3. 7/24/2013
MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN 3
HISTORY………………………………………… 04
ORIGIN OF MOONS………………………06
INTRODUCTION TO JUPITER……10
MAJOR MOONS………………………………11
INTRODUCTION TO SATURN……52
MAJOR MOONS………………………………54
REFERENCES………………………………………88
CONCLUSION……………………………………91
4. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN
4
Jupiter has 4 major moons
These 4 (IO,EUROPA,GANYMEDE &
CALLISTO) large Jovian moons were
discovered by GALILEO in 1610
Saturn has 6 major moons
ENCELADUS in 1789 by WILLIAM
HERSCHEL
5. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN
5
TETHYS & DIONE: In 1684 by
GIOVANNI
TITAN: In 1655 by CHRISTIAN
HUYGENS
RHEA: In 1672 by CASSINI
6. 7/24/2013 6
MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN
Many of the moons of the planets
formed through accretion but on a small
scale
Once the nebular gas began to accrete
onto the large Jovian protoplanets,
condition similar to the miniature solar
nebula
7. 7/24/2013 7
MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN
………with condensation & accretion
continuing to occur
Some of the smaller moons may have
been chipped off their parent planets
during collision with asteroids
Or may be they captured asteroids
themselves
10. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 10
5th planet in the solar system
The massive & largest one
Name originated from GREEK word
„JOVE‟-name after their god
Uniquely it represent the model of our
own solar system with the moons
symboling the planets
11. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 11
Q: HOW MANY MOONS DOES JUPITER HAVE?
ANS:A LARGE NUMBER ……………………………
63!
Divided into 4 groups
i. Galilean moons::largest groups of planet-Jupiter
moons
ii. Inner most moons: mostly small in size, with
elliptical orbits
iii. 3rd group: orbit with retrograded sense
12. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 12
iv. Outer most moons: just very small in size
13. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 13
They are four in
number named as:
i. GANYMEDE
ii. CALLISTO
iii. IO
iv. EUROPA
16. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 16
Largest of the JOVIANS
moons 5260km in
the diameter
Density of 1.93g/cm3
shows that it is at
least 50% water ice composition
17. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 17
Average reflectivity of 50%
A silicate rich core with mantle of liquid
water
No existence of atmosphere
18. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 18
There are two distinctly different
types of TERRAIN
i. Dark terrain
ii. Bright terrain
Water ice is the dominant component
of the crust
No large scale mountains landforms
21. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 21
DARK TERRAIN
Polygonal in shape & separated each
other by brighter terrain
22. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 22
May have a reasonable amount of DUST
and ROCKY debris
Highly cratered surface – suggested
that this part is relatively OLD must be
dated back to METEORIC bombardment
age that ended up 4biillion years ago
23. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 23
BRIGHTER TERRAIN
May be made up of PURE water
They are mostly LOW cratered area –
suggested its age up to just 3.5 billion
years
25. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 25
It has no atmosphere to speak of
Diameter of 4900km
Highest noonday temperature is of -
110C – highest of the GALILEAN moons
Has a very darkest surface due to low
reflectivity of just 20%
27. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 27
Never volcanically active
Has the lowest density of
all the other GALILEAN
moons – 1.79g/cm3
Relatively small amount of heavier
radioactive elements
29. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 29
Bright-orange colored sphere with,
white irregular splotches
Polar regions are relatively darker
30. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 30
Absolutely no impact craters
UNIQUNESS: nothing similar had
been found in the solar
system………THAT IS……a large number
of odd-looking sinkholes like depression
scattered over the surface
31. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 31
They are the vents of the volcanoes
At least 8 are currently active
Eruptions take place on continual basis
Last for few months to years
Named after GREEK gods of FIRE
IO is the only world in the universe
besides Earth known to have active
volcanoes
33. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 33
Umbrella-shaped
plume
Gigantic fan –
shaped in the
vacuum
Produced by the
eruption of gases
and materials from
the volcanoes
34. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 34
Mostly colored patterns includes yellow,
red, orange and brown
Its surface is mostly covered with this
volcanic material
Emitted gases are the SO2 And
H2S(hydrogen sulfide)- by the help of
REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM
35. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 35
There exist mountain ranges
INTERESTINGLY up to 10km in height
HERE QUESTION ARISES FROM
WHERE THEY ORIGINATED?
The ‟TECTONIC FRUCTURING FORCES‟ as
similar in case of Earth
36. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 36
Average day time temperature is -145C
Although as hot as 300C near
volcanoes
Average night time temperature is
-190C
38. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 38
Not founded water any where in surface,
interior and not even on the atmosphere
It has a thin layer of atmosphere
Most probably the active volcanoes that
releases the SO2 forms the atmosphere
And pressure is quiet small just about
1*10^-7 atmospheric pressure
39. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 39
Light brown surface with white patches
Move in the circular orbit of
670,900km in radius
No impact craters
40. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 40
Absolutely no
atmosphere
Max. day time
temperature is-180C
Reflectivity of 70%
as it a bright world
41. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 41
Slightly smaller density
of about 3.03g/cm3
No signs of volcanism
either current or in the past
- different from the IO
Mostly the surface is smooth
42. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 42
UNIQUENESS: the only world in
the solar system besides Earth that has
…………WATER!
Density of Europa is consistent with up
to 20% of water
Exist as ICE in the interior mostly
And the rest of it is made up of
metals & silicate
44. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 44
There are only few signs of craters
(only 3 probable craters of 18-25km
apart)
It means that the present icy structure
formed long after the era of
METEORIC bombardment came to an
end
46. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 46
Water exposed to the
space rapidly evaporates
forming a thin layer
of atmosphere of
WATER VAPOUR
47. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 47
Exceedingly cold temperature outside
condenses the it into solid – ICE
This falls back to the surface ,covering
the entire EUROPA landscape with a
layer of fine FROST
49. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 49
Theoretical calculations of the current
thermal state of EUROPA have an
interesting possibility………………… LIFE
50. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 50
Result suggested that some LUIQUID
WATER may be still present in the interior
- hidden deep underneath the icy crust
Its mantel actually warm enough to support
the……… LIFE
…………We r go„in to start our
INVASION of SATURN… !!!!!!!!!!!
52. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 52
Saturn was the outermost
planet known to ancient
astronomy
It is the 6th planet of solar
system
Its mass is 5.6*10^29g
Its density is 0.7g/cm3
53. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 53
The atmosphere of Saturn consists of
molecular Hydrogen ,Helium ,Methane
and Ammonia.
54. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 54
Saturn has 67! moons out of which 5
largest are:
1. Titan
2. Rhea
3. Dione
4. Tethys
5. Enceladus
55. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 55
Titan is the 2nd largest moon of solar
system and 1st of Saturn
We call it as a hazy titan
A thick uniform haze layer similar to
photochemical smog seen above our
cities found here
56. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 56
Titan probably contains a rocky core
surrounded by a thick mantle of water ice.
58. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 58
Titan is very glowing
Throughout its day-to-day; its color is
changes from Blue to Green and Green
to Red
As a result; a beautiful glowing orange
color is appears.
60. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 60
Titan‟s atmosphere is thick and denser
It is made up of mostly N2, Ar, a few
percent of CH4 in addition to ethane and
propane, CO and other compounds
Its atmosphere undergoing a series of
chemical reactions powered by
sun light
62. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 62
It also have liquid lakes, clouds and
mountains…………………lakes of METHANE
and ETHANE………Not of water!!!
63. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 63
If a person wants to fly
then……………………………………………………………
Titan‟s atmosphere is best !
A person can fly just with………………
man made wings……………………………………
WOW!
64. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 64
It is the 9th largest moon of solar
system and 2nd of Saturn.
Its surface consists of 25% rocks and
75% water ice
It is known as WISPY RHEA
Due to the tectonic activity
65. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 65
It has craters
but these are
flatter than our
moon.
66. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 66
It is the only moon who have rings
around it
Its faint rings contain dust particles
and debris.
68. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 68
It is the 4th moon of the Saturn
It has huge fractures on hemisphere
which made Forward and Trailing side
These are quiet different from each
other.
70. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 70
Forwarded hemisphere is dark
It is covered with dens population of
craters
It has large craters having diameter of
62miles or 99km.
71. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 71
Consists of a complex network of
bright; wispy marking superimposed over
a darker surface
With numerous craters
It has small craters as compare to
forward hemisphere with diameter of
19miles or 30km.
73. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 73
Scientists believed that in earlier it is
tidally locked
Meteoric impact took place preferably
on the forward facing side
A large impact could change its current
orientation
75. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 75
It is the 5th important moon of Saturn
It is 248km in diameter
A huge impact of crater that covers
2/5 of the surface of it has been found
76. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 76
It has heavy and light craters in shape
of belt across the moon.
77. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 77
It is highly reflective object in the
solar system known due to its VISUAL
WAVELENGTH
It has an average density of just
1.2g/cm3
Probably have rocky material mixed with
the ice
78. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 78
It has a large Canyon (Ithaca Chasma)
which runs about 1242 miles long
That means Canyon runs across 2/3 of
the moon
These cracks are due to the shrinking
and cooling of the surface layers
80. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 80
It is the 6th important moon of Saturn
It has a plum of liquid water and
chemicals
Its temperature is -210 degree Celsius
82. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 82
As it reflects 100% sunlight that
it receives.
83. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 83
Near south pole there are “V” and “Y”
shaped ridges and valleys which are
called “TIGER STRIPES”
There are two theories about these
stripes
84. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 84
1. It is migrating towards Saturn which
increasing its rotation due to which
rotation axis is flatten
This flattering causes near the
surface of poles to push outward and
buckle forming ridges
85. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 85
2. Warm material rose from the interior
of the surface leading to a polar
terrain from its current area to a new
region
It would then adjust to match the new
polar orientation which causes surface
tension and ridges formed
88. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 88
Astronomy today,McMillan,5th edition,2005,pp-358
The space-age solar system, Joseph F. Baugher,
Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois: John Wiley
& Sons, pp-221-251
Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn & Uranus, International
Astronomical Union Circulates, 2nd week of May
89. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 89
Solar system bodies JPL/NASA, 2nd week of May
Origin of Europa & Galilean satellites, University of
Arizona,2nd week of May
Jupiter’s known satellites Department of Terrestrial
Magnetism at Carniege Institute of Science, 2nd week
of May
90. 7/24/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 90
Article by Institute of Astronomy University of
Hawaii, Scott Steppard & David Jewitt, 2nd week of
May
Moons and Planets, William K. Hartmann,5th
edition – THOMSON BROOKS/COLE
91. 7/24/2013
MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER &
SATURN91
Despite of the modern technology, still man is
unable to know the UNIVERSE – as these
MOONS! This shows the limitation of the
MANKIND! Even though he considered
HIMSELF
“SUPERIOR”
Although „HE‟…… Is NOT!!!!