1. FEMA
The Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a
replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA came into act on the
1st day of June, 2000.
The main objective behind the Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) is to consolidate and
amend the law relating to foreign exchange with objective of facilitating external trade and
payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange
market in India.
FEMA is applicable to the all parts of India. The act is also applicable to all branches, offices and
agencies outside India owned or controlled by a person who is resident of India.
FEMA head-office also known as Enforcement Directorate is situated in New Delhi and is
headed by a Director. The Directorate is further divided into 5 zonal offices at Delhi, Bombay,
Calcutta, Madras and Jalandhar and each office is headed by a Deputy Directors. Each zone is
further divided into 7 sub-zonal offices headed by the Assistant Directors and 5 field units
headed by the Chief Enforcement Officers
Home > What are the main objectives of FERA and FEMA?
What are the main objectives of FEMA?
The main objective of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, (FERA), was to consolidate
and amend the law; regulate certain payments; dealings in foreign exchange and securities;
transactions, indirectly affecting foreign exchange; the import and export of currency, for the
conservation of the foreign exchange resources of the country; and, finally, the proper utilisation
of this foreign exchange so as to promote the economic development of the country.
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, (FEMA) is an Act to consolidate and amend the
law relating to Foreign Exchange, with the objective of facilitating external trade and, payments
and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of the foreign exchange market in
India.
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)

2. Abstract:
The government of India has formulated the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA),
which relates to the foreign direct investment in the country. Foreign Exchange Management
Act (FEMA) has helped the country by encouraging external payment and trade.
Formulation of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA):
In 1999, the Indian government formulated the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).
On the 1st of June, 2000, FEMA came into force replacing the Foreign Exchange Regulation
Act (FERA), which was formulated in 1973. Extensive economic reforms were undertaken
in India in the early 1990s and this led to the deregulation and liberalization of the country's
economy. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) was thus formulated in order to be
compatible with the policies of pro- liberalization of the Indian government.
Extent of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA):
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) is applicable to the entire country. Agencies,
branches, and offices, outside India, that are owned by Indian residents, also fall under the
jurisdiction of this act. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) also extends to any
dispute that are committed in offices, agencies and branches outside India that are owned by
individuals covered by this act.
Objectives of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA):
Among the various objectives of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), an
important one is to revise and unite all the laws that relate to foreign exchange. Further FEMA
aims to promote foreign payments and trade in the country. Another important objective of the
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) is to encourage the orderly maintenance and
development of the foreign exchange market in India.
Implementation of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA):
Extensive efforts have been undertaken to ensure the effective implementation of FEMA in
India. Proper implementation measures and efficient supervision are important preconditions
for the success of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).

3. Determination of Foreign Exchange Rates:
Exchange rates respond directly to all sorts of events, both tangible and psychological:
• Business cycles;
• Balance of payments;
• Political developments;
• New tax laws;
• Stock market news;
• Inflationary expectations;
• Interest rate differentials;
• International investment patterns;
• And government and central bank monetary policies among others.
At the heart of this complex market are the same forces of demand and supply that determine the
prices of goods and services in any free market. If at any given rate, the demand for a currency is
greater than its supply, its price will rise. If supply exceeds demand, the price will fall.
The supply of a nation’s currency is influenced by that nation’s monetary authority, which is
usually its central bank. Government and central banks closely monitor economic activity to
keep money supply at a level appropriate to achieve their economic goals. Too much money
increases inflation, causing the value of the currency to decline and prices to rise; whereas too
little money can slow economic growth and possibly cause rising unemployment.
Monetary authorities must decide whether economic conditions call for a larger or smaller
increase in the money supply.
Sources for currency demand on the FX market
The currency of a growing economy with relative price stability and a wide variety of
competitive goods and services will be more in demand than that of a country in political
turmoil, with high inflation and few marketable exports. Money will flow to wherever it can get
the highest return with the least risk. If a nation’s financial instruments, such as stocks and
bonds, offer relatively high rates of return at relatively low risk, foreigners will demand its

4. currency to invest in them. FX traders speculate about how different events will move the
exchange rates. For example:
• News of political instability in other countries drives up demand for U.S. dollars as
investors are looking for a safe haven for their money.
• A country’s interest rates rise and its currency appreciates as foreign investors seek
higher returns than they can get in their own countries.
• Developing nations undertaking successful economic reforms may experience currency
appreciation as foreign investors seek new opportunities.
Theoretical Currency Exchange Rates
There are some who believe that some currency exchange rates are not what they should be. For
instance, there is a bill in Congress to correct any fundamental exchange rate misalignment, a
bill which is actually aimed at China because Congress believes that the Chinese yuan is
seriously undervalued against the United States dollar. But how does one ascertain the
misalignment of currency rates? Is there a true exchange rate and can it be determined?
There are at least 3 methods that purport to reveal the true exchange rate, or to at least reveal
misalignments.
One common method is purchasing power parity (PPP), which is the common assumption
that the amount of currency needed to purchase a specified basket of goods should be equal to
any other currency needed to buy that same basket of goods. However, this measure disregards
the effects of comparative advantage, which is the advantage that some countries have over
others in producing a particular product because of location or other factors. Moreover,
purchasing power parity is difficult to measure, although the Economist magazine publishes a
Big Mac Index, which is the price, in local currencies, to buy a Big Mac hamburger at the many
McDonald's restaurants located throughout the world, and compares this to the United States
dollar (USD). The Big Mac Index shows what the implied PPP is in USD, which is equal to the
price in local currency divided by the price in the United States, and compares this to what the
actual exchange rate is. None of the exchange rates shown in the latest index shows purchasing
power parity, although some come close, which could simply be a coincidence. Nonetheless,

5. there are more sophisticated models that purport to give a truer picture of PPP by accounting for
differences in productivity or income.
However, purchasing power parity does not account for international capital flow, which is far
more important in determining exchange rates. For instance, countries with investments that
yield the highest return will have large inflows of foreign capital, which will certainly have an
impact on exchange rates, but capital flows are not related to PPP.
Another method to calculate what the exchange rate should be is the fundamental equilibrium
exchange rate (FEER), which is based on a sustainable current-account balance and internal
balance, with low inflation and full employment. A sustainable current-account balance is
predicated on the simple fact that a country cannot continue accumulating more and more of a
single currency unless it is actively intervening to keep the exchange rate low. Thus, China's
continually growing current-account surplus of United States dollars is given as evidence that the
yuan is seriously undervalued. However, a large current-account surplus may result because the
people of a country invest more in foreign countries, or because the country has a low interest
rate. A good example of why the current-account balance could be misleading is to examine why
the Japanese yen is low compared to other currencies. The current interest rate in Japan is about
0.5%, the lowest of the developed countries. Because the interest rate is so low, and much higher
elsewhere, many Japanese investors invest their money outside of their country, but to do so,
they must exchange Japanese yen for other currencies. Another factor is the carry trade, where
investors all over the world borrow yen at the low interest rate, and convert it into currencies
where interest rates are higher, such as in New Zealand, which currently has an interest rate of
8%.
Then there is the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate, which is predicated on the invariance
of cause and effect, so what economic variables influenced currency exchange rates in the past,
such as productivity growth or net foreign assets, will also influence future currency exchange
rates. While this seems plausible, how does one determine that a particular set of variables and
their relative importance determined the exchange rate in the past? Will the importance of each
economic variable change when other variables change, and if so, how?

6. While there are many theories about what actually sets the foreign exchange rate, there
is a simple way to visualize the true determiner of rates. Keep in mind that banks do
most of the actual trading and all of it is done in the over-the-counter market, where 1
bank communicates with other traders, mostly banks to satisfy its currency needs. You
may be a forex trader trading with a broker, but that broker trades with banks. Also,
most forex trading done by retail traders does not actually involve the transference of
currency. The currency contracts are simply rolled over into new contracts before
actual delivery takes place. However, if you were a businessperson or a government
with a real need to trade actual currency, you would go to a bank to satisfy your needs,
because that's what banks do.
Now imagine that you owned an international bank in Switzerland. The main currency
of Switzerland is the Swiss franc (CHF), but since you are an international bank, you
must deal in other currencies as well. Let's take the United States dollar as an example.
Some of your customers will want to exchange francs for dollars, and some will want
dollars for francs. But how many dollars do you want to keep? You want enough to
satisfy your customers' need for dollars plus some reserves for unknown immediate
future demands.
Now, because an international bank actually needs different currencies to do business,
it will keep some of the dollars that it gets from customers so that it can give other
customers the dollars that they demand. But what happens when the bank starts getting
too many dollars in relation to that bank's customers' demand for dollars. The simple
solution is to simply reduce the price of the dollar in terms of Swiss francs. When a
customer comes in to exchange dollars for francs, you start giving fewer francs per
dollar. This immediately lowers the number of francs that your bank pays for each
dollar. Ergo, this lowers the exchange rate of dollars for francs.
But suppose you continue to get more dollars than you can use in your local business
—maybe because some local exporter has a hot new product that's selling wildly in the
United States, so the exporter has no choice but to trade dollars for francs, because he
has to pay his workers and suppliers in Swiss francs, since the business is in
Switzerland.

7. As an international banker, you know that there are other banks that will have a need
for dollars, and so you call them, or communicate with them over an electronic
network, such as the Internet, and trade dollars for Swiss francs. You call another bank
in another town that happens to have a United States international firm doing business
in the town. While the business pays its local workers in francs and receives revenues
in francs, it needs to send dollars back home in the United States, so it goes to the local
bank to exchange francs for dollars. Because the bank doesn't have enough dollars on
hand to satisfy the U.S. business, that bank readily agrees to exchange dollars for
francs with your bank. You can also contact banks in New York, some of which, will
have a need for more francs than dollars.
But you also know that the Swiss government wants to keep the exchange rate of
francs for dollars low, so that exports to the United States increase and imports
decrease, so you contact the central bank of Switzerland, the Swiss National Bank. To
carry out the government's policy of lowering the exchange rate of the franc against
the dollar, the central bank agrees to buy your dollars for francs. If there is no other
need for the dollars, the central bank simply holds them in reserve to satisfy the Swiss
government's desire to lower the exchange rate of francs for dollars.
Thus, the exchange rate that your bank sets will be determined by the total demand
from your customers and from other banks. But note that this exchange rate will tend
to be equal to the rate set by other banks. Why is this necessarily so? Remember, the
exchange rate that you set ultimately depends on demand on both your customers and
other banks that your bank trades with. If you are offering fewer dollars per franc than
other banks because of the excess of supply over demand from your customers, then
those banks will buy dollars from your bank until your rates become equal. So this is
how demand and supply actually work in the microeconomic view.
The demand and supply of currency ultimately originates with the people; even when
governments set monetary policy through their central banks, it is to satisfy the needs
of their residents; banks simply equalize this supply and demand all over the world by
trading with each other.

8. Exchange rates respond directly to all sorts of events, both tangible and psychological—
• Business cycles;
• Balance of payment statistics;
• Political developments;

9. • New tax laws;
• Stock market news;
• Inflationary expectations;
• International investment patterns;
• And government and central bank policies among others.
At the heart of this complex market are the same forces of demand and supply that determine the
prices of goods and services in any free market. If at any given rate, the demand for a currency is
greater than its supply, its price will rise. If supply exceeds demand, the price will fall.
The supply of a nation’s currency is influenced by that nation’s monetary authority, (usually its
central bank), consistent with the amount of spending taking place in the economy. Government
and central banks closely monitor economic activity to keep money supply at a level appropriate
to achieve their economic goals.
Too much money è inflation è value of money declines è prices rise
Too little money è sluggish economic growth è rising unemployment
Monetary authorities must decide whether economic conditions call for a larger or smaller
increase in the money supply.
Sources for currency demand on the FX market:
• The currency of a growing economy with relative price stability and a wide variety of
competitive goods and services will be more in demand than that of a country in political
turmoil, with high inflation and few marketable exports.
• Money will flow to wherever it can get the highest return with the least risk. If a nation’s
financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, offer relatively high rates of return at relatively
low risk, foreigners will demand its currency to invest in them.
• FX traders speculate within the market about how different events will move the exchange rates.
For example:
o News of political instability in other countries drives up demand for U.S. dollars as investors
are looking for a "safe haven" for their money.

10. o A country’s interest rates rise and its currency appreciates as foreign investors seek higher
returns than they can get in their own countries.
o Developing nations undertaking successful economic reforms may experience currency
appreciation as foreign investors seek new opportunities.