the carriageway up to the 80th
percentile of vehicles. MDVs and LDVs have
subsequently larger wheel wanders for this same percentile
for any given particular test condition. Therefore, for the
80th
percentile of vehicles, Minibus taxis followed by
MDVs then LDVs have the least control in travelling
further from the centre of the carriageway. Even for the
95th
percentile, minibus taxis followed by MDVs travel
closer to the travelling lane at test sites 2 and 3. However,
only minibus taxis maintain their position of having the
least control in travelling further from the centre of the
roadway at test site 1. At 95%, all observed vehicles
cluster at almost the same lateral position of about +1.5 m,
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Single Broken Line
Single Solid Line
Double Centre Line (Broken
Line to Left of Solid Line)
Double Centre Line (Broken
Line to Right of Solid Line)
South Africa
Zambia
Overtaking
Message
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121 This Work is under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
except minibus taxis and motorcycles/scooters. Therefore,
there is more lateral position control with centre line and
edge line markings both present for a variety of the vehicle
classes included in this study.
The effects of the presence and absence of these
line markings on a particular vehicle class was also
investigated in this study. Test site 1, where both centre
and edge lines are present, is take as the reference scenario
and the others as comparison scenarios. Using the 95th
percentile, there is an observed shift closer to the centre of
the carriageway for up to 95 % of passenger cars, minibus
taxis, LDVs, MDVs under test 2 conditions. However,
there was no notable shift at any percentile of
motorcycles/scooters under test 2 conditions. Test 3
conditions had the most shifting effect towards the centre
on all vehicle classes with observed traffic volumes, and
this was concluded to be attributed to reduction in
pavement width since had even much lower width than site
2. Even motorcycles/scooters had a notable shift towards
the centre of the carriageway. Only test site 3 exhibited
negative deviations for the vehicle classes observed. All
observed vehicles, except motorcycles/scooters, had
representative vehicles with negative deviations Minibus
taxis and MDVs are the only vehicle classes that had 50th
percentile of vehicles with a lateral position in the
opposing traffic lane under test 3 conditions.
It was concluded that the narrower the pavement
width, the more the effect on lateral positioning and the
absence of edge lines had a significant effect on vehicle
lateral positioning.
There is inherent importance in the outcomes of
this study’s assessment of behavioural changes as
influenced by the type of road markings present. The
comparisons of these effects are made using the shift in
lateral placement as a performance measurement. These
lateral position distributions help in making decisions on
lane width and road marking guidelines for similar urban
streets. These guidelines will be able to have a general
premise on deciding allowances for lateral drift and
vehicle width for different expected vehicle. This study
helps identify which combination of centre and edge lines
present influences unsafe driving behaviour. An extended
study on roads with expected significant numbers of heavy
vehicles would be also of great value to the industry. This
is, as it would contribute to the justification of decisions
related to wheel paths and Pavement Management Systems
(PMS)
From this study, even with all respondents having
attended driving school, Zambian drivers demonstrated
poor understanding of the meaning of such markings.
South African drivers on the other hand showed that they
have a much better understanding of the intended
directional and overtaking message of these markings, than
Zambian drivers do. This motivates the need for a more
revamped education system in Zambia on such road
markings, to eliminate the problem of traffic violation as
result of ignorance.
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