2. Introduction
The global outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 marked a significant
public health emergency. This viral disease, traditionally confined to
specific ecological areas, began spreading rapidly across continents.
By August 2023, the outbreak had affected 113 countries with nearly
90,000 cases and 152 deaths reported. In Africa, particularly the
Democratic Republic of Congo, experiencing a significant burden.
also noted in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific regions.
3. Epidemiology of outbreak
Geographic Spread
oThe virus was reported in 113 countries with a high concentration in
Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific
Demographic Trend
oMost cases occurred in man aged 19-59 years. A higher proportion of
women and children were affected in Africa.
o A significant portion of cases identified as gay, bisexual, or men who
have sex with men
4. Transmission and Impact
Transmission Modes
Initially known as a
zoonotic disease. sustained
human-to-human
transmission was observed,
particularly through sexual
contact
Impact on Vulnerable Populations
High impact on marginalized
groups including individuals
living with HIV
5. Global Response to the Outbreak
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public
health emergency of international concern in July 2022, immediate
actions comprised establishing global surveillance, issuing prevention
and control guidance, facilitating research, and mobilizing resources.
Training of healthcare workers, enhancement of Laboratory capacities,
and combating misinformation and stigma were pivotal in the response
6. Challenges and Ongoing Issues
Funding Gaps
WHO's funding appeal
received inadequate support
highlighting a critical
resource shortage for
response efforts
Sustained Challenges
Despite a decline cases by
early 2023 issues such as
surveillance sustainability,
vaccine access, and
understanding the outbreak's
origins persisted
7. Long-term Management and Recommendations
Temporary recommendations were issued under the International
Health Regulations (2005) from July 2022 to May 2023. By August
2023, standing recommendations were established to manage
monkeypox long-term.
8. Conclusion: Lessons and Future Directions
• The monkeypox outbreak of 2022-2023 underscored the importance of
global health interconnectedness and the need for coordinated,
sustained efforts in preparedness and response mechanisms. While
significant strides have been made the ongoing challenges highlight
the necessity for continued vigilance and investment.
