The document discusses key concepts in physics including motion, Newton's laws of motion, and elements of motion such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and time. It also provides equations of motion and introduces concepts in quantum mechanics. Newton's three laws of motion are summarized as the first law describing objects at rest or in motion remaining as such unless acted on by an external force, the second law relating force, mass and acceleration, and the third law stating equal and opposite reaction forces.

1. Spandan B., IX E, Roll No. 21

2.  In physics, motion is a change in position of an
object with respect to time and its reference
point.
 Motion is observed by attaching a frame of
reference to a body and measuring its change in
position relative to another reference frame.
 As there is no absolute frame of
reference, absolute motion cannot be
determined.Thus, everything in the universe can
be considered to be moving.

3.  Newton’s laws
 Elements of motion –
▪ Distance and Displacement
▪ Time
▪ Speed andVelocity
▪ Acceleration
▪ Rate of change of acceleration, rate of change of rate of
change of acceleration and rate of change of rate of change
of rate of change of acceleration
 Equations of motion
 Quantum mechanics – A brief introduction.

4.  Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that together
laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
 They describe the relationship between a body and
the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to said forces.
 They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly
three centuries, and can be summarized as follows:
 First law:An object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by
a force.An object in motion remains in motion, and at a constant
velocity, unless acted upon by a force.
 Second law:The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and
in the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and
inversely proportional to its mass.Thus, F = ma, where F is the net
force acting on the object, m is the mass of the object and a is the
acceleration of the object.
 Third law:When one body exerts a force on a second body, the
second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to that of the first body.

5.  Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how
much ground an object has covered" during its
motion.
 Displacement is a vector quantity which refers to
the shortest path from the origin to the final
position.
 The SI unit of distance is meters.
 The SI unit of displacement is meters + direction
Distance and Displacement

6. Distance Displacement
Distance cannot be negative . Displacement can be negative
Distance travelled never
decreases.
Displacement may decrease or
increase
Distance is a scalar quantity or
has only magnitude.
Displacement is a vector
quantity with both magnitude
and direction
The SI unit of distance is
meters.
The SI unit of displacement is
meters + direction

7.  Time in physics is defined by
its measurement: time is what a clock reads.
 It is a scalar quantity like length, mass,
and charge.
 Time can be combined mathematically with
other physical quantities to derive other
concepts such as motion.
 The SI unit of time is seconds(s).

8.  Velocity is the rate of change of the position of
an object, equivalent to a specification of
its speed and direction of motion.
 Speed describes only how fast an object is
moving, whereas velocity gives both how fast
and in what direction the object is moving.
 If a car is said to travel at 60 km/h, its speed has
been specified. However, if the car is said to
move at 60 km/h to the north, its velocity has
now been specified.
 To have a constant velocity, an object must
have a constant speed in a constant direction.

9. Speed Velocity
1 It is scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
2 Speed describes only how fast an object is
moving
Velocity gives both how
fast and in what direction
the object is moving
3 To have constant speed, an object must cover
equal distances in equal intervals of time.
To have a constant
velocity, an object must
have a constant speed in a
constant direction.
4 If a car is said to travel at 60 km/h, its speed has
been specified.
If the car is said to move
at 60 km/h to the north,
its velocity has been
specified.

10.  In physics, acceleration is the rate at which
the velocity of a body changes with time.
 In general, velocity and acceleration are vector
quantities with magnitude and direction.
 The SI unit of acceleration is the meter per
second squared (m/s2).
 Though in many cases only magnitude is
considered (sometimes with negative values for
deceleration, treating it as a one dimensional
vector).

11.  In physics, jerk, also known as jolt, surge, or lurch, is
the rate of change of acceleration; that
is, the derivative of acceleration with respect to
time, the second derivative of velocity, or the third
derivative of position.
 In physics, jounce or snap is the fourth derivative of
the position vector with respect to time, the jounce is
the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time.
 The fourth, fifth and sixth derivatives of position as a
function of time are referred to
as "Snap", "Crackle", and “Pop” respectively.

12. o Used to describe the behavior of a physical system as a set
of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables.
The most commonly used of these are
i. V = u +at
ii. S = ½ at*t + ut
iii. v*v = u*u + 2as
o The various variables in the equations represent the
following-
 V= final velocity
 U= initial velocity
 T= time
 S= distance
 A= acceleration

13.  Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics which deals with
physical phenomena at microscopic scales.
 Quantum mechanics provides a mathematical description of
much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and
interactions of energy and matter.
 The name quantum mechanics derives from the observation that
some physical quantities can change only in discrete amounts
(Latin quanta), and not in a continuous way.
 The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are
abstract, quantum mechanics concerns itself with
position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle.
 Quantum mechanics is often the only tool available that can
reveal the individual behaviors of the subatomic particles that
make up all forms of matter.