This presentation explains various monetary instruments being adopted by the Reserve Bank of India. It also shows their impact on stock market. It also show the statistic trend of inflation, repo rate, reverse repo rate, etc in India.
In monetary economics, the quantity theory of money (QTM) states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation, or money supply. The theory was challenged by Keynesian economics,but updated and reinvigorated by the monetarist school of economics. While mainstream economists agree that the quantity theory holds true in the long run, there is still disagreement about its applicability in the short run. Critics of the theory argue that money velocity is not stable and, in the short-run, prices are sticky, so the direct relationship between money supply and price level does not hold.
Alternative theories include the real bills doctrine and the more recent fiscal theory of the price level.
In monetary economics, the quantity theory of money (QTM) states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation, or money supply. The theory was challenged by Keynesian economics,but updated and reinvigorated by the monetarist school of economics. While mainstream economists agree that the quantity theory holds true in the long run, there is still disagreement about its applicability in the short run. Critics of the theory argue that money velocity is not stable and, in the short-run, prices are sticky, so the direct relationship between money supply and price level does not hold.
Alternative theories include the real bills doctrine and the more recent fiscal theory of the price level.
Indian Financial System : Monetary And Fiscal Policy,Economic Trends, Price Policy,Stock Exchange Of
India,Role of regulatory instituions in Indian financial system – RBI and SEBI , National Income,Role of
Industry in Economic Development, Foreign Trade and Balance of Payment,Poverty in India, Unemployment
in India, Inflation, Human Development, Rural Development, Problems of Growth
includes objectives of monetary policy and its importance and discussed different monetary instruments like bank rate, cash reserve ratio, statutary liquidity ratio, rationing of credit , moral suasion, repo rate, marginal requirement
.Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank. It involves management of money supply and interest rate and is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY
Full Employment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Balance of Payments
• Exchange Rate Stability
• Neutrality of Money
• Equal Income Distribution
What is RBI, Structure of RBI, Function of RBI(Traditional/Promotional/Supervisory), Economic Policies, Monetary Policies, CRR, SLR, RRR, LAF, MSF, OMOS
A simple explanation of Regression | Regression versus Causation | Regression versus Correlation
The presentation aims at explaining the basic concept of regression. It also shows how regression is different from causation and correlation.
For further explanation, checkout the youtube link: https://youtu.be/SELNQs9b-XY
Identification problem in simultaneous equations modelGarimaGupta229
In this presentation, identification problem is explained with the example of Supply and Demand equilibrium and why identification problem arises. In addition, the rank and order conditions are also introduced.
For further explanation, checkout the youtube link:
https://youtu.be/PyU_RJJspfE
The presentation aims to explain the meaning of ECONOMETRICS and why this subject is studied as a separate discipline.
The reference is based on the book "BASIC ECONOMETRICS" by Damodar N. Gujarati.
For further explanation, check out the youtube link:
https://youtu.be/S3SUDiVpUGU
This presentation gives basic information about World Trade Organization. it shows various aspects of WTO. It also contains a case study of United States based on gasoline followed by panel discussion views regarding the case study.
This presentation explains the views of international trade given by mercantilists and neo-mercantilists. it also presents a case study that shows mercantilism is still alive! Moreover, it also shows it's implication in US-CHINA Trade War.
This presentation is based on various issues faced by women in agricultural services and the reasons why gender-sensitization schemes are not widely accepted.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
2. • Macroeconomic policy- by the monetary authority of the country.
• Management of money supply and interest rate
• Demand-side economic policy used by the govt. of a country to achieve macroeconomic
objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.
• In case of Indian economy, RBI is the sole monetary authority which decides the supply of
money in the economy.
• The RBI implements the monetary policy through open market operations, bank rate policy,
reserve system, credit control policy, moral persuasion and through many other
instruments.
• Increasing money supply and reducing interest rates indicate an expansionary policy. The
reverse of this is a contractionary monetary policy.
3. Central banks have three monetary policy
objectives:-
• To manage Inflation
• To reduce unemployment
• To promote moderate long-term interest rates.
4. 1. Price Stability
2. Controlled Expansion Of Bank Credit
3. Promotion of Fixed Investment
4. Restriction of Inventories
5. Promotion of Exports and Food Procurement Operations
6. Desired Distribution of Credit
7. Equitable Distribution of Credit
8. To Promote Efficiency
9. Reducing the Rigidity
5. Monetary policy instruments are the various tools that a central bank can use to influence
money market and credit conditions and pursue its monetary policy objectives. Various
instruments are:
Repo Rate
Reverse Repo Rate
Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
Corridor
Bank Rate
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS)
6. THE INSTRUMENTS OF MONETARY POLICY AFFECT THE LEVEL OF AGGREGATE
DEMAND THROUGH THE SUPPLY OF MONEY, COST OF MONEY AND
AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT.
THEY ARE ALSO CALLED AS “WEAPONS OF MONETARY POLICY”
7. •Traditional measures of monetary control
•Affect the entire credit market in the same direction
•Impact on all the sectors of the economy is uniform
•Does not take into consideration the objectives of
credit control.
They include:
1. Open Market Operations
2. Bank Rate or Discount Rate
3. Cash Reserve Ratio
8. • The sale and purchase of securities in the money market by
the central bank of the country.
• When prices start rising, the central bank sells securities. The
reserves of commercial banks are reduced and they are not in a
position to lend more to the business community or general
public. Further investment is discouraged and the rise in prices
is checked.
• When recessionary forces start in the economy, the central
bank buys securities. The reserves of commercial banks are
raised so they lend more to business community and general
public. It further raises Investment, output, employment,
income and demand in the economy hence the fall in price is
checked.
9. • Minimum lending rate of the central bank at which it rediscounts
first class bills of exchange and government securities held by the
commercial banks.
• When there is inflation, central bank raises the bank rate so
borrowing from it becomes costly and commercial banks borrow
less money from it. The commercial banks, in reaction, raise
their lending rates. There is contraction of credit and prices are
checked from rising further.
• When prices are depressed, the central bank lowers the bank
rate. It is cheap to borrow from the central bank on the part of
commercial banks. The latter also lower their lending rates.
Investment is encouraged and followed by rise in Output,
employment, income and demand and the downward movement
of prices is checked.
10. Under this method, CRR and SLR are two main deposit ratios, which
reduce or increase the idle cash balance of the commercial banks.
Every bank is required by law to keep a certain percentage of its
total deposits in the form of a reserve fund in its vaults and also a
certain percentage with the central bank.
When prices are rising, the central bank raises the reserve ratio.
Banks are required to keep more with the central bank. Their
capital is reduced and they lend less. The volume of investment,
output and employment are adversely affected.
When the reserve ratio is lowered, the capital of commercial banks
are raised. They lend more and the economic activity is favourably
affected.
11. The central bank uses a Marginal Standing Facility
(MSF), Liquidity Adjustment Facility(LAF), Corridor,
Market Stabilization Scheme to control and regulate the
money supply in the economy.
The Repo Rate is the rate at which commercial banks
borrow from RBI while the Reverse Repo Rate is the rate
at which RBI borrows from the commercial banks
against the government securities.Policy Repo Rate 5.15%
Reverse Repo Rate 4.90%
Marginal Standing Facility Rate 5.40%
Bank Rate 5.40%
CRR 4%
SLR 18.50%
12. Marginal Standing facility
A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount
of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory
Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides
a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.
LIQUIDITY ADJUSTMENT FACILITY
The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the
Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning
variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help
develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based
benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of
monetary policy.
13. CORRIDOR
The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the
daily movement in the weighted average call money rate.
Market Stabilisation Scheme
(MSS)
This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004.
Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital
inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government
securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a
separate government account with the Reserve Bank.
14. • The credit objectives under this category may include rationing the
credit, directing the flow of credit from least important sectors to the
most important sectors, controlling a speculating tendency based on the
availability of bank credit.
• When there is brisk speculative activity in the economy or in particular
sectors in certain commodities and prices start rising, the central bank
raises the margin requirement on them. Thus, these objectives are very
well served by the selective control methods.
• It includes:-
1. Credit Rationing
2. Change in Lending Margins
3. Moral Suasion
15. Change in Lending Margin:
The result is that the borrowers are given less money in loans
against specified securities.
For instance, raising the margin requirement to 70% means that the
pledger of securities of the value of Rs 10,000 will be given 30% of their
value, i.e. Rs 3,000 as loan. In case of recession in a particular sector, the
central bank encourages borrowing by lowering margin requirements.
Moral Suasion:
Under this method RBI urges to commercial banks to help in controlling
the supply of money in the economy.
16. •Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934 provides for an
empowered six-member monetary policy committee (MPC).
•Under the amended RBI Act, the monetary policy making is as under:
•The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year.
•The quorum for the meeting of the MPC is four members.
•Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Governor
has a second or casting vote.
•The resolution adopted by the MPC is published after conclusion of every meeting of the MPC in
accordance with the provisions of Chapter III F of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
•On the 14th day, the minutes of the proceedings of the MPC are published which include:
a. the resolution adopted by the MPC;
b. the vote of each member on the resolution, ascribed to such member; and
c. the statement of each member on the resolution adopted.
•Once in every six months, the Reserve Bank is required to publish a document called the
Monetary Policy Report to explain:
a. the sources of inflation; and
b. the forecast of inflation for 6-18 months ahead.
Open and Transparent Monetary Policy
Making:
20. By signalling lower rates,
the RBI brings down the
cost of capital.
Companies are able to
reduce their financial risk
when rates are cut.
Monetary policy also
signals liquidity and this is
the key to equity markets.
21. • So it can be concluded that the implementation of the monetary
policy plays a very prominent role in the development of a
country.
• It’s a kind of double edge sword, if money is not available in the
market as the requirement of the economy, the investors will
suffer (investment will decline in the economy) and on the other
hand if the money is supplied more than its requirement then the
poor section of the country will suffer because the prices of
essential commodities will start rising.