The document discusses exchange rate regimes and how governments can manage exchange rates. There are two main types of exchange rate regimes: fixed rates, where a government keeps a currency at a target rate against another, and floating rates, where the market determines the exchange rate. To maintain a fixed rate, governments can intervene in currency markets, adjust interest rates, and impose exchange controls. While fixed rates provide certainty, they require giving up monetary policy flexibility and independence.
Pegged Exchange Rates are exchange rates that are set by way of “pegging” of one’s currency with another country’s currency or some other valuable measure, such as gold.
To know more about it, click on the link given below:
https://efinancemanagement.com/international-financial-management/pegged-exchange-rate
8 key factors that affect foreign exchange ratesannadesoza123
The exchange rate is defined as "the rate at which one country's currency may be converted into another." It may fluctuate daily with the changing market forces of supply and demand of currencies from one country to another.
The concept of impossible trinity in Macro-Economics, Course handled by Prof. Rudra Sen Sarma, IIM Kozhikode. Presented for an introduction into Macro Economics concepts
Pegged Exchange Rates are exchange rates that are set by way of “pegging” of one’s currency with another country’s currency or some other valuable measure, such as gold.
To know more about it, click on the link given below:
https://efinancemanagement.com/international-financial-management/pegged-exchange-rate
8 key factors that affect foreign exchange ratesannadesoza123
The exchange rate is defined as "the rate at which one country's currency may be converted into another." It may fluctuate daily with the changing market forces of supply and demand of currencies from one country to another.
The concept of impossible trinity in Macro-Economics, Course handled by Prof. Rudra Sen Sarma, IIM Kozhikode. Presented for an introduction into Macro Economics concepts
The interaction between international trade.WajidMoon
International finance encompasses the study and practice of financial management in a global context, focusing on the flow of capital across borders, currency exchange rates, international investment, and international trade. Here's a concise description:
2. IB UNIT 3 - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM .pptxShudhanshuBhatt1
This PPT deals with
The International Monetary System which refers to the framework of rules, institutions, and procedures that govern international financial transactions and exchange rate arrangements among countries.
International Financial Management
Presentation Subject
EXCHANGE RATE DETERMINATION
Submitted to
Lecturer:Ms.Nilufar Sultana
Department of Finance
Faculty of Business Administration
Premier University, Chittagong.
Semester: 8th Section: “A” Batch :22nd
Department : Finance
Group Name: D
Much of the population is totally misinformed on the issue of the exchange rate as an economic policy instrument. This is an issue that people think it's not important unless when they decide to travel abroad. People need to understand that the exchange rate is a key factor of a national development project given that it interferes favorably or unfavorably on the competitiveness of exports and expenditure on imports, in forward or reverse of the domestic industry, the rise or fall of inflation rates, the increase or decrease of the country's production costs and the rise or fall of international reserves, among other factors. A stable exchange rate can lead to a prolonged period of economic growth, while an unstable exchange rate is able to reverse any growth process as what is currently happening in Brazil.
Premier University[B.B.A]
International Financial Management
Presentation Subject
EXCHANGE RATE DETERMINATION
Submitted to
Lecturer:Ms.Nilufar Sultana
Department of Finance
Faculty of Business Administration
Premier University, Chittagong.
Semester: 8th Section: “A” Batch :22nd
Group Name: D
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
2. DOLLAR-YEN MARKET
The nominal exchange rate is
determined by supply and demand.
It is the price of a country’s money in
terms of another country’s money.
Money is an asset whose quantity is
determined by government policy.
3. DOLLAR-YEN MARKET
The exchange rate determines the price
of imports and of exports.
This can have major effects on
aggregate output and the aggregate
price level.
Governments can adopt a variety of
exchange rate regimes.
4. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES
An exchange rate regime is a rule
governing policy toward the exchange
rate.
There are two main kinds of exchange
rate regimes:
1. Fixed exchange rate: when the
government keeps the exchange rate
against some other currency at or near a
particular target (Hong Kong keeps an
exchange rate of HK$7.80 per US$1)
5. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES
2. Floating exchange rate: when the
government lets the exchange rate
fluctuate wherever the market takes it
(this is the regime followed by the U.S.,
Britain, and Canada).
Countries can adopt compromise
policies that lie somewhere between
fixed and floating exchange rates.
6. EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES
Countries can have exchange rates that
are fixed at any given time, but are
adjusted frequently, exchange rates that
are fixed at any given time but are
adjusted frequently, exchange rates that
aren’t fixed but are “managed” by the
government to avoid wide swings, and
exchange rates that float within a
“targeted zone”.
7. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
When the exchange rate of a currency is
below the target exchange rate, there are 3
ways the government can support the value of
the currency to keep the rate where it wants it:
1. The government can “soak up” the surplus by
buying its own currency in the foreign
exchange market. This is called exchange
market intervention. In order to do this, the
government maintains foreign exchange
reserves, which are stocks or foreign
currency that they can use to buy their own
currency to support its price.
8. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
An important part of international trade
flows is the purchases and sales of
foreign assets by governments and
central banks.
Government sell foreign assets because
they are supporting their currency
through exchange market intervention.
9. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
2. Another way for a government to support its currency
is to try to shift the supply and demand curves for the
currency in the foreign exchange market.
Governments usually do this by changing monetary
policy, raising the interest rate to increase capital
flows into the country, and increasing demand for its
currency. This will also reduce the capital flows out of
the country, reducing the supply of the currency.
Therefore, other things equal, and increase in a
country’s interest rate will increase the value of its
currency.
10. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
3. Third, the government can support the
currency by reducing its supply to the foreign
exchange market. It can do this by requiring
domestic residents who want to buy foreign
currency to get a licence, and giving these
licenses only to people with engaging in
approved transactions (such as importing
essential goods).
Licensing systems that limit the right of
individuals to buy foreign currency are called
foreign exchange controls.
Other things equal, foreign exchange controls
increase the value of a country’s currency.
11. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
If the equilibrium value of a currency is
above the target rate, and there is a
shortage of the currency:
To maintain the target exchange rate the
government can:
12. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
1. It can intervene in the foreign exchange
market, by selling its currency and
buying foreign currency, which will be
added to its foreign exchange reserves.
2. It can reduce the interest rates to
increase the supply of its currency, and
reduce the demand.
13. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
3. The government can impose foreign
exchange controls that limit the ability
of foreigners to buy the currency.
All of these actions, other things equal,
will reduce the value of the currency.
The choice of exchange rate regime
poses a dilemma for policy makers
because fixed and floating exchange
rates each have advantages and
disadvantages.
14. HOW CAN AN EXCHANGE RATE
BE HELD FIXED?
The choice of exchange rate regime
poses a dilemma for policy makers
because fixed and floating exchange
rates each have advantages and
disadvantages.
15. ADVANTAGES OF FIXED EXCHANGE
RATES
1. One benefit of a fixed exchange rate is
the certainty about the future value of a
currency.
2. Adopting a fixed exchange rate also
means that a country is committing
itself not to engage in inflationary
policies, because these policies would
destabilize the exchange rate.
16. DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED
EXCHANGE RATES
1. To stabilize an exchange rate through
intervention, a country must keep large
quantities of foreign currency on hand,
and this currency is usually a low-return
investment.
2. Even large reserves can be quickly
exhausted when there are large capital
flows out of the country.
17. DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED
EXCHANGE RATES
3. If a country chooses to stabilize an exchange
rate by adjusting monetary policy, it must
divert monetary policy away from other goals,
such as stabilizing the economy and
managing the rate of inflation.
4. Foreign exchange controls, such as import
quotas and tariffs, distort incentives for
importing and exporting goods and services.,
and also may create substantial costs in
terms of red tape and corruption.
18. DILEMMA WITH EXCHANGE RATES
So the options are:
1. Let the currency float, which leaves monetary
policy available for macroeconomic
stabilization, but creates uncertainty for
everyone affected by trade, or
2. Fix the exchange rate, which eliminates trade
uncertainty, but means giving up monetary
policy, adopting exchange controls, or both.