Module 3 - Case
Methodology and Findings
Case Assignment
The Case Assignments in this course are designed to assist you with the completion of the Doctoral Study Proposal. Each module will provide you with instructions and guidance on how to complete a component of the proposal. You are expected to follow the steps below:
· Review all module content, including the information provided on the module homepage
· Incorporate any changes into your Case 3 assignment based on instructor feedback from Case 2
· Use the track changes function in Word, so the instructor can follow the modifications you make to your document based on Case 2 feedback
Using the module content as a guide, draft the following sections:
First, incorporate the feedback received on your Module 2 Case 2 assignment and update the following sections to include those changes in your Case 3 assignment:
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
Research Design
Significance of the Study
Next, draft the following sections:
Research Methods and Design
Research Site or Population
Population and Sample
Instrumentation
Section 3: Methodology and Findings
Research Methods and Design
Describe your overall research approach. Discuss why qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods have been selected to address your topic. Discuss the selected research design and justification for the selection of the design for your study.
Provide detail on your research design. Justify why the selected design is appropriate for the study.
Qualitative Research Designs
· Case Study: the school, program, job, etc. is the unit of analysis. May use interviews, observation, document analysis.
· Ethnographic/Qualitative Interview Study: the individual is the unit of analysis, 1:1 or focus group interviews are used
· Ethnography: the culture is the unit of analysis; observation, interviews and artifact collection (documents) are used.
· Narrative Study (or its pre-mutations): the story is the unit of analysis. Several individuals are interviewed in depth.
· Grounded Theory: variables needed to develop the theory are the unit of analysis; many 1:1 interviews are used.
· Phenomenological: the phenomena is the unit of analysis; many 1:1 interviews are used.
Quantitative Research Designs
· Experimental Research: To establish a possible “cause-and-effect” relationship between variables
· Types of experimental designs
· True experimental designs
· Quasi-experimental designs
· Pre-experimental designs
· Factorial designs
· Non-Experimental Research: To describe an existing condition
· Types of descriptive research
· Correlational research: to determine relationships between variables
· Causal-comparative research (aka ex post facto): to determine the “cause” for preexisting differences
· Survey research: to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of the population
· Cross-sectional survey designs
· Longitudinal survey designs
Research Hypotheses ...
1 HOW TO LAY OUT A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Title Page .docxoswald1horne84988
1
HOW TO LAY OUT A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Title Page:
Title
Name of student and student number
Name of Supervisor
Course
University
Date of submission
Table of Contents
List of appendices
Acknowledgements
Abstract (100 - 150 words)
The abstract must communicate the essential parts of the research proposal and should follow the same
order as the proposal. It must convince the reader that the study is interesting and important
Chapter 1: Literature review (2100 words)
This section should include an Introduction and short justification for the proposed research study. The
literature review must show evidence of wide reading and analysis, synthesis and evaluation of research
findings
Chapter 2: Methodology (3300 words)
Design
Design refers to how your research study will be conducted and the reasons for your choice of study
methodology. You must label the methodology that you will employ e.g. quantitative – correlational or
qualitative – phenomenological. This methodology must be justified from the research literature. Enough
detail must be presented so that the reader can determine the adequacy of the methods. However, it is
important to remember that your proposal is not a theory paper on research methods. Your proposed
study must be central to the discussion with the research literature offering support to your proposed
choice.
Population / Sample
You will need to provide details of your choice of sampling technique and sample size, as well as details
about the participants (i.e. age, gender, religion, medical conditions, employed, etc). Inclusion and
exclusion criteria must be stated along with the rationale for these decisions.
Methods of data collection
Any materials used in the study should be described in sufficient detail. This must also indicate how the
data will be collected and where possible offer samples of the data tools as an appendix (i.e.
questionnaires, interview schedules, and participant consent letters). Information on how, where and
when the data is to be collected must be given.
Robustness of data collection methods
2
You will need to identify the issues regarding the reliability and validity of any measurement tools to be
employed. Similarly, for those undertaking a qualitative study identify the robustness of the study
(consistency, truthfulness and transferability).
Data analysis
Discuss the methods of analysis. If quantitative data is to be collected and analysed you must indicate the
specific statistical tests to be utilised and the statistical package that will be used (i.e. SPSS Version 11).
If qualitative, you must provide clear guidelines as to how the data will be analysed, identifying the model
of analysis that you will utilise (This section must also address the issue of data management, data
protection, etc.
Pilot study
Explain the purpose of a pilot study and give details of your proposed .
This document provides guidance on preparing high-quality research proposals for submission to the Annual Conference of the Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI). It outlines the proposal submission and evaluation process, highlights important factors to include in proposals such as clearly stated research questions and methodology, and discusses presentation formats for accepted proposals such as research forums, highlighted sessions, roundtables, and poster sessions.
How to write the methodology chapter of a dissertation or thesisRuwin Dias
The methodology chapter of a dissertation or thesis outlines the methods used for research. It includes:
1) An overview of the research questions and problems addressed.
2) A description of the methods used to collect and analyze data, including the research design, sample, instruments, and procedures.
3) Justification for the selected methods and an explanation of their soundness and ability to account for variables.
The methodology chapter provides enough detail for readers to understand the research process without allowing them to recreate it exactly.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, types of data analysis, and interpreting findings to develop theories.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
This document provides guidance on developing quantitative research methods sections for surveys and experiments. It outlines key components to include such as defining the population and sampling procedure, describing the survey instrumentation and plans for validation, identifying the variables and data analysis steps, and interpreting results. For surveys, it recommends specifying the survey format, population, sampling strategy, validity/reliability of instrumentation, and statistical analysis plan. For experiments, it suggests defining the variables, participants, materials, procedures, measures, pre/post tests, and statistical analyses for hypothesis testing and interpreting findings.
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal Weighting 30 tow.docxsherni1
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal
Weighting: 30% towards final grade
Word limit: 3000 (-/+10%) – text only, excluding tables, appendices, references,
covers page, contents.
This is an individual piece of work
Apply the requirements of the Harvard Referencing System throughout the
report.
Use the structure appearing below:
Research Proposal Specifics
You are about to commence a new research project in a field of your choice.
You are expected to write a report that constitutes a research proposal.
1. Working individually, you will:
- Have chosen a clear and specific research question/ aim/ hypothesis for your research;
- Have contextualised your research question/ aim within the academic literature;
- Understand the philosophical and methodological bases for your research;
- Have a sound method to address the research question/ aim/ hypothesis.
2. Use Harvard style in-text citation and referencing.
3. Do not copy any materials you use word for word unless you identify these sections clearly as
quotations.
4. If you paraphrase any materials, you must identify sources through in-text referencing.
5. This is an individual assignment please do not work closely with anyone else.
6. Write 3000 words (+ or – 10%) excluding the header sheet, cover page, contents page, reference
list, footnotes and appendices.
Marks for criteria: Criteria
10% Focus and Completion Does the proposal
address the set tasks in a meaningful
manner?
20% Research Objective Does the proposal
clearly articulate
20% Synthesis and Soundness Does the
proposal place the research objective in
the context of the relevant academic
literature and any relevant past studies?
Does the discussion demonstrate a
comprehensive understanding of that
literature?
30% Research Methods and Methodology Does
the proposal sensibly outline methods for
accessing sources of data that will address
or answer the research objective? Is the
method consistent with the methodology?
10% Clarity of Approach Is the proposal well
organised, logically constructed and
attentive to the needs of the reader? Does
the timeline include an Gantt chart or key
milestones for research?
10% Mechanical Soundness Is the portfolio
clearly written, spell
Structuring the research proposal
1. Introduction (~200 words)
Explain the issue you are examining and why it is significant.
Describe the general area to be studied
Explain why this area is important to the general area under study (e.g., psychology of
language, second language acquisition, teaching methods)
2. Background/Review of the Literature (~1000 words)
A description of what has already known about this area and short discussion of why the background
studies are not sufficient.
Summarise what is already known about the field. Include a summary of the basic
background information on the topic gleaned from your literature re ...
An outline of the major components of the research proposal:
Cover Page:
Title (A case study of …….)
Purpose why the research is conducted
Name and Address of the investigator (Student researcher)
Name and Address of the advisor
Logo
Month and Place where the proposal is written
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Acronyms
Background of the study: General to specific or deductive order is recommended
Statement of the problem: (Justification of the study)
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Research Hypothesis:
1.3.1 Research Objectives – Ends to be met in conducting the research
This shows what the investigator will analyze and how;
What comparisons to make and at what level
General Objective: Often one statement directly related to the topic.
Specific Objectives: Often 3-5;
What the researcher want to achieve
What to analyze and compare
1.3.2 Research Questions – Questions to be answered to meet the research objectives or produce implications of the hypothesis.
1.3.3 Research Hypothesis (Optional) – Tentative propositions to be tested in the research.
1.4 Research Methodology:
1.4.1 Data Type and Source (Decide one of them or both by giving justifications)
Qualitative V/s Quantitative (Give reasons)
Primary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons)
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observations
Focus group discussions
Secondary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons) and exactly state the sources from which you will get the data.
-Reports, manuals, internal publications, data base systems, Journals and Publications for assessing existing findings and internet.
-Books for assessing theories and principles related to the topic etc.
1.4.2 Study design:
Census V/s Survey (Decide which one to use and why?).
Survey Design (Decide on the survey designs to be used by investigator clearly stating the reasons for your decision).
Sample Size (Use the sample size determinations formula as a base and make adjustments with due regard to the target population and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population characteristics).
Sampling Design (Show how and why you are going to use the different techniques of probability and/or non-probability sampling techniques).
1.4.3 Data Collection:
State the data collection tool or tools to be used with necessary justifications written in the proposal.
Questionnaire design
Questionnaire testing or pretesting if necessary
1 HOW TO LAY OUT A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Title Page .docxoswald1horne84988
1
HOW TO LAY OUT A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Title Page:
Title
Name of student and student number
Name of Supervisor
Course
University
Date of submission
Table of Contents
List of appendices
Acknowledgements
Abstract (100 - 150 words)
The abstract must communicate the essential parts of the research proposal and should follow the same
order as the proposal. It must convince the reader that the study is interesting and important
Chapter 1: Literature review (2100 words)
This section should include an Introduction and short justification for the proposed research study. The
literature review must show evidence of wide reading and analysis, synthesis and evaluation of research
findings
Chapter 2: Methodology (3300 words)
Design
Design refers to how your research study will be conducted and the reasons for your choice of study
methodology. You must label the methodology that you will employ e.g. quantitative – correlational or
qualitative – phenomenological. This methodology must be justified from the research literature. Enough
detail must be presented so that the reader can determine the adequacy of the methods. However, it is
important to remember that your proposal is not a theory paper on research methods. Your proposed
study must be central to the discussion with the research literature offering support to your proposed
choice.
Population / Sample
You will need to provide details of your choice of sampling technique and sample size, as well as details
about the participants (i.e. age, gender, religion, medical conditions, employed, etc). Inclusion and
exclusion criteria must be stated along with the rationale for these decisions.
Methods of data collection
Any materials used in the study should be described in sufficient detail. This must also indicate how the
data will be collected and where possible offer samples of the data tools as an appendix (i.e.
questionnaires, interview schedules, and participant consent letters). Information on how, where and
when the data is to be collected must be given.
Robustness of data collection methods
2
You will need to identify the issues regarding the reliability and validity of any measurement tools to be
employed. Similarly, for those undertaking a qualitative study identify the robustness of the study
(consistency, truthfulness and transferability).
Data analysis
Discuss the methods of analysis. If quantitative data is to be collected and analysed you must indicate the
specific statistical tests to be utilised and the statistical package that will be used (i.e. SPSS Version 11).
If qualitative, you must provide clear guidelines as to how the data will be analysed, identifying the model
of analysis that you will utilise (This section must also address the issue of data management, data
protection, etc.
Pilot study
Explain the purpose of a pilot study and give details of your proposed .
This document provides guidance on preparing high-quality research proposals for submission to the Annual Conference of the Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI). It outlines the proposal submission and evaluation process, highlights important factors to include in proposals such as clearly stated research questions and methodology, and discusses presentation formats for accepted proposals such as research forums, highlighted sessions, roundtables, and poster sessions.
How to write the methodology chapter of a dissertation or thesisRuwin Dias
The methodology chapter of a dissertation or thesis outlines the methods used for research. It includes:
1) An overview of the research questions and problems addressed.
2) A description of the methods used to collect and analyze data, including the research design, sample, instruments, and procedures.
3) Justification for the selected methods and an explanation of their soundness and ability to account for variables.
The methodology chapter provides enough detail for readers to understand the research process without allowing them to recreate it exactly.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, types of data analysis, and interpreting findings to develop theories.
The document outlines the steps in the research process, which are: defining the research problem, reviewing previous literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. It discusses each step in more detail, covering topics like reviewing concepts and theories, different research designs and sampling techniques, methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
This document provides guidance on developing quantitative research methods sections for surveys and experiments. It outlines key components to include such as defining the population and sampling procedure, describing the survey instrumentation and plans for validation, identifying the variables and data analysis steps, and interpreting results. For surveys, it recommends specifying the survey format, population, sampling strategy, validity/reliability of instrumentation, and statistical analysis plan. For experiments, it suggests defining the variables, participants, materials, procedures, measures, pre/post tests, and statistical analyses for hypothesis testing and interpreting findings.
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal Weighting 30 tow.docxsherni1
ASSIGNMENT 2 - Research Proposal
Weighting: 30% towards final grade
Word limit: 3000 (-/+10%) – text only, excluding tables, appendices, references,
covers page, contents.
This is an individual piece of work
Apply the requirements of the Harvard Referencing System throughout the
report.
Use the structure appearing below:
Research Proposal Specifics
You are about to commence a new research project in a field of your choice.
You are expected to write a report that constitutes a research proposal.
1. Working individually, you will:
- Have chosen a clear and specific research question/ aim/ hypothesis for your research;
- Have contextualised your research question/ aim within the academic literature;
- Understand the philosophical and methodological bases for your research;
- Have a sound method to address the research question/ aim/ hypothesis.
2. Use Harvard style in-text citation and referencing.
3. Do not copy any materials you use word for word unless you identify these sections clearly as
quotations.
4. If you paraphrase any materials, you must identify sources through in-text referencing.
5. This is an individual assignment please do not work closely with anyone else.
6. Write 3000 words (+ or – 10%) excluding the header sheet, cover page, contents page, reference
list, footnotes and appendices.
Marks for criteria: Criteria
10% Focus and Completion Does the proposal
address the set tasks in a meaningful
manner?
20% Research Objective Does the proposal
clearly articulate
20% Synthesis and Soundness Does the
proposal place the research objective in
the context of the relevant academic
literature and any relevant past studies?
Does the discussion demonstrate a
comprehensive understanding of that
literature?
30% Research Methods and Methodology Does
the proposal sensibly outline methods for
accessing sources of data that will address
or answer the research objective? Is the
method consistent with the methodology?
10% Clarity of Approach Is the proposal well
organised, logically constructed and
attentive to the needs of the reader? Does
the timeline include an Gantt chart or key
milestones for research?
10% Mechanical Soundness Is the portfolio
clearly written, spell
Structuring the research proposal
1. Introduction (~200 words)
Explain the issue you are examining and why it is significant.
Describe the general area to be studied
Explain why this area is important to the general area under study (e.g., psychology of
language, second language acquisition, teaching methods)
2. Background/Review of the Literature (~1000 words)
A description of what has already known about this area and short discussion of why the background
studies are not sufficient.
Summarise what is already known about the field. Include a summary of the basic
background information on the topic gleaned from your literature re ...
An outline of the major components of the research proposal:
Cover Page:
Title (A case study of …….)
Purpose why the research is conducted
Name and Address of the investigator (Student researcher)
Name and Address of the advisor
Logo
Month and Place where the proposal is written
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Acronyms
Background of the study: General to specific or deductive order is recommended
Statement of the problem: (Justification of the study)
Research Objectives, Research Questions, and Research Hypothesis:
1.3.1 Research Objectives – Ends to be met in conducting the research
This shows what the investigator will analyze and how;
What comparisons to make and at what level
General Objective: Often one statement directly related to the topic.
Specific Objectives: Often 3-5;
What the researcher want to achieve
What to analyze and compare
1.3.2 Research Questions – Questions to be answered to meet the research objectives or produce implications of the hypothesis.
1.3.3 Research Hypothesis (Optional) – Tentative propositions to be tested in the research.
1.4 Research Methodology:
1.4.1 Data Type and Source (Decide one of them or both by giving justifications)
Qualitative V/s Quantitative (Give reasons)
Primary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons)
Questionnaires
Interviews
Observations
Focus group discussions
Secondary Sources (Decide on which method or methods to use by stating justifiable reasons) and exactly state the sources from which you will get the data.
-Reports, manuals, internal publications, data base systems, Journals and Publications for assessing existing findings and internet.
-Books for assessing theories and principles related to the topic etc.
1.4.2 Study design:
Census V/s Survey (Decide which one to use and why?).
Survey Design (Decide on the survey designs to be used by investigator clearly stating the reasons for your decision).
Sample Size (Use the sample size determinations formula as a base and make adjustments with due regard to the target population and the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population characteristics).
Sampling Design (Show how and why you are going to use the different techniques of probability and/or non-probability sampling techniques).
1.4.3 Data Collection:
State the data collection tool or tools to be used with necessary justifications written in the proposal.
Questionnaire design
Questionnaire testing or pretesting if necessary
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including exploration, literature review, developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, hypothesis testing, and preparing the final research report. It provides details on each step, such as how to conduct an effective literature review by using keywords and reviewing a variety of sources. The document also defines important terms and concepts used in research.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part in the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and outlines the typical structure and components of a research proposal, including an introduction with the problem statement and objectives, a literature review, research questions or hypotheses, research design and methodology, data collection and analysis plans, and a timeline. It also covers defining the population and sampling, developing and validating instruments, and formatting references. The goal is to present the key elements in a research proposal to systematically plan and design a research study.
Research ProposalThe written research proposal will be created b.docxdaynamckernon
Research Proposal
The written research proposal will be created based on a narrowly defined aspect of the topic selected in Week One. A research proposal is a detailed plan for a specific study to be conducted at a future time. It is the document which potential researchers typically submit to an institutional review board (IRB) for ethical review and approval, and/or to funding agencies to secure financial support for a research effort. Because it is a plan for research which has not yet been conducted, the Methods section should be written in the future tense and should not contain any hypothetical results. The paper must address all of the components required in the Methods section of a research proposal. The following actions must be completed.
State the research question and/or hypothesis.
Briefly compare the characteristics of the major research paradigms used in previous studies on the chosen topic. Introduce the specific approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), research design, sampling strategy, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques to be used in this study. Provide a short explanation as to why the selected procedures are more feasible than other alternatives for the research topic.
Describe any relevant variables, measures, and statistical tests.
Apply ethical principles and professional standards to the proposed psychological research. Provide an analysis of any ethical issues that may arise and explain how these issues will be resolved.
The following headings for the required sections and subsections must appear in the paper. In accordance with APA style, all references listed must be cited in the text of the paper.
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present an appropriately and narrowly defined research question and/or hypothesis.
Literature Review
Evaluate the published research on the chosen topic including a minimum of three peer-reviewed articles. Summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic, making reference to the findings of previous research studies. Briefly mention the research methods that have previously been used to study the topic. State whether the proposed study is a replication of a previous study or a new approach employing methods that have not been used before. Be sure to properly cite all sources in APA style.
Methods
Design –
Create a feasible research design that incorporates appropriate methods to address the topic. Indicate whether the approach of the proposed study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Identify the specific research design, and indicate whether it is experimental or non-experimental. Evaluate the chosen design and explain why this design is feasible and appropriate for the topic and how it will provide the information needed to answer the research question. Cite sources on research methodology to support these choices. Include a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Parti ...
The document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, background, purpose, objectives, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The introduction should provide context and explain why the research topic is important. The background discusses previous related work. The purpose clearly states what will be investigated. Objectives should be specific and measurable. The methodology section describes how data will be collected and analyzed. A work plan outlines the timeline and responsibilities.
OverviewYour assignment should encompass the following sections.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Your assignment should encompass the following sections:
1. A contents page
2. An introduction - give a brief comment on the overall principles of research evidence based practice and identify why research is relevant to your clincal practice.
· Discuss the different types of evidence and levels of evidence.
· Detail how the essay will be structured and an outline of the points to be addressed.
3. The main body (sometimes called 'discussion') of the assignment should include two critiques of the two articles you have retrieved for the module.
· The implementation of the evidence discussed in the articles and identification of factors / agencies which may influence the implementation of evidence into practice should also be discussed.
· Your main body should be developed using the marking criteria stated below.
4. A conclusion is a summary of the key points that you have raised within the essay and demonstrates that you have explored the topic as set out in the introduction.
5. Appendices - if used
6. A reference list : there is a requirement for students to refer to literature other than the three articles being appraised. Your topic articles should also be referenced in your final refernce list.
7. A bibliography if applicable but not essential
8. An electronic copy should be submitted to via the Drop box in Moodle by the submission date
9. Citation Method: References must be cited using the accepted format. For guidance please locate the following link: http://www2.napier.ac.uk/gus/managing_information/referencing.html#citation
2. Section 1: PREBP
3. Examine the Relationship between the Research Process and Development of Evidence for Practice (This aspect of the Assignment is worth 35% of the total mark)
4. You should consider the content of your essay using the following headings as guidance - but note that you do not need to use the headings in your final paper. 'a . Discusses different types of evidence, levels of evidence and importance of evidence for practice.'
5. This part should identify the various ‘sources of evidence’ that may be used to inform practice and what is generally considered to be ‘best’ evidence. When writing this part of the assignment try to ensure that you acknowledge why evidence is important for clinical practice and try to indicate how good quality evidence can be generated.
6. 'b. Demonstrates awareness of research process'
7. You should acknowledge the systematic approach which characterizes research.
8. 'c. Discusses dissemination (i.e. organizations and agencies responsible for dissemination) and barriers to implementation of evidence.'
9. In this section you should identify some of the mechanisms, regulations, policies and/ or behaviours that encourage or cause barriers to the implementation of evidence. You will need to refer to national agencies and/ or organisations that facilitate the implementation of good evidence into practice as well as local strategies. Organisational, cultural and / or a.
The document discusses the key differences between a research proposal and a research report. A research proposal outlines a proposed research project and must convince others of the worthiness and importance of conducting the research. It is prepared before research begins. A research report details research that has already been conducted and its results. It is the culmination and final product of the research process. A research report contains sections on the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references, providing a full account of the completed research.
Framework for Program Development and EvaluationReference.docxhanneloremccaffery
Framework for Program Development and Evaluation
Reference: Comeau, J. (2011). Framework for program development and evaluation.Unpublished, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.
L i c e n s e d u n d e r a C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n 3 . 0 L i c e n s e .
1. Understand and analyze qualitative program evaluation design.
2. Compare and contrast experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
3. Analyze pretest-posttest designs.
4. Communicate through writing that is concise, balanced, and logically organized.
Unit 3 - Program Evaluation: Qualitative Research Design
INTRODUCTION
This unit focuses on qualitative evaluation design, data collection methods, and evaluating program
effectiveness. Additionally, you will apply this knowledge to a real-world program evaluation.
OBJECTIVES
To successfully complete this learning unit, you will be expected to:
U03S1] Studies - Multimedia and Readings (Complete the following):
• Framework for Program Development and Evaluation view the flow chart/transcript
• Writing an Action Research Dissertation: Part One view the media/transcript
• Writing an Action Research Dissertation: Part Two view the media/transcript
The Writing an Action Research Dissertation media pieces will help you to understand the
academic writing standards for your doctoral program. You are expected to be proficient in this
type of writing by the end of your program. By using the advice and guidance of the media, you can
refine your academic writing and improve your success in this course and throughout your
program.
• Read Chapter 5 - Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement text
o Pay attention to question 7 on page 221. The content this question addresses will be
releant for the first discussion in this unit.
• Read Moore and Tananis's 2009 article, "Measuring Change in a Short-Term
Educational Program Using a Retrospective Pretest Design," from American Journal of
Evaluation, volume 30, issue 2, pages 189–202.
o Pay attention to the research design and data collection methods in this study. You
will be analyzing them for two upcoming assignments, one in this unit and the
other in Unit 5.
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
[U03A1] Unit 3 Assignment 1 - Program Evaluation: Analysis of Study Design
Using what you have learned through the readings and discussions up to this point in the course, read and analyze the 2009
journal article "Measuring Change in a Short-Term Educational Program Using a Retrospective Pretest Design" by Moore
and Tananis. After you have finished your reading of the article, formalize your analysis by addressing the following:
• Identify the research design that was employed in the Moore and Tananis study.
• Explain whether the research design is experimental or quasi-experimental. Support your explanation by
comparing and contrasting characteristics between the two types of designs.
◦ Make sure ...
This course introduces students to research methodology. It provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods and their application in higher education. The course aims to help students develop key research skills including conducting literature reviews, using APA style citations, identifying elements of research proposals, and understanding different research designs. Assessment focuses on demonstrating knowledge of research processes and writing skills. A core assignment involves producing a 10-12 page literature review and presentation on a higher education topic of interest. The concept paper format outlined provides guidance for structuring research proposals, including sections on introduction, problem statement, objectives, methodology and literature review.
Research ProposalThe written research proposal will be created b.docxmackulaytoni
Research Proposal
The written research proposal will be created based on a narrowly defined aspect of the topic selected in Week One. A research proposal is a detailed plan for a specific study to be conducted at a future time. It is the document which potential researchers typically submit to an institutional review board (IRB) for ethical review and approval, and/or to funding agencies to secure financial support for a research effort. Because it is a plan for research which has not yet been conducted, the Methods section should be written in the future tense and should not contain any hypothetical results. The paper must address all of the components required in the Methods section of a research proposal. The following actions must be completed.
State the research question and/or hypothesis.
Briefly compare the characteristics of the major research paradigms used in previous studies on the chosen topic. Introduce the specific approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), research design, sampling strategy, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques to be used in this study. Provide a short explanation as to why the selected procedures are more feasible than other alternatives for the research topic.
Describe any relevant variables, measures, and statistical tests.
Apply ethical principles and professional standards to the proposed psychological research. Provide an analysis of any ethical issues that may arise and explain how these issues will be resolved.
The following headings for the required sections and subsections must appear in the paper. In accordance with APA style, all references listed must be cited in the text of the paper.
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present an appropriately and narrowly defined research question and/or hypothesis.
Literature Review
Evaluate the published research on the chosen topic including a minimum of three peer-reviewed articles. Summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic, making reference to the findings of previous research studies. Briefly mention the research methods that have previously been used to study the topic. State whether the proposed study is a replication of a previous study or a new approach employing methods that have not been used before. Be sure to properly cite all sources in APA style.
Methods
Design –
Create a feasible research design that incorporates appropriate methods to address the topic. Indicate whether the approach of the proposed study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Identify the specific research design, and indicate whether it is experimental or non-experimental. Evaluate the chosen design and explain why this design is feasible and appropriate for the topic and how it will provide the information needed to answer the research question. Cite sources on research methodology to support these choices. Include a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Participants –
Identify and.
Course Code EDU7702-8Course Start Date 02152016Sec.docxvanesaburnand
Course Code: EDU7702-8
Course Start Date: 02/15/2016
Section: Synthesis: Research problem, method, design
Week: 7
Activity: Develop Research Methodology for Hypothetical Research Study
Activity Due Date: 04/03/2016
Activity Description
For Week 6, you developed the research problem, purpose, and questions for both a qualitative and a quantitative research study. For this task, choose one of the research problems and questions that
you developed in Week 6 (either the qualitative or the quantitative) and develop the methodology for the chosen study.
Then, next week you will develop the methodology for the second study and then combine the methodology section with other elements of the study to create a concept paper. (Thus, you may want to
choose the study of most interest to you and develop the methodology for that study as part of the assignment for Week 8).
There are several documents in the NCU dissertation center that will be helpful in developing the research methodology for your Week 7 and Week 8 assignments. These include the concept paper
templates and the proposal templates. Details regarding the research methods for the dissertation are explained in Chapter 3 of the dissertation proposal. The dissertation proposal template shows the
sections that should be included in Chapter 3 of the dissertation proposal. These sections include the following:
1. Research Methods and Design(s)
2. Population
3. Sample
4. Materials/Instruments
5. Operational Definitions of Variables (Quantitative/Mixed Studies Only)
6. Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis
7. Assumptions
8. Limitations
9. Delimitations
10. Ethical Assurances
11. Summary
In developing the methodology section for this week’s assignment, you will want to address Sections 1-6 and Section 10. You will find a discussion of these sections below that will help you develop
these sections of the research methodology.
(1) Research Methods and Design: Explain the methodology and design that you will use to address the research purpose and questions. Will you use the qualitative methodology or the quantitative
methodology? Explain your reasoning for the methodology that you will use to answer the research questions. Why is the specific methodology appropriate for answering the research questions? Which
of the designs is appropriate for your study? Refer to Section 5 for a review of the qualitative and quantitative designs. Then, explain the design that you will use. When is this design appropriate for use
and why is the design appropriate for your research purpose and questions? You will want to cite sources for your reasoning to use the methodology that you use. Be sure to explain why the
methodology and design is appropriate for your study.
Potential sources for defending the methodology and design include the following:
Cozby, P. & Bates, S. (2012). Methods in behavioral research. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qu.
MBA 5652Unit ILiterature ReviewInstructionsWithin this cou.docxalfredacavx97
MBA 5652
Unit I
Literature Review
Instructions
Within this course you will submit parts of a research paper in each unit that will come together in Unit VII as the complete project. Click here to review the Course Project Guidance document, which outlines all of the work you will submit for the course and provides a template for the final paper. Reviewing the document will provide insight and mental preparation for the scope of the course since the assignments will build upon one another. It also introduces the scenario you will utilize for every assignment in this course. Click here to review the Sun Coast Remediation Data Files document. This document will be the source of data for your project, however, you will not begin working with the data until Unit IV. Note: The template provided is for the Unit VII Research Paper; you will submit parts of this paper in each unit. See the templates in each unit assignment.
For the Unit I assignment, you will use what you learned about research methodologies, primary and secondary sources, and reviewing literature to develop a literature review. This literature review will become part of the final course project due in Unit VII. Please click here to access and utilize a template for this assignment.
Review articles in the CSU Online Library databases and other credible resources to locate six peer-reviewed, scholarly articles that relate to the Sun Coast business problems identified in the Course Project Guidance document. The articles you use should help inform your knowledge about the issues you are trying to solve for Sun Coast. The articles should also be quantitative research articles from primary and secondary sources. Try including words like correlation, regression, t test, and ANOVA in your keyword search criteria.
The article discussion should include the qualifications of the authors, purpose of the studies, research methodologies and designs used, results from the studies, and explanations of how the articles relate to Sun Coast’s problem. Ensure that you also describe how you believe the research made a positive organizational impact.
The title and reference pages do not count toward the page requirement for this assignment. This assignment should be a minimum of two pages in length, follow APA-style formatting and guidelines, and use references and citations as necessary.
Refer to the Course Project Guidance document for insight. For assistance in creating your literature review, reach out to the Writing Center
Unit II
Scholarly Activity
Instructions
For this assignment, you will define the research objectives and develop the research questions and hypotheses to set the stage for the Sun Coast Remediation research project.
You will utilize this template to complete the Unit II assignment.
Be sure to include the following sections in your submission, and remember to use APA-formatted section headings and subheadings.
· Introduction
· Research problems
· Research objectives: Refer to t.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks and how they are formulated for research studies. It provides guidelines for writing qualitative and quantitative research questions and hypotheses. It also discusses how to incorporate theories and place them within research studies. Mixed methods approaches are also covered, including different ways to write research questions and hypotheses for mixed methods designs.
This document outlines the topics and time allotments for a workshop on research in basic education. It includes an introduction to the legal bases of educational research, action research methodology, and APA citation style. The workshop consists of 4 workshops that guide participants through the research process, from problem identification to conceptualizing an intervention. It also includes presentations and feedback sessions. Additional sections provide overviews of relevant DepEd policies and guidelines regarding educational research, as well as the principles of conducting ethical and rigorous research.
This chapter discusses survey research methods. It defines survey research and describes different survey designs such as cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It covers key aspects of survey research like sampling, data collection methods, questionnaire design, response rates, and ethical considerations. The chapter provides guidance on how to develop and conduct survey research including steps to design a questionnaire, pilot test it, administer the survey, analyze results and write up findings.
This document outlines the key components of developing a research proposal, including research design, methodology, and structure. It discusses developing a purpose statement, objectives, and significance of the study. It also covers determining appropriate research questions and hypotheses, considering limitations and delimitations, and addressing ethical considerations. Finally, it provides guidance on structuring a proposal, including an introduction to justify the problem and significance, and an outline of the required sections. The overall goal is to provide researchers with a plan for conducting their proposed study and guidelines for writing their proposal.
This document outlines the structure and components of a research proposal, including an abstract, introduction and problem statement, literature review, research questions, methodology, expected results and significance, limitations, and implications. The methodology section describes the research context, population and sample, instruments, data collection procedures, data analysis methods, and timeframe. The expected results discuss what the study anticipates to find and the significance of the research. References and appendices are also included. The overall purpose is to present the rationale and objectives of the proposed research and describe the planned methods to meet these objectives.
This document outlines the key steps and considerations for writing a dissertation in data analytics, including identifying patterns in data, deriving insights, developing predictive models, and using models to make decisions. It emphasizes that dissertations should apply these analytical activities to address real-world problems or opportunities. The dissertation should demonstrate that the stated research was actually conducted and convincingly report the solutions found. Various research methods, tools, types of data, and analytical project types are also discussed.
The document outlines the key aspects of the research process, including the purposes of research such as exploration, description, and explanation. It then discusses the essential elements of research including clearly defining the problem, reviewing existing literature, selecting an appropriate research design and data collection techniques, gathering and analyzing data, and presenting implications and conclusions. The different types of research designs like cross-sectional, longitudinal, time series, and panel designs are also summarized.
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of th.docxroushhsiu
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of the same sex. Men have suffered more of a stigma in terms of sharing deep bonds with other men. Open affection and connection is not actively encouraged among men. Recent changes in society might impact this, especially with the advent of the meterosexual male. “The meterosexual male is less interested in blood lines, traditions, family, class, gender, than in choosing who they want to be and who they want to be with” (Vernon, 2010, p. 204).
In this week’s reading material, the following philosophers discuss their views on this topic: Simone de Beauvoir, Thomas Aquinas, MacIntyre, Friedman, Hunt, and Foucault. Make sure to incorporate their views as you answer each discussion question. Think about how their views may be similar or different from your own. In at least 250 words total, please answer each of the following, drawing upon your reading materials and your personal insight:
To what extent do you think women still have a better opportunity to forge deeper friendships than men? What needs to change to level the friendship playing field for men, if anything?
How is the role of the meterosexual man helping to forge a new pathway for male friendships?
.
Morgan and Dunn JD have hired you to assist with a case involvin.docxroushhsiu
Morgan and Dunn JD have hired you to assist with a case involving domestic abuse. The evidence is contained on a password-protected laptop that the plaintiff (the wife) indicates will show a pattern of abuse. You have to decide what equipment and software to purchase to assist with the case and safely extract the data from the laptop.
.
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The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including exploration, literature review, developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, hypothesis testing, and preparing the final research report. It provides details on each step, such as how to conduct an effective literature review by using keywords and reviewing a variety of sources. The document also defines important terms and concepts used in research.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part in the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses what constitutes research and outlines the typical structure and components of a research proposal, including an introduction with the problem statement and objectives, a literature review, research questions or hypotheses, research design and methodology, data collection and analysis plans, and a timeline. It also covers defining the population and sampling, developing and validating instruments, and formatting references. The goal is to present the key elements in a research proposal to systematically plan and design a research study.
Research ProposalThe written research proposal will be created b.docxdaynamckernon
Research Proposal
The written research proposal will be created based on a narrowly defined aspect of the topic selected in Week One. A research proposal is a detailed plan for a specific study to be conducted at a future time. It is the document which potential researchers typically submit to an institutional review board (IRB) for ethical review and approval, and/or to funding agencies to secure financial support for a research effort. Because it is a plan for research which has not yet been conducted, the Methods section should be written in the future tense and should not contain any hypothetical results. The paper must address all of the components required in the Methods section of a research proposal. The following actions must be completed.
State the research question and/or hypothesis.
Briefly compare the characteristics of the major research paradigms used in previous studies on the chosen topic. Introduce the specific approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), research design, sampling strategy, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques to be used in this study. Provide a short explanation as to why the selected procedures are more feasible than other alternatives for the research topic.
Describe any relevant variables, measures, and statistical tests.
Apply ethical principles and professional standards to the proposed psychological research. Provide an analysis of any ethical issues that may arise and explain how these issues will be resolved.
The following headings for the required sections and subsections must appear in the paper. In accordance with APA style, all references listed must be cited in the text of the paper.
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present an appropriately and narrowly defined research question and/or hypothesis.
Literature Review
Evaluate the published research on the chosen topic including a minimum of three peer-reviewed articles. Summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic, making reference to the findings of previous research studies. Briefly mention the research methods that have previously been used to study the topic. State whether the proposed study is a replication of a previous study or a new approach employing methods that have not been used before. Be sure to properly cite all sources in APA style.
Methods
Design –
Create a feasible research design that incorporates appropriate methods to address the topic. Indicate whether the approach of the proposed study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Identify the specific research design, and indicate whether it is experimental or non-experimental. Evaluate the chosen design and explain why this design is feasible and appropriate for the topic and how it will provide the information needed to answer the research question. Cite sources on research methodology to support these choices. Include a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Parti ...
The document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It discusses key components of a research proposal including an introduction, background, purpose, objectives, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The introduction should provide context and explain why the research topic is important. The background discusses previous related work. The purpose clearly states what will be investigated. Objectives should be specific and measurable. The methodology section describes how data will be collected and analyzed. A work plan outlines the timeline and responsibilities.
OverviewYour assignment should encompass the following sections.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview
Your assignment should encompass the following sections:
1. A contents page
2. An introduction - give a brief comment on the overall principles of research evidence based practice and identify why research is relevant to your clincal practice.
· Discuss the different types of evidence and levels of evidence.
· Detail how the essay will be structured and an outline of the points to be addressed.
3. The main body (sometimes called 'discussion') of the assignment should include two critiques of the two articles you have retrieved for the module.
· The implementation of the evidence discussed in the articles and identification of factors / agencies which may influence the implementation of evidence into practice should also be discussed.
· Your main body should be developed using the marking criteria stated below.
4. A conclusion is a summary of the key points that you have raised within the essay and demonstrates that you have explored the topic as set out in the introduction.
5. Appendices - if used
6. A reference list : there is a requirement for students to refer to literature other than the three articles being appraised. Your topic articles should also be referenced in your final refernce list.
7. A bibliography if applicable but not essential
8. An electronic copy should be submitted to via the Drop box in Moodle by the submission date
9. Citation Method: References must be cited using the accepted format. For guidance please locate the following link: http://www2.napier.ac.uk/gus/managing_information/referencing.html#citation
2. Section 1: PREBP
3. Examine the Relationship between the Research Process and Development of Evidence for Practice (This aspect of the Assignment is worth 35% of the total mark)
4. You should consider the content of your essay using the following headings as guidance - but note that you do not need to use the headings in your final paper. 'a . Discusses different types of evidence, levels of evidence and importance of evidence for practice.'
5. This part should identify the various ‘sources of evidence’ that may be used to inform practice and what is generally considered to be ‘best’ evidence. When writing this part of the assignment try to ensure that you acknowledge why evidence is important for clinical practice and try to indicate how good quality evidence can be generated.
6. 'b. Demonstrates awareness of research process'
7. You should acknowledge the systematic approach which characterizes research.
8. 'c. Discusses dissemination (i.e. organizations and agencies responsible for dissemination) and barriers to implementation of evidence.'
9. In this section you should identify some of the mechanisms, regulations, policies and/ or behaviours that encourage or cause barriers to the implementation of evidence. You will need to refer to national agencies and/ or organisations that facilitate the implementation of good evidence into practice as well as local strategies. Organisational, cultural and / or a.
The document discusses the key differences between a research proposal and a research report. A research proposal outlines a proposed research project and must convince others of the worthiness and importance of conducting the research. It is prepared before research begins. A research report details research that has already been conducted and its results. It is the culmination and final product of the research process. A research report contains sections on the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and references, providing a full account of the completed research.
Framework for Program Development and EvaluationReference.docxhanneloremccaffery
Framework for Program Development and Evaluation
Reference: Comeau, J. (2011). Framework for program development and evaluation.Unpublished, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.
L i c e n s e d u n d e r a C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n 3 . 0 L i c e n s e .
1. Understand and analyze qualitative program evaluation design.
2. Compare and contrast experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
3. Analyze pretest-posttest designs.
4. Communicate through writing that is concise, balanced, and logically organized.
Unit 3 - Program Evaluation: Qualitative Research Design
INTRODUCTION
This unit focuses on qualitative evaluation design, data collection methods, and evaluating program
effectiveness. Additionally, you will apply this knowledge to a real-world program evaluation.
OBJECTIVES
To successfully complete this learning unit, you will be expected to:
U03S1] Studies - Multimedia and Readings (Complete the following):
• Framework for Program Development and Evaluation view the flow chart/transcript
• Writing an Action Research Dissertation: Part One view the media/transcript
• Writing an Action Research Dissertation: Part Two view the media/transcript
The Writing an Action Research Dissertation media pieces will help you to understand the
academic writing standards for your doctoral program. You are expected to be proficient in this
type of writing by the end of your program. By using the advice and guidance of the media, you can
refine your academic writing and improve your success in this course and throughout your
program.
• Read Chapter 5 - Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement text
o Pay attention to question 7 on page 221. The content this question addresses will be
releant for the first discussion in this unit.
• Read Moore and Tananis's 2009 article, "Measuring Change in a Short-Term
Educational Program Using a Retrospective Pretest Design," from American Journal of
Evaluation, volume 30, issue 2, pages 189–202.
o Pay attention to the research design and data collection methods in this study. You
will be analyzing them for two upcoming assignments, one in this unit and the
other in Unit 5.
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
Constance
Highlight
[U03A1] Unit 3 Assignment 1 - Program Evaluation: Analysis of Study Design
Using what you have learned through the readings and discussions up to this point in the course, read and analyze the 2009
journal article "Measuring Change in a Short-Term Educational Program Using a Retrospective Pretest Design" by Moore
and Tananis. After you have finished your reading of the article, formalize your analysis by addressing the following:
• Identify the research design that was employed in the Moore and Tananis study.
• Explain whether the research design is experimental or quasi-experimental. Support your explanation by
comparing and contrasting characteristics between the two types of designs.
◦ Make sure ...
This course introduces students to research methodology. It provides an overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods and their application in higher education. The course aims to help students develop key research skills including conducting literature reviews, using APA style citations, identifying elements of research proposals, and understanding different research designs. Assessment focuses on demonstrating knowledge of research processes and writing skills. A core assignment involves producing a 10-12 page literature review and presentation on a higher education topic of interest. The concept paper format outlined provides guidance for structuring research proposals, including sections on introduction, problem statement, objectives, methodology and literature review.
Research ProposalThe written research proposal will be created b.docxmackulaytoni
Research Proposal
The written research proposal will be created based on a narrowly defined aspect of the topic selected in Week One. A research proposal is a detailed plan for a specific study to be conducted at a future time. It is the document which potential researchers typically submit to an institutional review board (IRB) for ethical review and approval, and/or to funding agencies to secure financial support for a research effort. Because it is a plan for research which has not yet been conducted, the Methods section should be written in the future tense and should not contain any hypothetical results. The paper must address all of the components required in the Methods section of a research proposal. The following actions must be completed.
State the research question and/or hypothesis.
Briefly compare the characteristics of the major research paradigms used in previous studies on the chosen topic. Introduce the specific approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), research design, sampling strategy, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques to be used in this study. Provide a short explanation as to why the selected procedures are more feasible than other alternatives for the research topic.
Describe any relevant variables, measures, and statistical tests.
Apply ethical principles and professional standards to the proposed psychological research. Provide an analysis of any ethical issues that may arise and explain how these issues will be resolved.
The following headings for the required sections and subsections must appear in the paper. In accordance with APA style, all references listed must be cited in the text of the paper.
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present an appropriately and narrowly defined research question and/or hypothesis.
Literature Review
Evaluate the published research on the chosen topic including a minimum of three peer-reviewed articles. Summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic, making reference to the findings of previous research studies. Briefly mention the research methods that have previously been used to study the topic. State whether the proposed study is a replication of a previous study or a new approach employing methods that have not been used before. Be sure to properly cite all sources in APA style.
Methods
Design –
Create a feasible research design that incorporates appropriate methods to address the topic. Indicate whether the approach of the proposed study is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Identify the specific research design, and indicate whether it is experimental or non-experimental. Evaluate the chosen design and explain why this design is feasible and appropriate for the topic and how it will provide the information needed to answer the research question. Cite sources on research methodology to support these choices. Include a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Participants –
Identify and.
Course Code EDU7702-8Course Start Date 02152016Sec.docxvanesaburnand
Course Code: EDU7702-8
Course Start Date: 02/15/2016
Section: Synthesis: Research problem, method, design
Week: 7
Activity: Develop Research Methodology for Hypothetical Research Study
Activity Due Date: 04/03/2016
Activity Description
For Week 6, you developed the research problem, purpose, and questions for both a qualitative and a quantitative research study. For this task, choose one of the research problems and questions that
you developed in Week 6 (either the qualitative or the quantitative) and develop the methodology for the chosen study.
Then, next week you will develop the methodology for the second study and then combine the methodology section with other elements of the study to create a concept paper. (Thus, you may want to
choose the study of most interest to you and develop the methodology for that study as part of the assignment for Week 8).
There are several documents in the NCU dissertation center that will be helpful in developing the research methodology for your Week 7 and Week 8 assignments. These include the concept paper
templates and the proposal templates. Details regarding the research methods for the dissertation are explained in Chapter 3 of the dissertation proposal. The dissertation proposal template shows the
sections that should be included in Chapter 3 of the dissertation proposal. These sections include the following:
1. Research Methods and Design(s)
2. Population
3. Sample
4. Materials/Instruments
5. Operational Definitions of Variables (Quantitative/Mixed Studies Only)
6. Data Collection, Processing, and Analysis
7. Assumptions
8. Limitations
9. Delimitations
10. Ethical Assurances
11. Summary
In developing the methodology section for this week’s assignment, you will want to address Sections 1-6 and Section 10. You will find a discussion of these sections below that will help you develop
these sections of the research methodology.
(1) Research Methods and Design: Explain the methodology and design that you will use to address the research purpose and questions. Will you use the qualitative methodology or the quantitative
methodology? Explain your reasoning for the methodology that you will use to answer the research questions. Why is the specific methodology appropriate for answering the research questions? Which
of the designs is appropriate for your study? Refer to Section 5 for a review of the qualitative and quantitative designs. Then, explain the design that you will use. When is this design appropriate for use
and why is the design appropriate for your research purpose and questions? You will want to cite sources for your reasoning to use the methodology that you use. Be sure to explain why the
methodology and design is appropriate for your study.
Potential sources for defending the methodology and design include the following:
Cozby, P. & Bates, S. (2012). Methods in behavioral research. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill Higher Education.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qu.
MBA 5652Unit ILiterature ReviewInstructionsWithin this cou.docxalfredacavx97
MBA 5652
Unit I
Literature Review
Instructions
Within this course you will submit parts of a research paper in each unit that will come together in Unit VII as the complete project. Click here to review the Course Project Guidance document, which outlines all of the work you will submit for the course and provides a template for the final paper. Reviewing the document will provide insight and mental preparation for the scope of the course since the assignments will build upon one another. It also introduces the scenario you will utilize for every assignment in this course. Click here to review the Sun Coast Remediation Data Files document. This document will be the source of data for your project, however, you will not begin working with the data until Unit IV. Note: The template provided is for the Unit VII Research Paper; you will submit parts of this paper in each unit. See the templates in each unit assignment.
For the Unit I assignment, you will use what you learned about research methodologies, primary and secondary sources, and reviewing literature to develop a literature review. This literature review will become part of the final course project due in Unit VII. Please click here to access and utilize a template for this assignment.
Review articles in the CSU Online Library databases and other credible resources to locate six peer-reviewed, scholarly articles that relate to the Sun Coast business problems identified in the Course Project Guidance document. The articles you use should help inform your knowledge about the issues you are trying to solve for Sun Coast. The articles should also be quantitative research articles from primary and secondary sources. Try including words like correlation, regression, t test, and ANOVA in your keyword search criteria.
The article discussion should include the qualifications of the authors, purpose of the studies, research methodologies and designs used, results from the studies, and explanations of how the articles relate to Sun Coast’s problem. Ensure that you also describe how you believe the research made a positive organizational impact.
The title and reference pages do not count toward the page requirement for this assignment. This assignment should be a minimum of two pages in length, follow APA-style formatting and guidelines, and use references and citations as necessary.
Refer to the Course Project Guidance document for insight. For assistance in creating your literature review, reach out to the Writing Center
Unit II
Scholarly Activity
Instructions
For this assignment, you will define the research objectives and develop the research questions and hypotheses to set the stage for the Sun Coast Remediation research project.
You will utilize this template to complete the Unit II assignment.
Be sure to include the following sections in your submission, and remember to use APA-formatted section headings and subheadings.
· Introduction
· Research problems
· Research objectives: Refer to t.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks and how they are formulated for research studies. It provides guidelines for writing qualitative and quantitative research questions and hypotheses. It also discusses how to incorporate theories and place them within research studies. Mixed methods approaches are also covered, including different ways to write research questions and hypotheses for mixed methods designs.
This document outlines the topics and time allotments for a workshop on research in basic education. It includes an introduction to the legal bases of educational research, action research methodology, and APA citation style. The workshop consists of 4 workshops that guide participants through the research process, from problem identification to conceptualizing an intervention. It also includes presentations and feedback sessions. Additional sections provide overviews of relevant DepEd policies and guidelines regarding educational research, as well as the principles of conducting ethical and rigorous research.
This chapter discusses survey research methods. It defines survey research and describes different survey designs such as cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It covers key aspects of survey research like sampling, data collection methods, questionnaire design, response rates, and ethical considerations. The chapter provides guidance on how to develop and conduct survey research including steps to design a questionnaire, pilot test it, administer the survey, analyze results and write up findings.
This document outlines the key components of developing a research proposal, including research design, methodology, and structure. It discusses developing a purpose statement, objectives, and significance of the study. It also covers determining appropriate research questions and hypotheses, considering limitations and delimitations, and addressing ethical considerations. Finally, it provides guidance on structuring a proposal, including an introduction to justify the problem and significance, and an outline of the required sections. The overall goal is to provide researchers with a plan for conducting their proposed study and guidelines for writing their proposal.
This document outlines the structure and components of a research proposal, including an abstract, introduction and problem statement, literature review, research questions, methodology, expected results and significance, limitations, and implications. The methodology section describes the research context, population and sample, instruments, data collection procedures, data analysis methods, and timeframe. The expected results discuss what the study anticipates to find and the significance of the research. References and appendices are also included. The overall purpose is to present the rationale and objectives of the proposed research and describe the planned methods to meet these objectives.
This document outlines the key steps and considerations for writing a dissertation in data analytics, including identifying patterns in data, deriving insights, developing predictive models, and using models to make decisions. It emphasizes that dissertations should apply these analytical activities to address real-world problems or opportunities. The dissertation should demonstrate that the stated research was actually conducted and convincingly report the solutions found. Various research methods, tools, types of data, and analytical project types are also discussed.
The document outlines the key aspects of the research process, including the purposes of research such as exploration, description, and explanation. It then discusses the essential elements of research including clearly defining the problem, reviewing existing literature, selecting an appropriate research design and data collection techniques, gathering and analyzing data, and presenting implications and conclusions. The different types of research designs like cross-sectional, longitudinal, time series, and panel designs are also summarized.
Similar to Module 3 - CaseMethodology and FindingsCase AssignmentThe Ca.docx (20)
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of th.docxroushhsiu
Most women experience their closest friendships with those of the same sex. Men have suffered more of a stigma in terms of sharing deep bonds with other men. Open affection and connection is not actively encouraged among men. Recent changes in society might impact this, especially with the advent of the meterosexual male. “The meterosexual male is less interested in blood lines, traditions, family, class, gender, than in choosing who they want to be and who they want to be with” (Vernon, 2010, p. 204).
In this week’s reading material, the following philosophers discuss their views on this topic: Simone de Beauvoir, Thomas Aquinas, MacIntyre, Friedman, Hunt, and Foucault. Make sure to incorporate their views as you answer each discussion question. Think about how their views may be similar or different from your own. In at least 250 words total, please answer each of the following, drawing upon your reading materials and your personal insight:
To what extent do you think women still have a better opportunity to forge deeper friendships than men? What needs to change to level the friendship playing field for men, if anything?
How is the role of the meterosexual man helping to forge a new pathway for male friendships?
.
Morgan and Dunn JD have hired you to assist with a case involvin.docxroushhsiu
Morgan and Dunn JD have hired you to assist with a case involving domestic abuse. The evidence is contained on a password-protected laptop that the plaintiff (the wife) indicates will show a pattern of abuse. You have to decide what equipment and software to purchase to assist with the case and safely extract the data from the laptop.
.
Mortality rates vary between the Hispanic community and the gene.docxroushhsiu
Mortality rates vary between the Hispanic community and the general population. Discuss the leading causes of death and illness among Hispanic Americans and the options the Advanced Practice Nurse has to overcome the disparity of healthcare for this population.
The post should be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. Free of plagiarism and gramatical errors. A minimum of 2 references is required (other than your text).
.
Moreno Industries has adopted the following production budget for th.docxroushhsiu
Moreno Industries has adopted the following production budget for the first 4 months of 2013.
Month Units Month Units
January 10,000 March 5,000
February 8,000 April 4,000
Each unit requires 3 pounds of raw materials costing $2 per pound. On December 31, 2012, the ending raw materials inventory was 9,000 pounds. Management wants to have a raw materials inventory at the end of the month equal to 30% of next month's production requirements.
Complete the direct materials purchases budget by month for the first quarter.
.
Most people have a blend of leadership styles that they use. Some le.docxroushhsiu
Most people have a blend of leadership styles that they use. Some leaders are more flexible in applying a wide range of leadership styles, whereas others are more consistent and generally use just one or two preferred behaviors. Consider if two strong individuals begin a new company and discuss the following:
If two diverse individuals, each having a different leadership style, were tasked with effectively co-leading an organization, what potential conflicts might occur between these different leadership styles?
How will their personal leadership styles influence the organizational culture?
How would you recommend that these two leaders work together most effectively?
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Moral rights as opposed to legal rights are not dependent on a polit.docxroushhsiu
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Montasari, R., & Hill, R. (2019). Next-Generation Digital Forens.docxroushhsiu
Montasari, R., & Hill, R. (2019). Next-Generation Digital Forensics: Challenges and Future Paradigms.
2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Global Security, Safety and Sustainability (ICGS3), Global Security, Safety and Sustainability (ICGS3)
, 205.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGS3.2019.8688020
Sahinoglu, M., Stockton, S., Barclay, R. M., & Morton, S. (2016). Metrics Based Risk Assessment and Management of Digital Forensics.
Defense Acquisition Research Journal: A Publication of the Defense Acquisition University, 23
(2), 152–177.
https://doi.org/10.22594/dau.16-748.23.02
Nnoli, H. Lindskog, D, Zavarsky, P., Aghili, S., & Ruhl, R. (2012). The Governance of Corporate Forensics Using COBIT, NIST and Increased Automated Forensic Approaches,
2012 International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Conference on Social Computing, Amsterdam
, 734-741.
After reading articles expand on investigation and of digital forensic analysis and investigations. Organizations, especially those in the public, health and educational areas are bound by legal and statutory requirements to protect data and private information, therefore digital forensics analysis will be very beneficial when security breaches do occur. Using this weeks readings and your own research, discuss digital forensics and how it could be used in a risk management program.
Please make your initial post and two response posts substantive. A substantive post will do at least two of the following:
Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic
Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor
Provide extensive additional information on the topic
Explain, define, or analyze the topic in detail
Share an applicable personal experience
Provide an outside source that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA 7)
Make an argument concerning the topic.
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Module Outcome You will be able to describe the historical force.docxroushhsiu
Module Outcome: You will be able to describe the historical forces that have influenced the intersection of race and family in the United States.
Course Outcome: You will be able to describe the historical forces that have influenced the intersection of race and family in the United States.
General Education Competency:
You will have used critical thinking to analyze problems and make logical decisions.
You will be able to demonstrate socialization skills that support cultural awareness and a global perspective.
You will be able to communicate effectively using the conventions of American Standard English in professional and academic environments
What practices did the US government engage in to force Native Americans to assimilate to American culture? What were their motivations? Does this trend continue? Explain. How might this affect the Native American culture in the eyes of Native Americans and non-indigenous Americans alike? Explain.
For a top score, you must respond constructively to at least two other students. More extensive participation will be noted. All of your postings should be spread over three different days.
Introduction: This assignment will assist in your gaining a better understanding of the theoretical perspectives in Sociology
This assignment fulfills/supports
Module Outcome: You will be able to how structural functionalism, conflict perspectives, and symbolic interactionism work together to help us get a more complete view of reality.
Course Outcome: You will be able to recognize and apply the basic sociological terms vital to the understanding of sociology and the major theoretical paradigms to an analysis of social institutions, social structures, and societal issues.
General Education Competency
You will be able to communicate effectively using the conventions of American Standard English in professional and academic environments.
You will be able to demonstrate socialization skills that support cultural awareness and a global perspective.
Demonstrate computer literacy
The Assignment: DF #2 - Theoretical Perspectives
Find a newspaper article, online or physical paper, and identify the structural functionalist, social conflict, and symbolic interctionist view of the social issue that is discussed in the article. Think about how each of these perspectives view society. You can get this from your reading of the text. For example, structural functionalists view society as social harmony with a high degree of social order with the institutions meeting their manifest and latent functions, all for the good of society, compared to conflict theorists, which view society as an arena of social inequality; dominant and subordinate groups, competing for scarce resources. In comparison, a symbolic interactinist may view society based upon symbolic meaning, labeling and social construction and the interaction with others in society.
Prompt:
Write at least one paragraph summarizing your .
Molière believed that the duty of comedy is to correct human vices b.docxroushhsiu
Molière believed that the duty of comedy is to correct human vices by exposing them and mocking them to absurd extreme. He also believed that human behavior should be governed by reason and moderation. In
Tartuffe
, he presents characters who engage in extremely negative behavior driven by passion or emotion rather than reason or common sense. Identify two or three characters who fall into this category and discuss their specific extremely negative behaviors, the consequences of their actions and what that means to you.
.
Module One Making Budgetary DecisionsDirectionsBased on the i.docxroushhsiu
Module One Making Budgetary Decisions
Directions:
Based on the information in the text and the goals and objectives that you have established for the City Bradley Recycling Department, please respond to the following questions in a Word document.
1. Which one of the budgets (line-item, program, performance) best describes what the recycle department does? Explain your answer.
2. Which one of the budgets gives the director of the department/agency, the mayor, and the legislative body, the most discretion/latitude in making decisions about the agency and why? Think about the roles of these persons prior to answering the questions. The response for each entity should be explained separately i.e. Line-Item, Program, Performance).
Rubric Grading you must meet criteria within the 100-90%
PAD 3204 MODULE 1 SUNDAY ASSIGNMENT
PAD 3204 MODULE 1
Criteria
Ratings
Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeUse of data and assumptions
100.0 pts
You successfully incorporate all assumptions and data from the assignment and include information about average salaries gleaned from the district report card; no apparent errors.
85.0 pts
You incorporate most, if not all, assumptions and data from the assignment and include information about average salaries gleaned from the district report card; one or two minor errors.
75.0 pts
You incorporate some assumptions and data from the assignment and include information about average salaries gleaned from the district report card; a few major errors and omissions.
65.0 pts
You incorporate few, if any, assumptions and data from the assignment; many errors and omissions.
100.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeOverall presentation
100.0 pts
Your discussion of the budget process and individual budget lines is set forth in a clear, thoughtful manner. It is well-written and insightful (writing demonstrates a sophisticated clarity, conciseness, and correctness); includes thorough details and relevant data and information; and is extremely well-organized.
85.0 pts
Your discussion of the budget process and individual budget lines is set forth in a thoughtful manner. It is well-written (writing is accomplished in terms of clarity and conciseness and contains only a few errors); includes sufficient details and relevant data and information; and is well-organized.
65.0 pts
Your discussion of the budget process and individual budget lines is carelessly written (writing lacks clarity or conciseness and contains numerous errors); gives insufficient detail and relevant data and information; and lacks organization.
25.0 pts
Your discussion of the budget process and individual budget lines is poorly written (writing is unfocused, rambling, or contains serious errors); lacks detail and relevant data and information; and is poorly organized.
100.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeTURNITIN ORIGINALITY SCORE
100.0 pts
<11%
80.0 pts
11% - 15%
70.0 pts
16% - 20%
60.0 pts
21% - 25%
50.0 pts
26% - 30%
.
Monitoring Data and Quality ImprovementAnswer one of two que.docxroushhsiu
Monitoring data over time allows organizations to evaluate programs and make improvements. Collecting documentation allows organizations to track the status of conditions, programs, or decisions. This helps with quality improvement efforts by providing insights into challenges and guiding decision making. However, lack of monitoring limits an organization's ability to properly evaluate programs and initiatives.
Monitoring Global Supply Chains† Jodi L. Short Prof.docxroushhsiu
Monitoring Global Supply Chains†
Jodi L. Short*
Professor of Law
University of California
Hastings College of the Law
San Francisco, California,
U.S.A
[email protected]
Michael W. Toffel
Professor of Business
Administration
Harvard Business School
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
[email protected]
Andrea R. Hugill
Doctoral Candidate
Harvard Business School
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
[email protected]
Version: July 6, 2015
Forthcoming in Strategic Management Journal
Research Summary
Firms seeking to avoid reputational spillovers that can arise from dangerous, illegal, and
unethical behavior at supply chain factories are increasingly relying on private social auditors to
provide strategic information about suppliers’ conduct. But little is known about what influences
auditors’ ability to identify and report problems. Our analysis of nearly 17,000 supplier audits
reveals that auditors report fewer violations when individual auditors have audited the factory
before, when audit teams are less experienced or less trained, when audit teams are all-male, and
when audits are paid for by the audited supplier. This first comprehensive and systematic
analysis of supply chain monitoring identifies previously overlooked transaction costs and
suggests strategies to develop governance structures to mitigate reputational risks by reducing
information asymmetries in supply chains.
Managerial Summary
Firms reliant on supply chains to manufacture their goods risk reputational harm if the working
conditions in those factories are revealed to be dangerous, illegal, or otherwise problematic.
While firms are increasingly relying on private-sector ‘social auditors’ to assess factory
conditions, little has been known about the accuracy of those assessments. We analyzed nearly
17,000 code-of-conduct audits conducted at nearly 6,000 suppliers around the world. We found
that audits yield fewer violations when the audit team has been at that particular supplier before,
when audit teams are less experienced or less trained, when audit teams are all-male, and when
the audits were paid for by the supplier instead of by the buyer. We describe implications for
firms relying on social auditors and for auditing firms.
Keywords
monitoring, transaction cost economics, auditing, supply chains, corporate social responsibility
† We gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Melissa Ouellet as well as that of Chris Allen, John Galvin,
Erika McCaffrey, and Christine Rivera. Xiang Ao, Max Bazerman, Shane Greenstein, Jeffrey Macher, Andrew
Marder, Justin McCrary, Morris Ratner, Bill Simpson, and Veronica Villena provided helpful comments. Harvard
Business School’s Division of Research and Faculty Development provided financial support.
* Correspondence to Jodi L. Short, UC Hastings College of the Law, 200 McAllister Street, San Francisco, CA,
94102, .
Morality Relativism & the Concerns it RaisesI want to g.docxroushhsiu
This document discusses the debate around moral relativism and absolutism. It begins by defining moral relativism as the view that morality is culturally dependent and there are no universal moral truths. Moral absolutism is defined as the view that there are clear moral truths that apply to all people regardless of circumstances. The document then examines some of the issues raised by these perspectives, such as whether judging other cultures is justified and whether progress can be made in ethics. It also discusses forms of relativism that allow for some shared moral purposes across cultures.
Module 9 content You will perform a history of a cardiac pro.docxroushhsiu
You will summarize a case study of a cardiac condition provided by your instructor or from your own experience. You will document subjective complaints, objective assessment findings, and identify any actual or potential risks in a Word document submitted to the assigned dropbox.
Module Assessment 4: TANM ApplicationsBUS2 190
Last name, First name (Section X)
Last name, First name (Section X)
Last name, First name (Section X)
Last name, First name (Section X)
[Please replace “X” with Section 7, 8, or 9. Delete this before submitting]
PROBLEM A: Casper Geriatric Center (16 pts)
1. Is this a minimization or maximization problem? Explain.
2. Is this a balanced or unbalanced problem? Explain.
3. What is the total capacity of Stations 10J and 6G?
4. What is the total demand for Sections A,C,E and F?
5. What is the value of your optimal solution?
6. In your optimal solution, to which sections and how many trays to each of these sections should location 2L deliver?
7. Where will Section D get its meals? How many from each Station?
8. Aside from the obvious deliveries from the factory to warehouses or warehouses to stores, identify and discuss 2 more scenarios on how the transportation model can be used.
Problem B: Good Stuffing Sausage Company (16 pts)
1. Is this a minimal spanning or shortest route problem? Explain.
2. Explain the differences between minimal spanning and shortest route problems. Give an example where each type of modeling can be used.
3. How many branches are there in this network?
4. How many hours will it take to drive through Nodes 2-4-8? Explain.
5. Which arc takes the longest time to travel?
6. Korina thinks the best route is 1-5-6-10. Do you agree with her? Why or why not?
7. What is the value of your optimal solution?
8. What are the nodes included in your optimal solution?
Problem C: 9-31: NASA Missions ( 13 points)
(Hint – your answers in questions 1, 2 and 3 should be a schedule on which mission specialist should be scheduled to which flight. Provide your explanations for your answers) 13 points
1. Who should be assigned to which flight to maximize ratings?
Name of Mission Specialist
Mission Date
Total Rating:
2. NASA has just been notified that Anderson is getting married in February and has been granted a highly sought publicity tour in Europe that month. (He intends to take his wife and let the trip double as a honeymoon.) How does this change the final schedule? Explain.
Name of Mission Specialist
Mission Date
Total Rating:
Explanation:
3. Certo has complained that he was rated incorrectly on his January missions. Both ratings should be 10s, he claims to the chief, who agrees and re-computes the schedule. Do any changes occur over the schedule set in Question 2? Why or why not?
Name of Mission Specialist
Mission Date
Total Rating:
Explanation:
4. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to scheduling?
Science Laboratory Format
Writers in the field of biology must consider not only the form but the style of writing in biology papers.
As in all fields, there are conventions to follow or typical style formats of the discipline.
Writing in the sciences is concise, yet pr.
Module Assignment Clinical Decision Support SystemsLearning Outcome.docxroushhsiu
This document provides instructions for a module assignment on clinical decision support systems. It asks students to search the internet for resources on a nursing diagnosis, summarize three sites based on their content, reliability, and links. It also asks students to locate three cancer screening tools that could be included in an electronic health record and explain how clinical decision support systems could improve cancer outcomes for patients and the benefits of including reminders for providers and patients. The assignment will be graded based on a rubric.
This document appears to be a sample exam for a legal writing course. It includes multiple parts testing students' knowledge of legal research, case briefing, statutory analysis, and a hypothetical legal problem. For the research section, students are asked to identify the type of legal authority for different sources. The case briefing section requires students to analyze an provided case based on key elements. In the statutory analysis, students must answer questions about a provided statute excerpt. Finally, the hypothetical problem asks students to analyze potential legal issues and arguments for different parties based on a fictional case scenario and precedent.
MODULE 8You will perform a history of a respiratory problem th.docxroushhsiu
MODULE 8
You will perform a history of a respiratory problem that either your instructor has provided you or one that you have experienced and perform a respiratory assessment. You will document your subjective and objective findings, identify actual or potential risks, and submit this in a Word document to the dropbox provided.
.
Most organizations, including hospitals, adopt both Mission and Visi.docxroushhsiu
Most organizations, including hospitals, adopt both Mission and Vision Statements. Both can usually be found posted prominently on the wall, and on the organization's website.
What is the difference between a Mission Statement and a Vision Statement? Why would both statements be important as it relates to strategic planning? Are they important in achieving a competitive advanatgae?
Be specific. Thoroughly explain your response.
.
More like this Abstract TranslateFull Text Translate.docxroushhsiu
More like this
Abstract Translate
Full Text Translate
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat. The decline offers an opportunity to consider how
human rights changed, or purported to change, international
law and how international law as a whole can be made more
effective in a post-human rights era. This Article is the first to
argue that international human rights law as a whole-
whatever its much disputed benefits for human rights
themselves-appears to have expanded and changed
international law in ways that have made it weaker, less likely
to generate compliance, and more likely to produce
interstate friction and conflict. The debate around
international law and human rights should be reframed to
consider these costs and to evaluate whether international
law, including the work of the United Nations, should focus
on a stronger, more limited core of international legal norms
that protects international peace and security, not human
rights. Human rights could be advanced through domestic
and regional legal systems, through the the development of
non-binding international norms, and through iterative
processes of international reporting and monitoring-a model
not unlike the Paris Climate Agreement.
MoreK
0:00 /0:00
HeadnoteHeadnote
Abstract
International law is in a period of transition. After World War
II, but especially since the 1980s, human rights expanded to
almost every corner of international law. In doing so, they
changed core features of international law itself, including
the definition of sovereignty and the sources of international
legal rules. But what has been called the "age of human
rights" is over, at leastfor now. Whether measured in terms of
the increasing number of authoritarian governments, the
decline in international human rights enforcement
architecture such as the Responsibility to Protect and the
Alien Tort Statute, the growing power of China and Russia
over the content of international law, or the rising of
nationalism and populism, international human rights law is
in retreat.
The decline offers an opportunity to consider how human
rights changed, or purported to change, international law and
how international law as a whole can be mad.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Module 3 - CaseMethodology and FindingsCase AssignmentThe Ca.docx
1. Module 3 - Case
Methodology and Findings
Case Assignment
The Case Assignments in this course are designed to assist you
with the completion of the Doctoral Study Proposal. Each
module will provide you with instructions and guidance on how
to complete a component of the proposal. You are expected to
follow the steps below:
· Review all module content, including the information provided
on the module homepage
· Incorporate any changes into your Case 3 assignment based on
instructor feedback from Case 2
· Use the track changes function in Word, so the instructor can
follow the modifications you make to your document based on
Case 2 feedback
Using the module content as a guide, draft the following
sections:
First, incorporate the feedback received on your Module 2 Case
2 assignment and update the following sections to include those
changes in your Case 3 assignment:
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
Research Design
Significance of the Study
Next, draft the following sections:
Research Methods and Design
Research Site or Population
Population and Sample
Instrumentation
Section 3: Methodology and Findings
Research Methods and Design
Describe your overall research approach. Discuss why
2. qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods have been selected
to address your topic. Discuss the selected research design and
justification for the selection of the design for your study.
Provide detail on your research design. Justify why the selected
design is appropriate for the study.
Qualitative Research Designs
· Case Study: the school, program, job, etc. is the unit of
analysis. May use interviews, observation, document analysis.
· Ethnographic/Qualitative Interview Study: the individual is
the unit of analysis, 1:1 or focus group interviews are used
· Ethnography: the culture is the unit of analysis; observation,
interviews and artifact collection (documents) are used.
· Narrative Study (or its pre-mutations): the story is the unit of
analysis. Several individuals are interviewed in depth.
· Grounded Theory: variables needed to develop the theory are
the unit of analysis; many 1:1 interviews are used.
· Phenomenological: the phenomena is the unit of analysis;
many 1:1 interviews are used.
Quantitative Research Designs
· Experimental Research: To establish a possible “cause-and-
effect” relationship between variables
· Types of experimental designs
· True experimental designs
· Quasi-experimental designs
· Pre-experimental designs
· Factorial designs
· Non-Experimental Research: To describe an existing condition
· Types of descriptive research
· Correlational research: to determine relationships between
variables
· Causal-comparative research (aka ex post facto): to determine
the “cause” for preexisting differences
· Survey research: to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors,
or characteristics of the population
· Cross-sectional survey designs
· Longitudinal survey designs
3. Research Hypotheses (Quantitative study only)
If the study is quantitative, provide a null hypothesis and an
alternative (or research) hypothesis for each research question.
Use the notation for null (H0) and the notation for the
alternative (H1).
Helpful Resource: Loftus, G. (2010). Null Hypothesis. In Neil J.
Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Research Design. (pp. 939-943).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Research Site or Population
Describe the characteristics of the population you will study. A
population is the large collection of individuals you have
identified for your study. If your research takes place within a
specific educational setting, describe the demographics of the
entire population.
Population and Sample
Describe the characteristics of the population you will study. A
population is the large collection of individuals you have
identified for your study. If your research takes place within a
specific educational setting, describe the demographics of the
entire population.
The sample is the subset of the population who you will contact
to participate in your study. Provide details on the sampling
method (specify the type of non-probability sampling – e.g.
purposive sampling, convenience sampling, snowball sampling).
Briefly discuss the sample size. If you will use multiple
instruments provide a sample size for each data collection point.
If you are using a survey design, predict the size of your sample
using an estimated response rate (based on population).
Instrumentation
Provide details on the instruments that are used in your study.
Interviews: Provide details on how the interview protocol
(questions) was developed. Justify the use of one-on-one semi-
structured interviews or focus groups.
· If you created the interview questions, describe the process
used to select the questions. Detail how the interview questions
are related to the research questions. If you conducted a pilot of
4. the interview protocol, discuss the pilot and any resulting
modifications here.
· If you are using an existing interview protocol (or a modified
protocol) describe who created the instrument and any details
available on the validity of the instrument. Justify the selection
of this instrument (link to your research questions). You will
also need to provide details on any modification(s) made to the
existing protocol.
· Provide the complete interview protocol in an appendix (do
not include the protocol within this section).
Observations: Provide details on where the observation will
take place and the instrument that will be used to gather data for
the observation.
· Qualitative: discuss how the observations allow you to observe
the central phenomena
· Quantitative: discuss how observations allow you to collect
numerical data related to the research question(s)
Survey/Questionnaire: Provide detail on how the
survey/questionnaire was developed and how it is related to
your research question(s)
· Qualitative: Discuss how the questionnaire allows you to
collect information related to demographics or characteristics of
your participants that are relevant to the central phenomena
· Quantitative: Discuss how the survey instrument was
developed.
· If you created the instrument, detail how the survey questions
were selected, refined, and/or modified during the development
of the instrument. When possible, address validity (e.g.
construct validity, content validity) of your survey. Describe
how the survey was designed to address potential issues related
to administration and response rate.
· If you are using an existing survey, detail how the instrument
was developed by the original creator. Provide details on how
the instrument was modified or revised for your study. When
possible, discuss any information on reliability and validity of
the existing survey instrument.
5. Document Analysis: Provide detail on how the document
analysis will contribute to your understanding of the central
phenomena.
Discuss the selection of documents included for analysis and
make clear links to your research question(s). When necessary,
discuss how document analysis contributes to the validity of
your study (e.g. triangulation).
Secondary Data: Provide details on the original purpose for the
collection of the data and how the data was collected. Discuss
how this data provides the information necessary to address the
research questions and variables included in your study. Provide
a detailed discussion on how the variables included in the
secondary data set match the variables included in your study (a
table might be appropriate).
Assignment Expectations
Assignment-driven criteria 30% (15 points) Demonstrates
mastery covering all key elements of the assignment in a
substantive way.
Critical thinking/Application to Professional Practice 25% (12
points) Demonstrates mastery conceptualizing the problem, and
careful consideration of experts or research in the field of
educational leadership. Module content and concepts are
thoroughly and thoughtfully analyzed, synthesized, and
evaluated thoroughly. Conclusions are logically presented and
applied to professional practice in an exceptional manner.
Scholarly writing 15% (8 points) Demonstrates mastery and
proficiency in scholarly written communication at the doctoral
level.
Quality of references and organization 10% (5 points)
Demonstrates mastery using relevant and quality sources and
uses appropriate, relevant, and compelling content from the
module readings or other sources to support ideas, and convey
understanding of the topic and shape the work.
Citing sources 10% (5 points) Demonstrates mastery applying
APA formatting standards to both in-text citations and the
reference list.
6. Professionalism and Timeliness 10% (5 points) Demonstrates
excellence in taking responsibility for learning; adhering to
course requirement policies and expectations. Assignments
submitted on time or collaborated with professor for an
approved extension on due date.
Privacy Policy | Contact
Module 3 - SLP
Methodology and Findings
The SLP assignments in this course will assist you with the
development of an annotated bibliography. This document will
become a valuable resource as you complete your study. For
SLP 3, add to your annotated bibliography for your study with a
focus on the articles you incorporated into your Case 3
assignment. For each resource provide the following:
· Complete APA Citation: Sample for Journal Article: Author,
A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.
http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
· Visit OWL APA for guidance on how to cite other types of
resources
· Summary: Discuss key definitions, theories, concepts, or ideas
(in your own words).
· Key findings: Identify the findings that are relevant to your
study.
· Key quote(s): Identify any key quotes or statements
(remember to include a page number for each quote).
· Relation to other articles: Briefly compare and contrast this
source to other sources in your annotated bibliography.
· Relevance to my Research: Identify which research question(s)
or research methodology/design this article supports.
· Notes: Add any additional comments you have about this study
(e.g., things to remember, follow up, or other considerations).
SLP Assignment Expectations
7. Assignment-driven criteria 35% (11 points) Demonstrates
mastery covering all key elements of the assignment in a
substantive way.
Critical thinking/Application to Professional Practice 25% (7
points) Demonstrates mastery conceptualizing the problem, and
careful consideration of experts or research in the field of
educational leadership. Module content and concepts are
thoroughly and thoughtfully analyzed, synthesized, and
evaluated thoroughly. Conclusions are logically presented and
applied to professional practice in an exceptional manner.
Scholarly writing 10% (3 points) Demonstrates mastery and
proficiency in scholarly written communication at the doctoral
level.
Quality of references and organization 10% (3 points)
Demonstrates mastery using relevant and quality sources and
uses appropriate, relevant, and compelling content from the
module readings or other sources to support ideas, and convey
understanding of the topic and shape the work.
Citing sources 10% (3 points) Demonstrates mastery applying
APA formatting standards to both in-text citations and the
reference list.
Professionalism and Timeliness 10% (3 points) Demonstrates
excellence in taking responsibility for learning; adhering to
course requirement policies and expectations. Assignments
submitted on time or collaborated with professor for an
approved extension on due date.
Privacy Policy | Contact
4
Andy So�riou/Photodisc/Thinkstock
Quality Management
9. decision because quality involves cri�cal factors such as
the safety of an airplane flight, the effec�veness of a
surgical procedure, or the performance of an automobile.
Quality is
mul�faceted because the quality of a service or good is
judged on several factors. For example, the quality of an
airplane flight not only includes the safety factor; it also
includes
depar�ng and arriving on �me, the comfort of the
surroundings, and baggage handling. For an automobile,
quality is not only performance; it also includes safety
and specific
features such as video entertainment systems and global
posi�oning devices.
While quality is essen�al for organiza�onal success, for
many companies it is
difficult to use quality to differen�ate their products from
their compe�tors'
products for two reasons. First, customers may not
consider products for purchase
that do not have high quality. Second, compe�tors have
recognized the value that
customers place on quality, and are striving for high
quality by con�nuously
monitoring customer expecta�ons, inves�ga�ng and
implemen�ng new
technologies that enhance quality, and quickly imita�ng
compe�tors' improvements
in features and performance. To use an analogy from
poker, high quality has
become the ante, or minimum bet, to play at the table.
Despite these challenges,
companies such as Apple, FedEx, and Google have been
able to develop and
maintain very strong reputa�ons for high quality while
10. some of their compe�tors
have not. RIM has fallen behind Apple; FedEx has taken
package delivery from the
U.S. Postal Service; and Google is well ahead of Yahoo!.
Simply put, companies that
have a strong reputa�on for quality have been able to
integrate quality throughout
the organiza�on, adop�ng an approach that infuses quality
into company decision
making. This approach has a variety of names; the one
used here is quality
management. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the
nature of quality and
how an emphasis on quality can be spread throughout the
organiza�on.
Perspectives on Quality
When asked, customers can ar�culate some of the criteria
that determine whether a product has high quality. For
example, a hotel room should be clean and comfortable,
and the
guest should feel safe. A washing machine should get the
clothes clean. However, defining quality is not always that
simple. The factors included in quality assessment of a
hotel
room depends, at least in part, on its use. For a resort
hotel, the pool, restaurants, beaches, and workout facili�es
are part of the quality decision. For a person who is
stopping for
one night at a hotel while driving on the interstate, the
ameni�es included in the resort hotel do not ma�er.
Traveling guests only care whether or not the room is
clean,
comfortable, and convenient. In the earlier example of the
washing machine, one customer may want a large capacity
11. washer that minimizes water use, while another may want
a
small, stackable washer-drier unit that is quiet. As a
result, it is not possible to fully define quality, because
quality is determined by the customer and how the
customer will use a
product. As a result, the defini�on of quality has both an
internal orienta�on—quality from the company's
perspec�ve, and an external orienta�on—quality from the
customer's
perspec�ve.
Internally Oriented Defini�ons of Quality
Defini�ons of quality that have an internal orienta�on
directly measure characteris�cs of the product, such as the
number of packages delivered on �me or the thickness of
an
engine part. Two examples of internally oriented
defini�ons of quality are:
1. Quality is the degree to which a specific product conforms to
its design characteris�cs or specifica�ons. Surgeons must
follow the proper procedure as the surgical team closes the
incision, thereby ensuring that no sponges or other items are
le� in the pa�ent. Robots must place the spot welds in the
proper loca�on on the body of the automobile in order to
maximize its strength.
2. Quality can be measured as the amount of a specific, desired
a�ribute, such as window �nt or cheese on a pizza.
One shortcoming of internally oriented defini�ons is the
company's assump�on that the product specifica�ons match
what the customer wants—an assump�on that may not be
correct.
12. Externally Oriented Defini�ons of Quality
Quality with an external orienta�on focuses on the
customer, and typically includes a discussion of "fitness
for use." In other words, quality cannot be effec�vely
measured in the
abstract. For example, a resort hotel with the finest food,
cleanest rooms, best beaches, and friendliest staff does not
meet the needs of the cross-country traveler who will
spend
only a few hours in the room. When quality is measured
by customer wants, the resort hotel does not have the
right fit for the cross-country traveler, so it is not the
right quality.
Quality is the capacity to sa�sfy customers' needs.
In some cases, customers may not know that they have a
need for a product because customers may not imagine
what is possible. A few years ago, when Ford Motor
Company
introduced the SYNC system to manage mobile phone,
music, and other digital technology in its vehicles, it was
done to sa�sfy a desire from car owners, but one that
was not
clearly ar�culated. SYNC set new expecta�ons for
communica�on and entertainment systems in vehicles.
Although it may appear that externally oriented defini�ons
of quality are s�ll somewhat vague, companies known for
high-quality goods and services specifically define the
parameters of quality. Quality means consistently mee�ng
or exceeding the customer's needs and expecta�ons.
Quality begins with an external process that iden�fies the
customers' needs and expecta�ons. Then, those needs and
expecta�ons are translated into an internal process to
13. guarantee they are met or exceeded. One way of
formalizing that
process is called quality func�on deployment, which is
discussed later in this chapter. Quality func�on
deployment takes customer expecta�ons and transforms
them into specific
ac�ons designed to meet those expecta�ons.
Consumers have different expecta�ons when staying in a
motel or
when staying in a 5-star resort. The level of quality will
be evaluated
differently for each of these locales because quality is
based upon
mee�ng or exceeding the customer's needs and
expecta�ons.
Comstock/Thinkstock
Understanding Customer Expecta�ons
It would seem that a company that wants to achieve
excellent external quality would simply ask its customers
what they want and provide these things to them. Asking
customers what they want is useful and provides
important informa�on, however, it is not sufficient for the
following reasons. First, customers o�en have unspoken
desires. If you survey customers and ask open-ended
ques�ons such as what they want on an airplane flight,
they
are much more likely to say on-�me arrivals and
departures, faster check-in �mes, and be�er and faster
security
screening by TSA. It is not likely they would say they
14. do not want to crash. Customers assume that the airline
understands safe transporta�on as a basic need, so it is
unspoken despite that it is the most important need of the
customer. Referring to the poker analogy used earlier,
safety is part of the ante that every airline must have to
remain in the game. Second, customers operate in the
environment of what is known, and o�en do not think
about what is possible. If a company opera�ng 200 years
ago asked its customer how they might like to
communicate in the future, it is unlikely that the
customers would have described voice over wire
telephones. If
customers were asked 50 years ago about the future of
person-to-person communica�on, it is unlikely that
customers would have men�oned wireless communica�on
devices, the Internet, and high-speed data services.
Twenty years ago, few customers would have thought to
ask for the ability to download video to their wireless
device. Mobile phones were large, clumsy devices that
could only make phone calls and were unreliable.
Organiza�ons must go beyond asking customers what they
want and understand what their customers value, such
as how they do their work and what makes customers
happy. If companies understand these needs, firms are able
to see how new ideas and new technology may help
customers do more work or enjoy a be�er lifestyle. Firms
should ask the following ques�ons when they want to
understand customers' expecta�ons:
1. Ask customers what they want.
2. Ask customers specific ques�ons about a�ributes of the
product that are not men�oned by the customer:
Probing the customers with specific ques�ons about their needs
may lead to unspoken expecta�ons.
3. Ask customers about their opera�ons or how they will use
15. the product: Knowing how the customer func�ons and
how they use the product can lead to a be�er understanding of
what and how new ideas and technologies could
help them. The success of Facebook, Twi�er, and Apple are
based on crea�ng services and goods that customers
would use despite the customer not understanding the product
and its applica�on prior to product launch.
4. Ask customers how their customers use the products:
Knowing the needs of the customers' customers can help
the organiza�on be�er understand the impact of its product on
the value-crea�on chain and, therefore, meet the
needs of the final customer in this chain.
Motorola's Six Sigma System: A CEO Goes Back to
the Classroom
4.2 Dimensions of Quality
Understanding the dimensions of quality is an important
step in transforming customers' needs and
expecta�ons into internal processes. The differences
between goods-based and service-based organiza�ons have
some significant impacts on the way quality is determined
and measured. For example, because services are
intangible, the quality of services will be based much
more on human percep�on. As a result, the dimensions of
service quality are somewhat different than the
characteris�cs of quality for manufactured products.
Service Quality
The following five dimensions of quality are o�en used
16. by customers to judge service quality. Understanding
these dimensions helps firms to define quality and
determine what steps are needed to improve quality.
1. Reliability—ability to perform the promised service
dependably and accurately.
2. Responsiveness—willingness to help customers and provide
prompt service.
3. Assurance—knowledge and courtesy of employees and their
ability to convey trust and confidence.
4. Empathy—provision of caring, individualized a�en�on to
customers.
5. Tangibles—appearance of physical facili�es, equipment,
personnel, and communica�on materials, including
access and effec�veness of Internet-based informa�on.
Some examples of these five dimensions are shown in
Table 4.1. The reliability and responsiveness of a service
are at the core of how customers evaluate service quality.
This is because customers expect the service to be
performed well and to be complete at the �me demanded
by the customer. Most services rely on people to
design the opera�on systems and to do the work. A
hairdresser's reliability and responsiveness clearly impacts
the client served in a beauty shop. Likewise, it is people
who determine how the system of service providers for
mobile devices works, including the likelihood of dropped
calls,
clarity of voice, and speed of data downloads. If a
company fails to provide reliability and responsiveness, it
is more likely to lose a customer than if other factors or
services fail. In
other words, it does not ma�er how nice the furniture in
your hotel room looks if the staff is rude.
17. Table 4.1: Examples of service quality dimensions
Reliability Did the express package arrive on �me?
Was my DVR repaired correctly?
Responsiveness Did the florist deliver the flowers as
ordered?
Does the hotel send up an extra pillow as requested?
Does the credit card company respond quickly when I
have a ques�on about my statement?
When an employee says he will call me right back, does
he?
Assurance Can the salesperson answer my ques�ons about
the computer on sale?
Does the car mechanic appear to know about my car?
Does my physician politely and knowledgeably answer my
ques�ons?
Empathy Does someone in the restaurant recognize me as a
regular customer?
Is the salesperson willing to spend the �me to understand
my par�cular needs?
Does my advisor work with me to develop a program of
courses for my specific career goals?
Tangibles Is the hotel room furniture clean and modern?
Does the auto repair shop appear neat and �dy?
Is my bank statement easy to understand?
Real World Scenarios: Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines combines reliability with subjec�ve
quality dimensions for a winning combina�on in the
airline industry. The dire situa�on for many airlines has
been
18. demonstrated by bankruptcy filings, companies closing,
mergers, and record losses. While legacy companies such
as United, American, and Delta have been losing money,
Southwest has maintained profitability and also has
remained at the top of customer sa�sfac�on rankings.
Southwest does this by maintaining a clear focus on the
customer
and mee�ng the customers' needs. Customers want low
fares and reliable, high-value service, and Southwest
provides fares that are consistently below those of
compe�tors'.
In addi�on, fees are not charged for luggage transport.
Southwest o�en resists a�empts by its compe�tors to
raise prices because it is a low-cost provider. It keeps
costs low
primarily because its employees are mo�vated, energe�c,
and are stakeholders in the company. In addi�on,
Southwest empowers its employees to do what they can to
solve
any customer problems that arise.
Quality of Goods
In examining the dimensions of quality for goods, it is
important to recall that a good is tangible, and therefore,
direct contact between the customer and the employees
who make
the good does not o�en occur. As a result, the factors
that comprise the quality of goods are quite different from
the factors that comprise quality service. People at all
levels of the
Motorola's Six
Sigma System
From Title:
20. smells.
Perceived Quality—image, adver�sing, or brand name of a
product.
For the quality of goods, performance and features are
important dimensions of the product. These are o�en key
elements in the purchase decision whether the product is a
mobile
device, a vehicle, or an appliance. Reliability is common
to both services and goods, but as expected with a good,
it is linked directly to how the product performs.
Conformance is a
posi�ve dimension in some applica�ons, but may be
nega�ve in other applica�ons. When purchasing paint that
is to match an exis�ng color, a replacement door, or new
brakes for
a car, conformance to specifica�ons is vital. Conversely,
non-conformance may be desirable for other items such as
clothing or furniture. Durability is another trait of goods
that can
be measured and assessed, and is o�en more important
for goods that provide func�on rather than form, such as
markers for white boards, hand mixers, and can openers.
Most
people want these products at low cost and want them to
last a long �me. The last three characteris�cs are more
subjec�ve in nature. With serviceability, the customer
o�en
interacts directly with the employee who is doing the
work, so this factor has similar characteris�cs to service
quality. Aesthe�cs refers to how a product looks, which
is subject to
individual tastes, and is o�en difficult to assess.
Perceived quality is similar to aesthe�cs because
customers may have different expecta�ons.
21. Costs of Quality
Tradi�onally, companies thought of quality costs only as
those that were necessary to produce higher quality. In
fact, as many companies have discovered, higher quality
can mean
reduced costs because of savings from reduced scrap,
rework, and customer warranty claims. Whether performing
a medical test or assembling a mobile device, correctly
comple�ng a job the first �me improves quality and
lowers costs. Iden�fying and elimina�ng steps in a
process that do not add value for a customer has the
poten�al to reduce
selling price. While it may not be true in every instance,
there is truth in the statement that "quality is free."
Consider the following three categories of the costs of
quality:
1. Failure costs—can be internal to the organiza�on or external
involving the customer.
2. Appraisal costs—investment in measuring quality and
assessing customer sa�sfac�on.
3. Preven�on costs—put a stop to the quality problem.
Failure Costs
Failure costs are incurred whenever any product or
component of a product fails to meet requirements. Such
costs can be divided into two categories: internal or
external. Internal
failure costs are those associated with defects found before
the product reaches the customer. Examples of this include
the costs of correc�ng errors in a customer's bank
account,
discarding food that was improperly cooked, scrapping
defec�ve parts, or reworking products that contain defects.
22. In some cases internal failures can be dangerous to
employees,
such as when a building collapses while under
construc�on because of defec�ve materials.
External failure costs are incurred a�er a product has
reached the customer. This can include the cost of
warranty repair work, handling complaints, or replacing
products. The costs
of lost goodwill and possible liability if someone is
injured or killed because of an external failure can be
considerable. The costs of external failure can be
especially devasta�ng if
customers are lost.
Highlight: Product Liability
There are huge costs associated with quality problems
when products reach customers. There are dozens of
examples, including sudden accelera�on in Toyota's
vehicles, tread
separa�on on Firestone �res, mistakes in surgeries, and
structures that unexpectedly collapse because of poor
design or construc�on. These problems can generate
lawsuits
that are expensive to combat (and more expensive to
se�le), and nega�vely affect the reputa�on of the
company. Another example is Boeing's a�empts to deal
with problems
that arose soon a�er the release of its 787 Dreamliner.
Worries about the poten�al for ba�ery fires led to jet's
grounding soon a�er its release. The company's ability to
address the problems will impact the demand for its
products and the profitability of the company.
Appraisal Costs
23. Appraisal costs are the costs incurred to measure quality,
assess customer sa�sfac�on, and inspect and test products.
Ac�vi�es that are designed to improve quality by be�er
understanding the current performance level of a product
are included in appraisal costs. Appraisal costs could
include the cost of conduc�ng a customer sa�sfac�on
survey, hiring
an individual to visit, and inspect each property in a
hotel chain, or tes�ng new notebook computers to be sure
they will operate as intended. In electronic components,
most
failures take place during the first 90–180 days of
opera�ons or during the wear-out period at the end of the
product's life, and the defect rate between these two
events is very
low.
Highlight: Feedback for Hotels
Hotels such as Marriot, Hya�, and Sheraton have resorts
across the United States and around the world. These
firms want to know what their customers like and dislike
so that
each hotel can make sure that a guest's stay is enjoyable.
Hotel managers spend much �me and effort to collect
feedback from their customers. They examine past pa�erns
of
use in an effort to make the next stay even be�er. These
firms search their records to determine what customers
purchased in their gi� shops and restaurants, which tours
were booked through the concierge, and which room
service requests were made. In this way, these hotels can
a�empt to ensure a sa�sfied customer and another stay at
the
hotel chain. Because there is a large investment in a
24. hotel's facility, a room that is not booked for one day
loses revenues that can never be recovered. This is unlike
a washing
machine that does not sell today but can be sold
tomorrow. In addi�on to the physical facili�es, there is
substan�al management overhead within a hotel and at its
headquarters. This overhead must be paid whether or not a
room is booked. The labor at the hotel that cares for the
grounds, prepares the food, and checks in guests is paid
whether or not the room is rented. Most of the costs
associated with running a hotel are fixed and are not
alleviated when a room is not rented. Thus customer
sa�sfac�on is
cri�cal for success.
Preven�on Costs
Preven�on costs result from ac�vi�es designed to prevent
defects from occurring. Preven�on costs can include
ac�vi�es such as employee training, quality control
procedures,
special efforts when designing products, or administra�ve
systems to prevent defects. One example is the cost of
modifying a bank's computer system to request
confirma�on
whenever a teller's entries are unusually large or unusually
small. Electronic confirma�ons are also seen on entry
screens for online purchases and other applica�ons. For
example,
an error message will appear if a digit in a telephone
number is missing, and the customer will not be able to
advance to the next screen. Conversely, if an extra
keystroke is made
25. in an a�empt to enter a phone number, the system will
not accept it. Cri�cal informa�on, such as e-mail
addresses, require the customer to enter the data into
these systems twice.
The two entries are compared, and if they are the same,
the user can advance to the next screen. Double-entry
greatly reduces the chance of an incorrect entry. There are
many
examples of this in manufacturing as well, but customers
do not see them. Manufacturers design assembly systems
so that a part can only be assembled in one correct way.
If it fits
or snaps in place, it is correct. Parts are color-coded to
ensure they are placed correctly on the right product.
Thousands of preventa�ve measures have been
implemented to
reduce the cost of maintaining quality in manufacturing.
Highlight: Poka-Yoke: Mistake Proofing
Poka-yoke is an approach adopted by many companies to
prevent defects. This term is a rough approxima�on of
Japanese words that mean "mistake proofing." For example,
Dell uses color-coding on its connec�ons so that when
customers set up their computers at home, they are less
likely to plug the printer cable into the monitor
connec�on.
This results in a be�er experience for the customer and
higher customer sa�sfac�on.
At one �me there was a philosophy that companies
should trade off the costs of preven�on for the costs of
failure. This resulted in the belief that companies should
be willing
to accept an op�mum level of defects. Many companies
now find that a reputa�on for high quality has benefits
26. that far outweigh any addi�onal preven�on and appraisal
costs
associated with achieving high quality.
Six Sigma
For many years, companies accepted a 1% to 3% rate of
defects in goods and services, which is as many as three
defects per hundred units. A few years ago, Motorola, a
worldrecognized quality leader, set for itself a goal of Six
Sigma quality. Six Sigma relates to the firm's ability to
produce error free products. For the sta�s�cian that is
six standard
devia�ons rather than three standard devia�ons, which is
o�en discussed when applying the normal distribu�on.
While three standard devia�ons equals approximately 2.6
defects
per 1,000 units, or 99.74% error free, six standard
devia�ons equals 3.4 defects per 1 million units, or
99.99966% error free. The old standard of 1% to 3%
defects, which is not very
restric�ve, would generate about 34,000 defects per 1
million. Six Sigma increases expecta�ons and a�empts to
slash defects dras�cally.
Six Sigma is a collec�on of ideas and programs that are
intended to improve the quality of a service or a good by
using tools that iden�fy the root cause of the defects and
then
implement programs to eliminate the underlying problem
that caused the defects. Tools such as a fishbone chart
allow the firm to trace a problem that the customer sees
to the
root cause of the problem. For example, long delays in
baggage delivery at the airport could be the result of
insufficient staffing, insufficient baggage handling
27. equipment, or poor
loading procedures that make it difficult to find the right
bags. Then, tools such as simula�on or mathema�cal
modeling (which are discussed in a later chapter) can be
applied to
determine how the problem may be solved and the
baggage handling process improved. Six Sigma helps the
firm make its processes consistent because when Six
Sigma is achieved
a defect (late baggage delivery) occurs only 3.4 �mes out
of 1,000,000. Six Sigma may be good enough for baggage
delivery, but some�mes, Six Sigma is not enough.
Passengers on
the airlines want results that are be�er than 3.4 crashes
for every 1,000,000 airline flight, or about one crash in
300,000 flights. There would be several crashes each day
if a three
sigma standard was used, and dozens of crashes per day
if a 3% defect rate was allowed.
Six Sigma develops a cadre of specialists within an
organiza�on called "Black Belts" and "Green Belts," who
are experts in specific methods. Six Sigma follows a set
of steps that
inves�gates the opera�ons process and leads the team
toward outcomes that can be measured, analyzed,
improved, and controlled. The effec�veness of the baggage
handling
process is measured by customer wait �me, and the
airline should have a performance target. The outcomes of
these processes are important to the company and,
ul�mately, to
the customer.
Six Sigma is based upon the implementa�on of ongoing,
well-documented, and highly visible ac�vi�es. It is
29. produces a good or service is ge�ng close to producing
an unacceptable level of defects. When the process crosses
a par�cular threshold, it is moving out of control. A�er
World War II, Deming went to Japan under the auspices
of the U.S. government as part of an effort to rebuild
Japan's economy. His influence on the Japanese was so
great that today, Japan's highest prize for quality is the
Deming Prize. Surprisingly, Deming was largely ignored in
the United States un�l the 1980s. Beginning in the 1980s,
Deming lectured extensively to large audiences throughout
the country un�l his death in 1993.
Deming's philosophy is illustrated by his wellknown 14
points for the transforma�on of management, shown in
Table 4.2. Today, there is s�ll confusion and
disagreement about what is meant by some of Deming's
points;
however, Deming's basic premise notes that the system, not
employees, causes defects. Management is
responsible for changing the system, and must accept that
responsibility instead of blaming employees when
defects occur. Because of his background, Deming also
stressed the use of sta�s�cal process control, and
encouraged training all employees in its use.
Table 4.2: Dr. W. Edwards Deming's 14 points for the
transforma�on of management
1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of
product and service. Aim to become compe��ve and to
stay in business, and provide jobs.
2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic
age. Awaken to the challenge. Learn the responsibili�es,
and take on leadership for change.
30. 3. Cease dependence on inspec�on to achieve quality.
Eliminate the need for inspec�on. Build quality into the
product in the first place.
4. End the prac�ce of awarding business on the basis of
price tag. Instead, minimize total cost. Move toward a
single supplier on any one item, on a long-term
rela�onship of loyalty and trust.
5. Improve constantly and forever the system of produc�on
and service, to improve quality and produc�vity and thus
constantly decrease cost.
6. Ins�tute training on the job.
7. Ins�tute leadership.
8. Drive out fear, so everyone may work effec�vely for
the company.
9. Break down barriers between departments.
10. Eliminate slogans, exhorta�ons, and targets for the
workforce asking for zero defects and new levels of
produc�vity.
11a. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory
floor. Subs�tute leadership.
11b. Eliminate management by objec�ve. Eliminate
management by numbers, numerical goals. Subs�tute
leadership.
12a. Remove barriers robbing the hourly worker of his
right to pride of workmanship. Change the responsibility
of supervisors from sheer numbers to quality.
31. 12b. Remove barriers that rob people in management and
in engineering of their right to pride of workmanship.
Abolish the annual or merit ra�ng and management
by objec�ve.
13. Ins�tute a vigorous program of educa�on and self-
improvement.
14. Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish
the transforma�on. The transforma�on is everybody's job.
Source: Deming, W. E. Out of the crisis. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1986.
Joseph M. Juran
Joseph M. Juran, who was an ac�ve lecturer un�l 1995
when he re�red, was also a colleague of Walter Shewhart,
and lectured and taught in Japan a�er World War II.
Some have
argued that Juran's contribu�on to Japan's quality efforts
was even greater than Deming's. Like Deming, Juran
emphasized management's responsibility for ensuring
quality. Juran,
however, focused on the customer by defining quality as
"fitness for use." He also emphasized the need for
con�nuous improvement and stressed that quality must be
built on
three elements: quality planning, quality control, and
quality improvement.
Philip Crosby
Philip Crosby became interna�onally recognized with the
32. publica�on of his 1979 book, Quality Is Free. In that
book, and in later publica�ons, he argues that failure
costs are much
greater than most companies had thought. By reducing
failure costs, companies can save money, hence the �tle
of Crosby's book. Crosby is most o�en recognized for
emphasizing
the importance of considering all costs of quality. He is
also responsible for promo�ng the idea that all errors
must be eliminated, indicated by his slogan "do it right
the first �me,"
and the concept of zero defects.
Genichi Taguchi
Japanese companies were among the world's first to place
a strong emphasis on quality, so it is not surprising that
several people from Japan have made significant
contribu�ons to
the field of quality. Genichi Taguchi's ideas are
par�cularly important. Taguchi first gained prominence
shortly a�er World War II, working with research
facili�es to develop Japan's
telephone system. A�er no�cing that considerable �me
and effort were expended in experimenta�on and tes�ng,
Taguchi developed procedures for designing experiments so
that
more informa�on could be obtained with fewer
experiments. Taguchi has also contributed an en�re
philosophy about how products should be designed, and
that philosophy now
forms an important part of quality management.
Taguchi argues that quality must be designed into a
product. His point is that quality cannot be achieved
through inspec�ons a�er the good is made or the service
33. is provided. Thus,
an important part of Taguchi's philosophy is based on the
concept of robust design— designs that guarantee high
quality regardless of varia�ons (such as employee errors)
that may
occur during the processes that produce the product. For
example, McDonald's has designed a ketchup dispenser that
puts precisely the right amount of ketchup on each burger,
elimina�ng varia�ons in product quality that may result
from employees dispensing too much or too li�le.
Building Quality into Product
Design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) emphasizes
that products should be designed so they are simple and
inexpensive to produce. This concept has also been
applied to
service opera�ons under the term design for opera�ons
(DFO). Both concepts underscore that the design of the
product and the process by which the product is made are
key
factors when determining quality. Quality inspec�on does
not improve the underlying quality of the product or the
process. Building quality into a product, rather than trying
to
inspect it into the product, is described in the following:
1. Product Design: This is how the product, either a good or a
service, func�ons. It determines the features, func�ons,
aesthe�cs, and performance of a product, which are essen�al
parts of the product's quality. For example, the capabili�es of
an electronic device such as a notebook computer are
determined by product design. The product design determines
the capability of the display, the size and performance of the
processor, and Wi-Fi accessibility. Product design also
determines the reliability, durability, serviceability, and other
34. key
quality elements. The ability of Travelocity to provide robust
and reliable service depends upon how it designs its servers, the
user interface, and access to travel data. In large
measure, the cost to produce the good or to provide the service
is determined when the product is designed. Product design is
one of the most important decisions a firm will make.
2. Process Design: This is how the product, either a good or a
service, is produced. Process design includes the methods that
the firm uses to transform the product ideas created in the
product design into the good or service that the customer is
purchasing. In manufacturing, process design includes selec�ng
the materials, facili�es, and equipment used to make
the product as well as determining the labor skills needed to
execute the process plan. In restaurants, decisions regarding the
quality of the purchased food are important. In health
care, facili�es and equipment selec�on are also a very
important decision. In banking, materials are really not an issue
and facili�es and equipment are limited to office space, ATMs,
and basic office equipment. By their nature, process design for
service opera�ons heavily depends upon people skills. In many
service opera�ons, labor costs represent 70% or more
of the cost of providing a service.
3. Work Execu�on: This is the performance of the plan created
in the product and process design. If the product design and the
process design represent the football game plan, then
playing the game is the work execu�on. The success of this
depends on how well the plan is communicated to the
workforce, whether the workforce has been selected so it has
the
basic skills to execute the plan, and how well the workforce has
been trained to do the work. When these func�ons are
performed well, the product and process designs should be
well executed, and a high-quality product should be produced.
36. Focus on the customer
Quality func�on deployment
Responsibility for quality
Team problem solving
Employee training
Fact-based management
Philosophy of con�nuous improvement
Each of these components is discussed next, in detail. It
should be stressed, however,
that they apply to all aspects of a company's opera�on,
from design of products and
processes to distribu�on and a�erthe- sale service.
Further, all parts of the company
must be involved, including those which do not usually
interact with external customers,
but instead serve other parts of the company.
Focus on the Customer
Customers are usually those outside a company,
specifically the people or the
organiza�ons that purchase the good or service the
company produces. However, it is
also possible to think of internal customers as parts of an
organiza�on that u�lize
informa�on or other outputs from another func�onal area
inside the organiza�on, such
as accoun�ng. In a hospital, the laboratory could think of
the physician who requests lab
work as its customer. Thus, a customer can be anyone,
whether inside or outside an
organiza�on, who receives the output from an ac�vity or
process.
37. Juran's defini�on of quality as fitness for use provides
the groundwork for focusing on the customer.
Unfortunately, many companies in the past have iden�fied
what they thought
the customer wanted without actually asking the customer.
Companies that use TQM rely on what is called the voice
of the customer.
The voice of the customer describes what customers want
and what they like and do not like. Listening to the
voice of the customer is essen�al to be successful. To do
this, many companies get to know their customers
personally. For example, some companies hold focus
groups, in which customers are contacted to discuss their
wants, needs, and expecta�ons, and to respond to
proposals to change the good or service produced.
Companies ask ques�ons about how the customer uses
their product. If a company understands its customers,
it can be�er meet or exceed their needs and expecta�ons.
Listening to the voice of the customer is more than
providing customers with what they request. Simply stated,
customers are likely to verbalize what it is with
which they are familiar. If a new technology is available
and customers are not aware of it, they will not know
how to describe their need. If the company understands
the customer and the customers' wants, it may have
ideas and technologies that could be applied to meet a
future need. For example, which customers told Apple
that they wanted a small portable device that could
download and play music on the run (the iPod)? Apple
has succeeded by an�cipa�ng what technology customers
may want and how they could use these products.
Quality Function Deployment
The quality of a product, whether that product is a
38. manufactured good or a service, is largely dependent upon
how well the product and the processes for producing it
were designed. Listening to the voice of the customer
provides a company with valuable informa�on. That
informa�on, however, usually describes the customer's
needs or expecta�ons, such as the need for transac�ons
at a bank to be handled quickly and accurately, or the
expecta�on that a room reserved at a hotel will be
available when the guest arrives. Those needs and
expecta�ons must be transformed into design
characteris�cs for the product and process. Quality
func�on deployment (QFD) is one method that can be
used to make that
transforma�on by rela�ng customer needs and expecta�ons
to specific design characteris�cs through a series of grids
or matrices.
Figure 4.1 shows the basic form of the matrix used in
QFD, which is o�en called the house of quality because
of its shape. The customer needs, or "WHATs," are listed
along the
le�-hand side of the matrix. Design characteris�cs related
to these needs are listed along the top as "HOWs." The
rela�onship matrix in the middle (WHAT versus HOW)
indicates
the nature of the rela�onship between each customer need
and each design characteris�c. Figure 4.2 shows the house
of quality for a limited set of customer needs related to
an
automobile. As shown, the need for good gas mileage is
posi�vely related to the design characteris�c of fuel
economy, nega�vely related to accelera�on, and has no
rela�onship to
turning radius. In some cases, the simple plus or minus
signs used in Figure 4.2 are replaced by other symbols
40. compe�tors. Performance on each design characteris�c can
be
compared against compe�tors along the bo�om. Thus, less
emphasis may be placed on a customer need that is not
very important, or on a design characteris�c in which the
company already outperforms the compe��on. The house
of quality shown here is only a simple example; those
developed by companies can be very complex.
This first house of quality translates the voice of the
customer into design characteris�cs, but characteris�cs
alone will not indicate to the firm how to make a car.
Those design
characteris�cs must be transformed into parts
characteris�cs, as shown in the second house in Figure
4.3. Parts characteris�cs define how the engineering
characteris�cs will be
achieved, but the parts characteris�cs can only be
achieved when the process is planned to do so. Thus, a
third house is required to convert the parts characteris�cs
into
opera�onal processes that describe how the parts are to
be produced to obtain the required characteris�cs. In the
fourth house, the opera�onal process is the basis for
determining
the produc�on requirements, which specify inspec�on
details, measuring methods, operator training, and related
details.
Using the four steps shown in Figure 4.3, the voice of
the customer has been deployed throughout the en�re
organiza�on. Further, all parts of the organiza�on have
worked
together to achieve that deployment.
41. Phil Condit: Improvement and Benchmarking;
Boeing Reinvents the Airplane
Figure 4.3: Successive houses of quality deploy the voice of the
customer throughout the
organiza�on
Responsibility for Quality
In the past, many companies used quality control (QC)
departments to ensure quality. Unfortunately, this prac�ce
allowed others in the organiza�on to assume that the QC
department was solely responsible for quality.
Organiza�ons that embrace TQM have realized that
everyone must accept responsibility, from the company
CEO to the person who
cleans the parking lot. Each individual contributes to
quality (or lack thereof) in some way. In addi�on,
company suppliers must also accept responsibility for their
role in quality. It is
essen�al that TQM have top management support and
commitment in order for it to succeed.
Real World Scenarios: Ritz-Carlton: Quality-Infused
The recent experiences of one person who stayed at the
Ritz-Carlton in Georgia demonstrate the value of infusing
quality into the organiza�on. One night, the guest wanted
a
newspaper, but the gi� shop was closed. During her late
dinner (the hotel employees insisted on keeping the
kitchen open past its closing �me to serve her), she
asked if any
customers had le� a newspaper behind. The waiter
returned in three minutes with copies of the Atlanta
42. Cons�tu�on, USA Today, New York Times, and Wall
Street Journal. Of
course, the guest was not charged for the papers.
This a�en�on to mee�ng the needs of the customer and
also to deligh�ng the customer is directly ordered from
the head of Ritz-Carlton Hotels. Because of its top-level
commitment to customer care, Ritz-Carlton has won the
Malcolm Baldrige Award, a na�onal quality award.
Quality, however, extends to every ac�vity at the hotel.
When this guest stayed at the same Ritz-Carlton on
another occasion, the hotel's concierge had located a
special store for her. When no taxis were available, a
doorman was
summoned to drive her in a hotel car. Along the way, the
doorman explained that he had just completed three days
of training before being allowed to open the door for
customers. Of course, once again, the guest was not
charged for the car service to and from the store. As may
be expected, the customer was delighted by this service.
Team Problem Solving
Problems are o�en encountered when a�emp�ng to meet
or exceed customers' needs and expecta�ons. For example,
a hospital may find that emergency room pa�ents with
problems that are not life-threatening complain they have
to wait too long for service, or an automobile
manufacturer may find that its customers want an
increasing number of
product op�ons but want prices to remain low. Problems
like these can be solved be�er by a team than by one
individual. Team efforts to problem solve allows for
different
viewpoints and also enables the team members to split the
43. workload and to brainstorm possible solu�ons with one
another. When an organiza�on faces a complex problem, a
team
approach to decision making may be more effec�ve than
relying on one individual to make the necessary decisions.
One person may not have access to all the informa�on,
nor
have the broad range of knowledge needed to understand
the problem, design alterna�ve solu�ons, and select the
best approach. Group decision making is also very useful
when
building commitment to the selected alterna�ve. When top
management makes decisions, commitment to make
alterna�ve solu�ons work may be low, thereby making
implementa�on very difficult. Convincing people to use a
new approach is easier when each person is involved in
the decision-making process. When a group is involved,
each
member will find ways to make the new approach work,
rather than find excuses for why it will not.
Employee Training
Deming emphasized the importance of training employees
to use the tools of sta�s�cal process control. As
organiza�ons have adopted a team approach to problem
solving, it has
also been determined that employees need training to work
effec�vely in groups, and to use group problem-solving
tools. Pareto charts that iden�fy the most frequent causes
of
quality problems, cause and effect diagrams that illustrate
the root cause for a problem, and quality control charts
that assess quality conformance are just three of many
techniques.
44. Fact-Based Management
Companies that use TQM must determine what their
customers' needs and expecta�ons really are, not what
the company thinks they are. This philosophy of basing
decisions on facts, data, and analysis—instead of
intui�on or inference—extends to other areas of the TQM
company. Companies today are beginning to operate
with a new saying: "What gets measured gets a�en�on."
This has always been true as employees concentrated
on the criteria they knew would be used to judge them.
Now companies are realizing that those criteria must
�e into the company's compe��ve strategy. As a result,
some of the most important measurements today are
those related to quality. These measurements of quality
include not only internal measures, such as the number
of customer complaints received or the percent of products
reworked, but also external measures, such as
customer sa�sfac�on. In many cases, firms are taking
quality to the next level. They are seeking to know more
about their suppliers' sa�sfac�on at working with them,
as well as the suppliers' capabili�es. If the firms know
something about the suppliers' capabili�es, they may be
able to use those capabili�es in new ways. Product
quality and sa�sfac�on of the final customer are
determined by all of the par�cipants in the supply chain,
so
knowing something about suppliers is important to quality
improvement. For example, the equipment supplier
for a medical test such as a CAT scan, or the supplier of
hardware for a furniture manufacturer impact the
quality of the service or good purchased by the customer.
45. Benchmarking
Benchmarking is a process by which a company compares
its performance to the performance of other
companies. Those other companies need not be
compe�tors, nor be within the same industry. Instead, the
purpose of benchmarking is to set a standard based upon
the company that is recognized as the best at a
certain ac�vity. As an example, many companies use L.L.
Bean as a benchmark for online ordering and order
fulfillment. To be effec�ve at benchmarking, firms must
understand that a benchmark does not define the best
possible outcome; it only iden�fies what a company has
achieved. Choosing the wrong companies to
benchmark can lead to se�ng standards that are too low.
As a result, a benchmark is only one piece of
informa�on that companies should use to set performance
goals for quality or any other important outcome.
Broader Measures of Performance
Companies have tradi�onally measured their performance
using the accoun�ng standards of cost and profit.
Today, those standards alone are insufficient. Quality is an
important performance measure that must be used,
especially by companies using TQM. Customers' needs may
include other factors such as delivery speed,
flexibility, or innova�on, therefore, the performance
measurement system must also include these factors.
Philosophy of Continuous Improvement
The philosophies of Deming, Juran, and Crosby all include
the concept of con�nuous improvement. No ma�er how
good a company is, it must always work to do be�er.
This
46. philosophy of con�nuous improvement is an extremely
important part of TQM. Companies adop�ng con�nuous
improvement as an organiza�onal philosophy have found
that the
following key components are necessary:
Standardize and document procedures.
Assign teams to iden�fy areas for improvement.
Use methods analysis and problem-solving tools.
Use the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle (see Figure 4.4).
Document improved procedures.
Standardizing and Documen�ng Procedures
Standardiza�on and documenta�on form the basis of
con�nuous improvement as shown in the preceding list,
which begins and ends with documenta�on.
Standardiza�on involves
developing a preset procedure for performing an ac�vity
or job. Documenta�on is the act of pu�ng that procedure
into wri�ng. Standardiza�on and documenta�on are
necessary
for con�nuous improvement so the organiza�on knows
exactly how something is being completed now (the "as
is" condi�on). A�er the process has been improved, the
firm should
document the new procedure (the "should be" condi�on)
so that it becomes the new standard procedure.
Documenta�on and standardiza�on are especially important
for
companies that want to become registered under ISO
9000:2000, which is a widely-used interna�onal quality
standard. It should be noted, however, that the purposes
of
documenta�on and standardiza�on are not to prevent
change in the process, but to ensure that within a given
47. process, each person performs a task the same way every
�me. As
be�er ways are found, the documenta�on and
standardiza�on are changed to promote con�nuous
improvement. For example, service organiza�ons rely
extensively on
documenta�on and standardiza�on to ensure consistent
service. Fast-food restaurants have established procedures
for everything—from cooking hamburgers to taking orders.
Airline
pilots follow a prescribed checklist each �me they land or
take off. This procedure ensures a high level of customer
safety and consistent service.
Iden�fy Areas for Improvement
Teams of employees from different departments work
together as cross-func�onal teams to understand the
current condi�ons and prepare a method to improve the
performance of
an organiza�onal ac�vity. If a firm needs to improve its
product development process so it is faster, lower-cost,
and higher-quality, it is important to have various experts
examine
and improve the process. These experts should understand
the roles of marke�ng, produc�on, and informa�on
technology. They should also understand the accoun�ng
and financial
aspects of this complicated process.
Methods Analysis and Problem-Solving Tools
Con�nuous improvement efforts require a set of methods
or problem-solving tools. The type and applica�on of
these tools depends upon the outcome measures that need
to be
48. enhanced. For example, to improve the quality of an
assembly, root-cause analysis and poka-yoke may be the
tools. It allows the team to understand the problem and
create a
solu�on that should be error proof. To reduce the number
of processing errors and the cost of evalua�ng life
insurance applica�ons, it would be useful to determine the
process
flow, iden�fy essen�al tasks, and note tasks that can be
reduced in length or eliminated completely. It would also
be useful to iden�fy which quality problems are the most
common
and to overlay those on the process flow to see how cost
and quality interact.
The Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle
The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, shown in Figure 4.4, is also
referred to as the Deming Wheel or Shewhart cycle. The
shape of a wheel embodies the philosophy of con�nuous
improvement; the cycle is repeated over and over without
end. Each part of the cycle is explained as follows:
Plan—Before making any changes, be sure everything is
documented and standardized. Use appropriate tools to iden�fy
problems or opportuni�es for improvement. Develop a
plan to make changes.
Do—Implement the plan and document any changes made.
Check—Analyze the revised process to determine if goals have
been achieved.
Act—If the goals have been achieved, then standardize and
document the changes. Communicate the results to others that
could benefit from similar changes. If the goals have
not been achieved, determine why not, and proceed accordingly.
Phil Condit:
49. Improvement and
Benchmarking
From Title:
Boeing Reinvents the Airplane
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Figure 4.4: The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle
Document Improved Procedures
The process for con�nuous improvement ends in the same
place it begins with a documented process, so that future
review for the purpose of process improvement commences
again here. Documents are also valuable for training new
employees. Finally, documenta�on is essen�al to achieve
quality cer�fica�on.
Chapter Summary
Quality has many defini�ons, both internal and external. Today,
most companies define quality as consistently mee�ng or
exceeding the customer's needs and expecta�ons.
The characteris�cs of service quality include reliability,
responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles.
50. The characteris�cs of quality for goods include performance,
features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability,
aesthe�cs, and perceived quality.
It is vital to understand what customers want, but this involves
more than just asking the customer. Customers o�en have
unspoken wants that will not be apparent without
probing. Customers operate in a known environment and are
o�en unaware of new ideas or technologies that create new
products they would find very useful.
Individuals who have had a significant impact on the field of
quality include W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, Philip
Crosby, and Genichi Taguchi.
Design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) and design for
opera�ons (DFO) are ways to focus on quality and cost during
the design of goods and services. Product quality is a
func�on of product design, process design, and employee
execu�on. The be�er a firm is at these func�ons, the be�er it
will be at building high-quality products. Inspec�on does
not enhance quality; it provides feedback about the level of
quality achieved and the poten�al source of quality problems.
Every employee is responsible for quality. It should be an
organiza�on-wide effort.
Quality func�on deployment is used to translate the voice of
the customer into product and process design characteris�cs.
The components of TQM include a focus on the customer,
quality func�on deployment, responsibility for quality, team
problem solving, employee training, fact-based
management, and a philosophy of con�nuous improvement.
Case Studies
Memorial Hospital
Memorial Hospital is a privately owned 600-bed facility.
The hospital provides a broad range of health care
services, including complete laboratory and X-ray
51. facili�es, an emergency
room, an intensive care unit, a cardiac care unit, and a
psychiatric ward. Most of these services are provided by
several other hospitals in the metropolitan area. Memorial
has
purposely avoided ge�ng involved in any specialized fields
of medicine or obtaining very specialized diagnos�c
equipment because it was felt that such services would
not be cost-
effec�ve. The General Hospital, located only a few miles
from Memorial, is affiliated with the local School of
Medicine and offers up-to-date services in those
specialized areas.
Instead of trying to compete with General Hospital to
provide special services, Memorial Hospital has
concentrated on offering high-quality general health care at
an affordable
price. Compared with the much larger General Hospital,
Memorial stresses close personal a�en�on to each pa�ent
from a nursing staff that cares about its work. In fact,
the
hospital has begun to place ads in newspapers and on
television, stressing its pa�ent-oriented care.
However, the hospital's administrator, Janice Fry, is
concerned about whether the hospital can really deliver on
its promises, and worries that failure to provide the level
of health
care pa�ents expect could drive pa�ents away. Janice met
recently with the hospital's managerial personnel to discuss
her concerns. The mee�ng raised some ques�ons about
how
the hospital's quality of health care could be assured.
Jessica Tu, director of nursing, raised the ques�on, "How
do we measure the quality of health care? Do we give
pa�ents a
52. ques�onnaire when they leave, asking if they were happy
here? That does not seem to answer the ques�on because
we could make a pa�ent happy, but give them lousy
health
care." Several other ques�ons were asked concerning the
hospital's efforts to keep costs down. Some people were
concerned that an emphasis on costs would be detrimental
to
quality. They argued that when a person's life is at stake,
costs should not be of concern.
A�er the mee�ng, Janice began thinking about these
ques�ons. She remembered reading recently that some
companies were using total quality management (TQM) to
improve
their quality. She liked the idea—if it could be used in a
hospital.
1. Discuss some ways that a hospital might measure quality.
2. What are the poten�al costs of quality for Memorial
Hospital? How could the value of a human life be included?
3. Are there any ideas or techniques from TQM that Janice
could use to help Memorial focus on providing quality health
care?
4. What measures could Memorial use to assess the quality of
health care it is providing?
Discussion Ques�ons
Click on each ques�on to reveal the answer.
1. What are the similari�es between internally and externally
oriented defini�ons of quality?
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In both the internally oriented and externally oriented
defini�ons of quality, we are comparing the characteris�cs
of a product against some goal or objec�ve that can be
difficult to measure. The internally oriented defini�ons
focus on aspects of the product that the company controls
directly such as strength, length, or processing �me,
which
can be rela�vely easy to measure and for which the goal
is o�en set by the company itself. Externally oriented
defini�ons are much vaguer and broader, emphasizing
goals set
by the customer.
2. Describe the approach that a company should use in order to
understand customers' expecta�ons.
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Firms should ask the following ques�ons when they want
to understand customers' expecta�ons. What does the
customer want, but this is only the first step in the
process. It
is important to ask customers specific ques�ons about
a�ributes of the product that are not men�oned by the
customer. This probing helps to iden�fy unspoken
expecta�ons.
Ask the customer how they use the product. Knowing how
the customer func�ons and how they use the product can
lead to a be�er understanding of what and how new
ideas and technologies could help them. Also, ask
customers how their customers use the products: Knowing
the needs of the customers' customers can help the
54. organiza�on
be�er understand the impact of its product on the value
crea�on chain and therefore meet the needs of the final
customer in this chain.
3. List the characteris�cs for service quality and those for
manufacturing quality. What are the commonali�es and
differences?
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Dimensions of service quality: reliability, responsiveness,
assurance, empathy, and tangibles.
Dimensions of quality for manufacturing: performance,
features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability,
aesthe�cs, and perceived quality.
Both include the dimensions of reliability, although they
are defined somewhat differently. The "tangibles"
dimension for service quality could conceivably include
such
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57. what
the customer wants. Unfortunately that may not always be
true, which explains why some use tools such as quality
func�on deployment (QFD) to be�er understand customer
needs.
5. What are the differences and similari�es among the
philosophies of Deming, Juran, Crosby, and Taguchi?
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Deming and Juran probably are the closest in philosophies
as both emphasize management's responsibility for quality.
However, Deming o�en tends to focus on internal quality
while Juran takes more of an external focus. Taguchi
combines both the internal and external viewpoints as he
emphasizes internal ways of minimizing the costs to
society.
Taguchi's approach tends to be an engineering one that
does not emphasize management. Crosby probably is
farthest away from the others, even placing a strong
emphasis on
slogans, such as "zero defects" or "do it right the first
�me," which Deming abhors. Crosby, like Taguchi,
emphasizes costs, although he adopts a much narrower
focus by
considering only costs to the company.
6. What important organiza�onal ac�vi�es enable a firm to
build quality into its products? Explain each of these.
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58. A cri�cal factor is to design the product and processes so
the quality is built in. Product Design is how the product,
either a good or a service, func�ons. It determines the
features, func�ons, aesthe�cs, and performance of a
product, which are essen�al parts of the product's quality.
Process design is how the product, either a good or a
service, is produced. Process design includes the methods
that the firm uses to transform the product ideas created
in
the product design into the good or service that the
customer is purchasing. In manufacturing, process design
includes selec�ng the materials, facili�es, and equipment
used to
make the product as well as determining the labor skills
needed to execute the process plan.
Work execu�on is the performance of the plan created in
the product and process design. If the product design and
the process design represent the football game plan, then
playing the game is the work execu�on. The success of
this depends on how well the plan is communicated to the
workforce, whether the workforce has been selected so it
has the basic skills to execute the plan, and how well the
workforce has been trained to do the work.
Inspec�on is an assessment of the quality of the good or
service. If the first three steps are properly performed,
then inspec�on is theore�cally unnecessary. Inspec�on
provides feedback on how well the product is designed
and built. Its primary benefit is to iden�fy quality
problems and trace them back to the sources.
7. Is it possible for a company to implement TQM if top
management delegates responsibility to middle managers? Why
59. or why not?
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Everyone in a company must be responsible for quality. If
top management delegates responsibility to middle
management and then does not itself support the quality
philosophy TQM is des�ned to fail. Top management must
accept responsibility for quality, but also make sure
everyone else in the organiza�on also accepts that
responsibility.
8. List the components of quality management, and briefly
describe a few of the ideas, concepts, or techniques that are
included in each.
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If we focus on Total Quality Management (TQM), we
have the following:
Focus on the Customer: This means iden�fying the
customer's needs and expecta�ons, which is o�en referred
to as the voice of the customer. Quality func�on
deployment
(QFD) is one way of transla�ng those needs and
expecta�ons into design characteris�cs.
Everyone responsible for quality: Ritz-Carlton hotels
provide a good example of this component as the CEO
personally assumes responsibility for training new
employees. That
60. training ins�lls an emphasis on quality in everyone down
to doormen and waiters.
Team Problem-Solving: Employees working in groups can
develop much be�er problem solu�ons than individuals.
Many companies use teams extensively, even holding
annual
compe��on that judges team presenta�ons based on
teamwork, project selec�on, analysis techniques, remedies,
results, ins�tu�onaliza�on, and presenta�on.
Employee Training: TQM involves new concepts and new
techniques. Employees must be trained to adopt the TQM
philosophy, to use the new techniques, and to work
effec�vely in groups. Because con�nuous improvement is
also a component of TQM this training is a never-ending
cycle.
Fact-Based Management: Decisions should be made based
on facts, not guesses. This o�en means collec�ng
extensive data from within the company as well as outside
it. One
approach to collec�ng outside data, known as
benchmarking, uses informa�on from compe�tors or
world-recognized leaders to set performance goals.
Philosophy of Con�nuous Improvement: Organiza�ons must
constantly seek to improve their performance. The Japanese
term for this is "kaizen." One approach to con�nuous
improvement is based on the plan-do-check-act cycle or
Deming cycle.
9. List some customer needs associated with home theater
equipment, and group these together by category. Suggest some
possible engineering characteris�cs that could measure
achievement of these a�ributes.
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Quality of the picture
1. Accurate color reproduc�on.
2. Sharp picture.
3. No distor�on.
Quality of the sound system
1. Realis�c sound.
2. Loud base.
3. Ability to duplicate high pitches.
4. "Brilliance" of sound produced.
Quality of the system
1. Easy to operate.
2. Easy to set up.
3. Reliable.
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65. produced, ability to withstand shocks, number of cycles
before failure.
10. One quality myth is that increased quality means increased
costs. Use your own personal knowledge or experiences to
describe how this may not be true.
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Southwest Airlines is a good example. The company
consistently rates at the top of sa�sfac�on surveys, yet
offers low �cket prices—and con�nues to be profitable as
other
airlines are losing money.
11. List the three categories of quality costs, and briefly define
each.
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Costs of preven�ng defects: This category includes the
costs of employee training, quality control procedures, and
product design.
Costs of appraising quality include the tes�ng and
inspec�on of parts and materials and the costs of
determining customer sa�sfac�on.
Costs associated with failures include internal and external
costs. Internal costs are those costs associated with defects
that are found before being shipped to the customer.
External costs are associated with defects that are found
66. a�er delivery to the customer.
12. Explain how the idea of quality func�on deployment may
be applied to a service organiza�on that is not providing a
tangible good as its product.
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Even if a tangible good is not being supplied, the
customer will be able to describe a�ributes or
characteris�cs that are desirable in the service. These
might be speed,
friendliness of personnel, pleasant surroundings, ease of
obtaining the service, and so forth. A�er collec�ng the
a�ributes, some may be converted into engineering
characteris�cs. For example, speed may be converted into
an actual �me measure. However, other a�ributes may not
convert into engineering characteris�cs, but may be
converted into other measures. For example friendliness
may be measured in terms of the number of customer
complaints received or the number of �mes the customer
smiles. Further, the process for delivering the appropriate
a�ributes and for ensuring that quality is measured can be
developed based on the measures being used.
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the defini�on.
appraisal costs
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