ATP provides energy for cellular functions through the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate, releasing energy. ATP is regenerated through phosphorylation as it is continuously broken down. This ATP-ADP cycle couples exergonic reactions that generate ATP to endergonic reactions that consume ATP, allowing cells to do work. Chlorophyll and other pigments are important for photosynthesis, absorbing different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue light while reflecting green, and is key to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

1. ATP-ADP CYCLE
CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER
PIGMENTS

2. OBJECTIVES
AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS MODULE, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
• EXPLAIN COUPLED REACTION PROCESSES AND
DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF ATP IN ENERGY COUPLING
AND TRANSFER.
• EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF CHLOROPHYLL AND
OTHER PIGMENTS

3. TRUE OR FALSE
•WRITE A IF THE STATEMENT IS
TRUE AND B IF THE STATEMENT
IS FALSE.

4. _____1. ADP PROVIDES THE ENERGY
OF THE MECHANICAL FUNCTION
OF THE CELL.
_____2. ATP HAS THREE
PHOSPHATES.
_____3. ATP MEANS ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE.

5. _____5. ATP IS NOT RENEWABLE.
_____6. ADP CAN BE MADE INTO AN
ATP.
_____7. THE LEAF IS THE PRIMARY
ORGAN OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
_____8. THE COLOR THAT ARE
ABSORBED BY PIGMENTS ARE THE

6. _____9. AS LIGHT ENCOUNTERS AN OBJECT IT
EITHER ABSORBS, REFLECT OR TRANSMIT IT.
_____10. PIGMENTS ARE SUBSTANCE THAT ABSORBS
VISIBLE LIGHT.
_____11. DIFFERENT PIGMENTS ABSORBS LIGHT IN
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTH.
_____12. A VISIBLE LIGHT WITH WAVELENGTH OF
380- 750NM ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
LIGHT TO LIFE ON EARTH.

7. 1. FALSE 7. TRUE
2. TRUE 8. FALSE
3. TRUE 9. TRUE
4. TRUE 10. TRUE
5. FALSE 11. TRUE
6. TRUE 12. TRUE

8. Food Energy ATP Cells

9. •WHERE DOES THE ENERGY
CAME FROM?
•WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE
ATP?
•WHY DO YOU THINK ATP’S
IMPORTANT?

10. •LIVING THINGS DEPEND ON
ENERGY.
•CELLS OF THE BODY NEEDS
ENERGY TO PERFORM THEIR
FUNCTIONS.

11. •ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE OR ATP PROVIDES
ENERGY FOR THE MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF
THE CELL
• IT IS SOMETIMES CALLED AS THE ENERGY
CURRENCY OF THE CELL.
• ALL ORGANISM FROM THE VERY SMALLEST
BACTERIA TO HUMAN USES ATP AS THEIR
PRIMARY ENERGY CURRENCY.

12. ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

13. MADE UP OF AN ORGANIC
MOLECULE ADENOSINE, PLUS
A TAIL OF THREE PHOSPHATE
GROUPS (FIGURE 1).

16. Adenosine
Ribose
3 phosphates
High-Energy Bond
Figure 1: Structure of ATP Illustrated by: Ma. Lorlie Nitz O. Antopina

17. IT IS DURING THE RELEASE OF THE
THIRD PHOSPHATE FOUND IN THE
TAIL THAT MAKES ENERGY
AVAILABLE TO CELLS.
THE REMOVAL OF THE
PHOSPHATE END MAKES THE
REMAINING MOLECULE CALLED

19. MEDIATES MOST ENERGY
COUPLING IN CELLS

20. •ENERGY COUPLING, BY DEFINITION,
STANDS FOR A CONCEPT OF
COUPLING TWO BIOLOGICAL
REACTIONS;
• MEANING ENERGY GENERATED FROM
ONE REACTION IS USED TO DRIVE THE
SECOND REACTION.

21. POWER CELLULAR WORK.
3 TYPES OF CELLULAR WORK:
CHEMICAL,TRANSPORT AND MECHANICAL
•CHEMICAL WORK – SYNTHESIS OF
POLYMERS FROM MONOMERS (PUSHING
OF ENDERGONIC REACTIONS)

23. •POLYMER SYNTHESIS, ALSO CALLED
POLYMERIZATION, -The process by which
monomers (small molecules) are covalently
bonded to form a (usually long) polymer chain
or network.

24. •TRANSPORT WORK – PUMPING
OF SUBSTANCES AMONG
MEMBRANES (AGAINST THE
DIRECTION OF SPONTANEOUS
MOVEMENT)
•MECHANICAL WORK – BEATING
OF CILIA, CONTRACTION OF

25. ALSO USED TO MAKE RNA
(SINCE ATP IS USED AS ONE
OF THE NUCLEOSIDE
TRIPHOSPHATE

26. ATP-ADP CYCLE

27. ATP – ADP CYCLE HAS TWO
PARTS.
 FIRST IS THE HYDROLYSIS OF
ATP
SECOND IS THE
REGENERATION OF ATP

29. HYDROLYSIS OF ATP

30. •PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN BONDS
BETWEEN PHOSPHATE GROUPS WITH
THE HELP OF THE WATER MOLECULE.
CAUSING THE TERMINAL/LAST
PHOSPHATE TO BREAK.
•THE LAST PHOSPHATE LEAVES THE

31. REGENERATION OF ATP
(PHOSPHORYLATION)

32. •ATP IS RENEWABLE IT CAN BE REGENERATED BY
THE ADDITION OF PHOSPHATE TO ADP
•ATP FORMATION IS NOT SPONTANEOUS, SO
THERE IS A NEED TO USE FREE ENERGY FOR THE
PROCESS TO WORK.

33. • ATP CYCLE IS TRANSPORTING OF INORGANIC
PHOSPHATE AND ENERGY. IT COUPLES THE CELL’S
ENERGY YIELDING PROCESS (EXERGONIC) TO ENERGY
CONSUMING PROCESS (ENDERGONIC)
• HUMANS WOULD USE NEARLY THEIR BODY WEIGHT IN
ATP EACH DAY, IF ATP COULD NOT BE GENERATED BY
PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP.
• TO CONTEXTUALIZE EVERYTHING. RELATE THE ATP TO
A RECHARGED BATTERY AND THE ADP AS THE
DISCHARGED BATTERY.

34. Recharged Battery (ATP)
Discharged Battery (ADP)
Battery Charger
(Phosphate)
Outlet
(Energy)
No light Flash Light
(Water)
Flash Light with Light
(Energy release and Phosphate
release)
Figure 3 The Battery Analogy of ATP-ADP Cycle

35. •THE ENERGY OF THE RECHARGED BATTERY IS
USED UP BY THE FLASHLIGHT THUS RELEASING
LIGHT AND ENERGY FROM THE BULB MAKING THE
CHARGED BATTERY WEAK AND DISCHARGED.
• THE DISCHARGED BATTERY NOW NEEDS THE
BATTERY CHARGER AND THE ENERGY FROM THE
ELECTRICITY THROUGH THE OUTLET TO
RECHARGED THE BATTERY AND READY TO BE
USED UP AGAIN.
•JUST LIKE HOW ATP – ADP CYCLE WORKS.

36. • DIRECTION: COMPLETE THE STATEMENT BELOW.
___________________ IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS
THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL. THE
RELEASE OF THE _______________ PHOSPHATE OF
ATP MAKES ____________ AVAILABLE TO WORKING
CELLS. ATP WITH THE ABSENCE OF ONE OF ITS
PHOSPHATE IS NOW CALLED AS _______________.
ATPS IN THE CELL ARE SPENT CONTINUOUSLY.
FORTUNATELY, ATPS ARE _____________
RESOURCES.

37. WRITE A “HUGOT
LINE” USING THE
PRINCIPLE OF THE ATP-
ADP CYCLE.

38. LESSON 2:
CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER
PIGMENTS

39. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IS A PROCESS USED BY
PLANTS AND OTHER
ORGANISMS TO CONVERT
LIGHT ENERGY INTO
CHEMICAL ENERGY THAT,
THROUGH CELLULAR
RESPIRATION, CAN LATER
BE RELEASED TO FUEL THE

40. HOW PLANTS CAPTURE
LIGHT?

41. ALTHOUGH PLANT PARTS, SUCH
AS THE MODIFIED STEMS AND
ROOTS ALSO FUNCTION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, THE LEAF IS
THE PRIMARY ORGAN FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
THE EXPANDED AND FLAT SHAPE
OF THE LEAF OF MOST LEAVES
ENABLE THEM TO GATHER MORE

43. •THE CHLOROPLAST IS THE
PIGMENT-CONTAINING
ORGANELLE FOUND IN
PLANT CELL.
• ITS PIGMENT ABSORBS
SUNLIGHT, MAKING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS POSSIBLE. THE
PIGMENTS ARE PILED UP AS
GRANA IN THE THYLAKOID
MEMBRANE OF THE

44. • PIGMENTS
PIGMENTS ARE SUBSTANCES THAT ABSORBS VISIBLE
LIGHT. DIFFERENT PIGMENTS ABSORB LIGHT OF DIFFERENT
WAVELENGTHS.

45. •LIGHT AS IT ENCOUNTERS AN OBJECT, IS
EITHER REFLECTED, TRANSMITTED, OR
ABSORBED.
•VISIBLE LIGHT, WITH A WAVELENGTH OF
380-750NM, IS THE SEGMENT IN THE
ENTIRE RANGE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM THAT IS MOST IMPORTANT

46. •IT IS DETECTED AS A VARIOUS COLOR
BY THE HUMAN EYE.
•THE COLOR THAT IS NOT ABSORBED
BY PIGMENTS OF OBJECTS IS
TRANSMITTED OR REFLECTED AND
THESE ARE THE COLORS THAT WE SEE

47. PIGMENTS
IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

48. •CHLOROPHYLL A
•CHLOROPHYLL B
•CAROTENOID
•PHYCOBILIN

49. •CHLOROPHYLL A
– ABSORBS MAINLY THE
RED AND BLUE-VIOLET
LIGHT RAYS AND REFLECTS
GREEN LIGHT.

50. •CHLOROPHYLL B
– ABSORBS MAINLY ORANGE AND BLUE
LIGHT AND REFLECTS YELLOW GREEN.
CHLOROPHYLL B DOES NOT PARTICIPATE
DIRECTLY IN THE LIGHT REACTIONS.
IT TRANSFERS THE ENERGY IT ABSORBS TO
CHLOROPHYLL A TO BOOST ITS ENERGY.

51. •CAROTENOID
– ABSORBS BLUE-GREEN LIGHT AND
REFLECTS THE LONGER YELLOW, RED AND
ORANGE WAVELENGTH.
• IT PASSES ITS ABSORBED ENERGY TO
CHLOROPHYLL A.
• OTHERS SERVES AS PROTECTION TO
CHLOROPHYLL BY DISSIPATING EXCESSIVE
ENERGY THAT WILL OTHERWISE BE

52. •PHYCOBILIN
– ABSORBS RED, ORANGE, YELLOW AND
GREEN LIGHT WAVELENGTHS THAT ARE
NOT ABSORBED WELL BY CHLOROPHYLL
A.
•WATER SOLUBLE PIGMENTS
•FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM OR IN THE