This document provides information about the basic components and operation of an internal combustion engine: 1) It describes the main components including the pistons, cylinders, crankshaft, oil pan, combustion chamber, and valves. 2) It explains the basic four stroke operating cycle of an engine involving the intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust strokes. 3) It provides brief descriptions of some additional features like direct injection, turbocharging, and cooling systems.

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2. PISTON

3. CYLINDER

4. Combustion Chamber

5. LUBRICATION

6. Crank Shaft
PISTON
Oil Pan

7. The Crank shaft rotates in the oil pan and splashes
Oil on to the pistons.

8. Both sides are lubricated in order to
Reduce friction.

9. Basic Operaion
A motor has several cavitvities called cylinders. The piston moves up and down in the cylinder
Thus converting vertical movement into rotary movement. This rotary movement is transfered to
The wheels through a gear box to the wheels

10. The fuel is mixed with air in the carburetor. The air/ fuel mixture is
Then put in the cylinders. This is called the Intake Stroke

11. Now the explosive mixture is in the cylinder, it must be crompressed prior to combustion. The pist
thie mixture.
This is called the: Compression Stroke

12. At an exact time, the spark plug ignites the mixture.
This is called the: Ignition. Stroke

13. The piston is forced down violently during the ignition stroke then rises again to expell the
Burned gasses. This is the: Exhaust Stroke

14. Four Valves

15. Direct injection: JTD, TDI, HDI

16. Crank shaft
and piston

17. TURBOCHARGER
MOTOR

18. TWIN TURBO: There are two turbine wheels on one
axis. One is driven by the exhaust fumes, the other
sucks the mixture and pumps it into the cylinder.

19. This increases the amount of air that injected into
combustion chamber.

20. Before the INVENTION of the Turbo more cylinders were
needed to boost performance.

21. Principle of the direct injection: the mixture is injected directly into the cylinder.
The direct injection is possible by the use of a high pressure pump.

22. This is an example of an IN-LINE 4 CYLINDER Engine

23. The Cooling System