2. Course Learning Objective
To impart an understanding of systems
approach to Environmental Management as
per ISO 14001 and skills for environmental
performance assessment in terms of legal
compliance, pollution prevention and
continual improvement.
3. Course Content
Environmental
quality objectives
Rationale of
Environmental
standards
Concentration
and Mass
standards,
Effluent and
stream standards,
Emission and
ambient
standards
Minimum national
standards
environmental
performance
evaluation
Indicators,
benchmarking
Pollution control
Vs Pollution
Prevention
Opportunities and
Barriers –
Cleaner
production and
clean technology
closing the
loops, zero
discharge
technologies.
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6. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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• Reduced Climate Impact
• Clean Air
• Natural Acidification Only
• A Non-Toxic Environment
• A Protective Ozone Layer
• A Safe Radiation Environment
• Zero Eutrophication
• Flourishing Lakes and Streams
• Good-Quality Groundwater
• A Balanced Marine Environment, Flourishing Coastal
Areas and Archipelagos
• Thriving Wetlands
• Sustainable Forests
• A Varied Agricultural Landscape
• A Magnificent Mountain Landscape
• A Good Built Environment
7. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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Reduced Climate Impact
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change provides for the stabilization of concentrations of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere at levels which ensure that human activities do not have a harmful impact on the climate
system. This goal must be achieved in such a way and at such a pace that biological diversity is preserved, food
production is assured, and other goals of sustainable development are not jeopardized. Sweden, together with other
countries, must assume responsibility for achieving this global objective.
8. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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Clean Air
The air must be clean enough not to represent a risk to health or to animals, plants or cultural assets.
Natural Acidification Only
The acidifying effects of deposition and land use must not exceed the limits that can be tolerated by soil and water.
In addition, deposition of acidifying substances must not increase the rate of corrosion of technical materials or
cultural artefacts and buildings
9. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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A Non-Toxic Environment
The environment must be free from man-made or extracted compounds and metals that represent a threat to
human health or biological diversity.
A Protective Ozone Layer
The ozone layer must be replenished so as to provide long-term protection against harmful UV radiation.
A Safe Radiation Environment
Human health and biological diversity must be protected against the harmful effects of radiation in the external
environment
10. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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Zero Eutrophication
Nutrient levels in soil and water must not be such that they adversely affect human health, the conditions for
biological diversity or the possibility of varied use of land and water use..
Flourishing Lakes and Streams
Lakes and watercourses must be ecologically sustainable, and their variety of habitats must be preserved. Natural
productive capacity, biological diversity, cultural heritage assets and the ecological and water-conserving function of
the landscape must be preserved, at the same time as recreational assets are safeguarded.
Good-Quality Groundwater
Groundwater must provide a safe and sustainable supply of drinking water and contribute to viable habitats for
flora and fauna in lakes and watercourses.
11. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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A Balanced Marine Environment, Flourishing Coastal Areas and Archipelagos
The North Sea and the Baltic Sea must have a sustainable productive capacity, and biological diversity must be
preserved. Coasts and archipelagos must be characterized by a high degree of biological diversity and a wealth of
recreational, natural and cultural assets. Industry, recreation and other utilization of the seas, coasts and archipelagos
must be compatible with the promotion of sustainable development. Particularly valuable areas must be protected
against encroachment and other disturbance.
Thriving Wetlands
The ecological and water-conserving function of wetlands in the landscape must be maintained and valuable wetlands
preserved for the future.
12. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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Sustainable Forests
The value of forests and forest land for biological production must be protected, at the same time as biological diversity
and cultural heritage and recreational assets are safeguarded.
Magnificent Mountain Landscape
A Varied Agricultural Landscape
The value of the farmed landscape and agricultural land for biological production and food production must be
protected, at the same time as biological diversity and cultural heritage assets are preserved and strengthened.
The pristine character of the mountain environment must be largely preserved, in terms of biological diversity,
recreational value, and natural and cultural assets. Activities in mountain areas must respect these values and assets,
with a view to promoting sustainable development. Particularly valuable areas must be protected from encroachment
and other disturbance.
13. Environmental Quality Objectives
UN Environmental Quality Objectives
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A Good Built Environment
Cities, towns and other built-up areas must provide a good, healthy living environment and contribute to a good regional
and global environment. Natural and cultural assets must be protected and developed. Buildings and amenities must be
located and designed in accordance with sound environmental principles and in such a way as to promote sustainable
management of land, water and other resources.
14. Rationale of Environmental standards
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Environmental standards are administrative regulations or civil law rules implemented for the
treatment and maintenance of the environment. Environmental standards are typically set by
government and can include prohibition of specific activities, mandating the frequency and methods of
monitoring, and requiring permits for the use of land or water. Standards differ depending on the type
of environmental activity.
Environmental standards may be used produce quantifiable and enforceable laws that promote
environmental protection. The basis for the standards is determined by scientific opinions from varying
disciplines, the views of the general population, and social context. As a result, the process of
determining and implementing the standards is complex and is usually set within legal, administrative
or private contexts.
15. Rationale of Environmental standards
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The human environment is distinct from the natural environment. The concept of the human
environment considers that humans are permanently interlinked with their surroundings, which are
not just the natural elements (air, water, and soil), but also culture, communication, co-operation, and
institutions. Environmental standards should preserve nature and the environment, protect against
damage, and repair past damage caused by human activity.
16. Rationale of Environmental standards
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LIKE all pursuits grounded in science and technology, medicine and public health are
dependent upon standardized values, procedures, and substances. Thus, it comes as no
surprise that a report issued by an expert group about environmental health should place
great emphasis on criteria and standards.
Environmental standards play a critical role in the environmental protection policy
landscape. Emission standards have significant impacts on the environmental
management, especially on controlling the pollutant emissions and reducing environmental
risks.
19. Environmental standards
Regulations specify Standards to attain the objectives
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“STANDARD”
A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common
and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results.
Containing in technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as a rule,
guideline or definition of characteristics to ensure that materials, processes products and services are
fit for their purpose.
20. Environmental standards
Four forms of standards legal, ethical, moral and just
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Legal standards sets the minimum (not necessarily the best)
• An action becomes “legal” in varying ways
by governing entities, through business contracts, through international agreements
“ethics” as the “standard of a group”-seeing others as the same as we see ourselves?
“moral” is the concept of human rights.
“just” is on the basic equity of all human beings
21. Environmental standards basis
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Health effect considerations
• Level of aesthetic enjoyment (no health effects but very expensive)
• Level of physical comfort (rapidly reversible effects)
• Level of chronic illness (reversible disease)
• Level of Accute morbidity(irreversible Disease)
• Zone of Survival (cause death)
Toxicological studies
Attainability (Technological capacity)
Affordability (Annual Burden to Turn over)
23. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
MAJOR TYPES OF GOVERNMENT LEVEL
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PRODUCT ORIENTATION PROCESS ORIENTATION
Direct regulatory instruments Direct regulations
Prohibition of DDT, PCP, CFCs
• Maximum limits to formaldehyde
• Packaging regulations
Limits to air emissions, effluent pollution
• Standards for the safety of workplaces
• Input regulations, bans on hazardous inputs
• Standards for process technologies
Take-back obligations to encourage durability of products and recycling Producer liability for environmental risks
Compulsory information requirements Market-based interventions (economic instruments)
• Declaration of content (detergents)
• Mandatory labels (Textiles and clothing)
• Eco-taxes, levies, charges on untreated effluent
• Government procurement
• Tradeable licenses for pollution
Financial instruments Government industry agreements setting
- Sector specific environment targets
Eco taxes
• Financial incentives for eco-friendly products/Product liability
24. ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
MAJOR TYPES OF MARKET LEVEL (VOLUNTARY)
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PRODUCT ORIENTATION PROCESS ORIENTATION
Voluntary information instruments Voluntary agreements on industry level
Life-cycle assessments
• Eco-tests
• Eco-labels
(e.g. Blue Angel)
• Green dot for packaging
Quality management system
(e.g. ISO 9000)
Voluntary agreements and commitments by the business community Environmental Management Systems
• BS 7750 (UK)
• EMAS (EU)
• ISO 14000 (International)
Green consumerism • Eco-labels
• Green consumerism
25. Legal Environmental Standards are of
different types
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• Performance Standards or Emissions Limits
• Ambient or Harm Based Standards
• Design Standards or Technology Specifications
• Product Bans or Use Limitations
• Planning or Analysis Requirements
• Information Disclosure Requirements
26. Regulations achieve their objectives
through Environmental Standards?
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Ambient or Harm Based Standards
• Establish a level of environmental quality to be achieved or maintained in a particular environment,
For example, National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Product Bans or Use Limitations
• Prohibit a product or limit its use. Typically involve products such as chemicals, pesticides, or food additives.
27. Performance Standards or Emissions Limits
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Set an objective standard for the regulatory target to meet without specifying the method for obtaining
these standards
• e.g., emissions limits that set a rate of pollutant that can be emitted from a given source.
• Does not stipulate technology to be used.
Concentration Based Standards
Mass Emission Standards
Uniform Standards
Minimum National Standards
28. EFFLUENT STANDARDS
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Uniform effluent standards (irrespective of location, characteristics and cost of treatment)
• no rational
Carrying capacity-based standards (upper limit that can be absorbed without significant deterioration)
• extremely rational
• uncertainties in estimation of carrying capacity
• how to account future loads
• disparity between same industry by virtue of their location
• does not consider difference in cost of treatment of different wastes
29. GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS PART-A : EFFLUENTS
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30. GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS PART-A : EFFLUENTS
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31. STREAM STANDARDS
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• Upper limits of the concentration of specific pollutants for receiving water body depending on
designated water use.
• Prevent excessive degradation of water quality due to pollution from point as well as non-point
sources.
Enforcement
• Requires time consuming, expensive surveys
• Difficult to pinpoint responsibility for violation
• Conflicts between polluter and regulator
35. Setting emission/Effluent standards
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Emission/Effluent standards for each class of activity need to be set on the basis of
• General availability of the required technologies
• The feasibility of achieving the applicable environmental quality standards at the location (specific
or category)
Concerned with the proposed emissions standards, and
• The likely unit costs of meeting the proposed standard.
• Factors that contribute to the success or failure of environmental standards include question of
efficiency, uniformity of standards, and cost effectiveness, equity considerations, and enforceability
36. Standard setting process
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• Stakeholder mapping
• Announcement of the standard-setting and invitation of stakeholders
• Creation of the working group/committee
• Development of a draft document by the Working group/committee
• Public consultation and pilot testing
• Consensus-building on the final draft
• Formal approval of the standard
• Publication of the standard
• Periodic review and revision of the standard
39. Regulations achieve their objectives
through Environmental Standards?
Planning or Analysis Requirements.
• The National Environmental Protection Act, for example, requires Project Proponents to analyze
the environmental impacts and alternative courses of action of any major action before commencing
the project.
Information Disclosure Requirements.
• Facilities to report annual release of toxic substances. Such reports are made available to the public
and generate public pressure to reduce emissions.
40. Concerns of Environmental Standards
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• Some standards are excessively stringent or excessively relaxed
• Technologies to compliance of standards are not affordable
• Standards are ‘End of Pipe” focussed.
• Standards are not actually enforced
• Too many or too few parameters
• Monitoring requirements are undefined
• Balancing marginal abatement cost and marginal damage cost or minimizing abatement cost vis-
à-vis damage in order to achieve efficiency is not taken into account.
• Lack of institutional support for review of standards
• In formulating the standards, the cost of enforcement may not usually be thoroughly considered,
leaving local enforcing authorities with the financial burden.
41. Environmental Standards Competitiveness –
Two Schools of thought
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• Compliance with environmental requirements as an additional burden, which increases production costs and
harms the competitiveness of firms and industrial sectors.
• Environmental standards are a valuable mechanism for improving production efficiency and reducing adverse
impacts on the environment where the costs of environmental degradation are paid by society as a whole.
43. Environmental Performance Evaluation
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• Need to determine what, how, when environmental performances to be measured, against what criteria and how
the results are analyzed and evaluated.
• Environmental performance and effectiveness of the EMS is to be evaluated and communicated internally and
externally.
• Evidence of monitoring and evaluation is to be documented.
44. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Objectives & Benefits
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• Better understanding of an Organizations impact on the environment.
• Providing a basis for benchmarking management, operational and environmental performance.
• Identifying opportunities for improving efficiency of energy and resource usage.
• Determining whether environmental objectives and targets are being met.
• Demonstrating compliance with regulations.
• Determining proper allocation of resources.
• Increasing the awareness of employees.
• Improving community and customer relations.
45. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Indicators
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• Environmental condition indicators (ECIs) provide information about the local, Regional, National or Global
condition of the environment.
• Interest helps an organization to better understand the actual impact or potential impact of its environmental
aspects and assist in the planning and implementation of the EPE.
• Environmental performance indicators (EPIs) include:
• Management performance indicators (MPIs) ----- policy, people, planning activities, practice, procedures, decisions
and actions in the organization.
• Operational performance indicators (OPIs)------- inputs, the supply of inputs, the design, installation, operation
and maintenance of the physical facilities and equipment, outputs and their delivery.
46. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Indicators – (Plan – Do – Check - Act)
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Plan-Do-Check-Act Model ISO 14031
47. Environmental Performance Evaluation -
Benchmarking
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• Benchmarking includes :
• Monitoring, Measurement, Analysis, and Evaluation Techniques .
• Performance metrics and comparison criteria
• monitoring methods, when, where, etc.
• evaluation of metrics (trends)
• effectiveness of the EMS
• Conduct Calibrations or Verifications
• Communicate performance data as per
• communication process
48. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Bench marking (Monitoring &
Measurement)
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• Evaluate environmental performance.
• Analyze root cause of the problem.
• Assess compliance with legal requirements.
• Identify areas requiring corrective actions.
• Improve performance.
• Increase efficiency.
• Record information tracking performance, relevant operational controls and conformance with the organization’s
objectives and targets
• Calibrate and maintain monitoring equipment and retain records of these activities
• Establish procedures to evaluate compliance withrelevant environmental legislation and regulations periodically
50. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Measurement System Requirement
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To Ensure that:
• Only properly calibrated instruments and transducers must be used for making measurement.
• All measurement errors must be identified, quantified and compensated for.
• Only appropriate instruments must be used to make measurements.
• Operating principles and correct mode of usage of the measuring instruments used must be understood by the
person making the measurements.
• Data captured by measuring instruments must be transmitted from the point of measurement to the point of
recording without deterioration in the quality of the data.
• Suitable data-recording instruments must be used, so that the data can be included in records of the past
performance of the EMS.
51. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Calibration Requirement
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• Calibration must be performed by equipment traceable to national standards.
• Calibration procedures must be documented.
• The calibration system must be periodically and systematically reviewed to ensure its continued effectiveness.
• A separate calibration record must be kept for each measuring instrument
• Any instrument that has failed or is suspected (or known) to be out of calibration must be withdrawn from use
and labeled conspicuously to prevent accidental use.
53. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Compliance evaluation
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• The organization shall:
• – a) determine the frequency that compliance will be evaluated;
• – b) evaluate compliance and take action if needed;
• – c) maintain knowledge and understanding of its compliance status
• retain documented information as evidence of the compliance evaluation result(s).
• Record demonstrating compliance evaluation has taken place:
• Who completed the evaluation
• When the evaluation took place
54. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Compliance evaluation Methods
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• facility tours or inspections;
• direct observations or interviews;
• project or work reviews;
• review of sample analysis or test results, and
• comparison to regulatory limits;
• verification sampling or testing;
• review of legally required documented information
56. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Internal Audit
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• To Determine if EMS meets:
• –ISO 14001 – EMS Procedures & Programs
• Establish an audit program for
• - frequency, methods, responsibilities & reporting
• - Define audit criteria and scope
• - select auditors for objectivity and impartiality
• - Ensure audit results are reported to Management
• NO REAL CHANGES FROM 2004
57. Environmental Performance Evaluation –
Improvement
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• Identify opportunities for improvement as a result of : – monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation
related to environmental performance and fulfillment of compliance obligations.
• Audits of its environmental management system : --- management review
• Identify areas for improvement of EMS
• Determine root cause of nonconformance
• Develop corrective and preventive action plan
• Implement corrective and preventive actions
• Verify effectiveness of action plans and make changes to procedures.
• Corrective action is “action to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity and to prevent recurrence”
58. Pollution
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• The environmental pollution is a combined result of natural and man-made contributions. The natural
pollutants result from the cyclic biochemical processes in the biosphere - the bacterial transformations of
matter, volcanic and geothermal activity, photosynthesis and the life of animals, etc. The anthropogenic
contribution is mainly the result of man's activity for production and use of energy, exploration for and
production of raw materials, the industrial transformation of raw materials into useful products and so on.
• The major types of pollution are:
• Air Pollution & Water Pollution
• Soil Pollution & Marine Pollution
• Noise Pollution , Thermal Pollution & Nuclear hazards
59. Air Pollution and its control
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• Types of Air pollution
• i) Primary pollutant: Pollutants that are emitted directly from the human or natural activities are known as
primary pollutant. For example, CO2, SO2, NOx, particulate matter, hydrocarbons etc.
• ii) Secondary pollutant: when primary pollutants are react with atmospheric moisture content then a new
category of pollutants is form, known as secondary pollutant. For example, carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric
acid etc.
60. Air Pollution and its control
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• Techniques used for prevention of Air pollution
• i) Filters: filter remove particulate matter from the gas stream. Bag house filter system is the most common
and it is made up of cotton fibers. When polluted gas passed through it, then polluted gas are deposited on
cotton fibers.
• ii) Electrostatic scrubber: the emitting dust is charged with ions and ionized particulate matter is collected on
oppositely charged surface. The collected particles are removed by shaking the surface.
• iii) Scrubbers: Scrubbers are wet collectors. They remove aerosol from a stream of gas either by collecting wet
particle on a surface followed by their removal on the particles are wetted by scrubber liquid.
61. Water Pollution and its control
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• The undesirable biological or chemical substance present in water which adversely affect living organism is
referred as water pollution.
• Cause & effects:
• Disease causing agents
• Oxygen depleting waste
• Water soluble inorganic chemicals
• Suspended solids
62. Water Pollution and its control
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• Control measure for preventing water pollution
• i) Industrial effluent and domestic waste must be treated before disposal.
• ii) Recycling of waste water through waste water treatment.
• iii) Public awareness program.
63. Soil Pollution and its control
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• Soil pollution can be defined as introduction of undesirable substance in soil which adversely affects its
physical, chemical and biological properties.
• Source of Soil pollution:
• Soil erosion
• Excess use of fertilizers
• Acid Rain
• Salinity of water
• Industrial waste
64. Soil Pollution and its control
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• Control measures for preventing soil pollution
• Soil erosion must be prevented by proper tree plantation.
• Waste from industry and domestic must be treated before dumping.
• Replace synthetic fertilizers with organic fertilizers.
• Toxic and non degradable materials must be banned.
• Recycling and reuse of waste materials.
• Public awareness.
65. Marine Pollution and its control
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• Marine pollution defined as contamination of oceans or seas, due to presence of unwanted materials or
pollutants. The most common pollutants include chemicals, oils, toxic bio-matter, plastics etc.
• Causes of Marine pollution:
• Rivers receive huge amount of sewage, garbage, pesticides, toxic chemical from industries ends up in the sea.
• Dumping of radioactive elements, discharge of oils and petroleum product into the sea also causes marine pollution.
• Large amount of plastic bags dumped into sea also causes marine pollution.
• The waste material from container ships like gases, chemicals, and sewage also causes marine pollution.
• v) Greenhouse gases releases from burning of fossil fuel, dissolve in the sea water and making sea water more acidic.
• Deep sea mining also causes marine pollution.
66. Marine Pollution and its control
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• Control measure for marine pollution
• Waste water must be treated before dumping.
• Reduce the use of single use plastic.
• To minimize the greenhouse gases use alternative energy resources.
• Chemical fertilizers may be replacing by organic fertilizers.
• Proper monitoring of sea water.
• Various campaigns should be done to prohibit marine pollution
67. Noise Pollution and its control
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• Noise pollution refers to any unwanted and unpleasant sound that brings discomfort and restlessness to human
beings.
• Noise beyond a particular level or decibel (unit of noise) tends to become a health and environmental hazard.
• Sources of Noise Pollution:
• Household appliances such as grinders, electric motor, washing machines
• Social gatherings such as marriages and other social parties
• Places of worship, Commercial activities, Construction activities, Industrial activities
• Automobiles and transport system
• Power generators
• Agricultural equipment
68. Noise Pollution and its control
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• Control measure for Noise pollution
• Turning off sound-making appliances when they are not in use.
• Shutting the door when noisy machines are being used.
• Lowering the volume of appliances such as television to a desirable level.
• Using earplugs while listening to music.
• At mass level it can be checked by −
• By planting trees in large number to create vegetation buffer zones, which absorb noise.
• Public awareness about the need of control of noise pollution.
• Application of engineering control techniques such as alteration and modification of design to reduce noise from
equipment and machinery, and by construction of sound barriers or the use of sound absorbers in industrial and factory
sites can reduce exposure to noise to a great extent.
69. Noise Pollution and its control
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• Control measure for Noise pollution
• Construction of institutions and hospitals away from airports, railways, and highways.
• Improved building design may also reduce the impact of noise pollution.
• Stringent legislations at central and state levels to check air pollution at workplaces, urban centers, etc.
70. Thermal Pollution and its control
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• The term thermal pollution has been used to indicate the detrimental effects of heated effluent discharge by
various power plants.
• It denotes the impairment of quality and deterioration of aquatic and terrestrial environment by various
industrial plants like thermal, atomic, nuclear, coal-fired plants, oil field generators, factories, and mills.
• Sources of Thermal Pollution:
• Nuclear and Coal-fired Power Plant
• Industrial Effluents and Domestic Sewage
• Hydro-electric power and Thermal Power Plant.
• The discharged effluents of these sources have a higher temperature than the intake water that reduces the
concentration of oxygen from the water which causes the deleterious effects on the marine ecosystem.
71. Thermal Pollution and its control
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• Control measure for Thermal pollution
• Heated water from the industries can treated before discharging directly to the water bodies.
• Heated water from the industries can be treated by the installation of cooling ponds and cooling towers.
• Industrial treated water can be recycled for domestic use or industrial heating.
• Through artificial lakes: In this lake Industries can discharge their used or heated water at one end and water
for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventuallydissipated through
evaporation
72. Nuclear Hazards and its control
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• These can be both beneficial and harmful, depending on the way in which they are used. We routinely use X-
rays to examine bones for fractures, treat cancer with radiation and diagnose diseases with the help of
radioactive isotopes. About 17% of the electrical energy generated in the world comes from nuclear power
plants.
• Radioactive substances when released into the environment are either dispersed or become concentrated in
living organisms through the food chain.
• Sources:
• Cosmic rays from outer space
• Emissions from radioactive materials in the earth’s crust (rocks, marine sediments etc)
73. Nuclear Hazards and its control
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• Sources:
• Mining and processing of radioactive ores
• Use of radioactive materials in power plants
• Use of radioactive isotopes in medical technology (x-ray machines, radioisotopes used in medicine)
• Industrial applications include wastes from nuclear reactors
• Research applications: radioactive fallouts during nuclear weapons testing.
• In a nuclear power plant, any leak or accident taking place emit nuclear radiation. In either case it results in
nuclear hazard.
• Nuclear tests Conducted under the ground or under oceans which also release radiation.
• Uranium mining and milling, Nuclear reactors and reprocessing of nuclear fuel cause nuclear pollution.
74. Nuclear Hazards and its control
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• Control measure for Nuclear Hazard pollution
• Laboratory generated nuclear wastes should be disposed off safely and scientifically.
• Nuclear power plants should be located in areas after careful study of the geology of the area, tectonic activity
and meeting other established conditions.
• Appropriate protection against occupational exposure
• Leakage of radioactive elements from nuclear reactors, careless use of radioactive elements as fuel and careless
handling of radioactive isotopes must be prevented.
• Safety measure against accidental release of radioactive elements must be ensured in nuclear plants.
• Unless absolutely necessary, one should not frequently go for diagnosis by x-rays.
• Regular monitoring of the presence of radioactive substance in high risk area should be ensured.
75. Pollution Control Principles
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• Polluter pays principle:
• The polluter pays principle says that whoever is responsible for pollution should pay for the damage caused. It
is about economic accountability. Any organization or individual is responsible for handling and taking care of
the waste they produce and should be accountable for any damage that it causes. Imagine a factory that
produces many types of wastes that potentially damage the air, water and soil. The polluter pays principle
encourages the factory to treat the waste before it is released. If any damage to the environment is caused by
the factory waste, then the factory is liable to compensate for the loss of life, damage to health and damage to
property and the environment.
76. Pollution Control Principles
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• Precautionary principle
• For any activity, there should be an obligation not to cause harm, even if you are not sure of the outcome. For
example, if a factory owner wants to discharge wastewater into a river, they should not be allowed to do so if
the possible effects of the wastes are not known. The precautionary principle means you do not release any
waste into the environment even if you are not certain that damage will result. It means to be cautious rather
than take risks about unknown consequences.
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• Principle of duty of care:
• To provide a guarantee that citizens have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. This can be
achieved by ensuring that all citizens actively involve in safeguarding their environment, either by not
producing any waste or by properly handling and taking care of their own waste. In other words, each citizen
has an obligation or duty to make their environment clean and safe.
82. Pollution Prevention – Team Work &
Importance
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83. Pollution Prevention – Team Work &
Importance
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84. Pollution Control V/S Pollution Prevention
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• Pollution control involves measures to limit the damage caused by pollutants.
• Pollution prevention means avoiding or minimizing the production of wastes before they are released into the
environment.
• Pollution control practices include: Recycling, Reusing, Waste minimization, Mitigating, Preventing and
Composting.
• Pollution Prevention Best Practices include: Individual action , Recycling, Preventing hazardous materials
from reaching waterways, Making informed choices to prevent waste and pollution, Pollution Prevention in the
Industrial and Commercial Sector, Pollution Prevention in Relation to Water Quality and Quantity.
86. Opportunities
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• To develop Limited natural resources and effective wastes disposal sites.
• Emphasis on Quality, Safety & Economy.
• To control Population growth, Health risks , and Global climate changes
• Reduce Depletion of the ozone Layer and Energy consumption and associated environmental Groundwater
depletion.
• Prevent damages to Human beings and control Habitat destruction and Species Extinction.
• Improve Worker Safety, Financial investments, Insurance Policies and World Wildlife Fund .
89. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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90. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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• The CLEAN Production concept was developed during the preparation of the Rio Summit as a program of
UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program).
• The CLEAN Production program was meant to reduce the environmental impact of industry. It built on ideas
used by 3M in its 3P program(pollution prevention pays). It has found more international support than all other
comparable programs.
• Clean Production reduces long-term liabilities which companies can face many years after pollution has been
generated or disposed at a given site.
• Clean Production increases profitability, lowers production costs, enhances productivity.
• Clean Production results in improved product quality, increases staff motivation, relies on active worker
participation in idea generation and implementation and reduces consumer risks.
91. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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• Cleaner Production practices:
• Good Housekeeping
• Input Substitution
• Better Process Control
• Equipment Modification
• Technology Change
• On-site Recovery/Reuse
• Product Modification
• Using Energy Efficiently
92. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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• CLEAN manufacturing technology is governed by the "prevention is better than cure“.
• Clean manufacturing processes need not use high-technology; they could involve practical approaches to
manufacturing which cut down on raw materials used and, consequently, on the resulting effluents.
• Thus, they not only cut down on equipment needed for treating effluents but also further bring down costs.
• Clean technology solutions are therefore considered profitable against a wider variety of criteria compared to
other types of technology investment. Market, as well as climate forecasts, are brought to bear on clean
technology investment, and the ultimate cost to life on earth of doing nothing can outweigh risks and outlays
for some investors and funding agencies.
93. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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• Clean Technology goes beyond Clean-Up (or "End of pipe) Technologies to include pollution prevention, waste
minimization, and cleaner production.
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an important tool in Clean Technology. LCA involves determining all the
resources used and all the wastes and emissions produced in providing the human benefit.
• Clean Technology is seen as an essential way to achieve sustainability-i.e. human life which can continue on
earth indefinitely.
• Introduction of Clean Technology concepts also serves to illustrate one of the most important barriers to the
take-up of Clean Technology
94. Cleaner Production & Clean Technology
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• Key Clean Technology Sectors:
• Sustainable energy and energy optimization to reduce dependence on fossil fuels
• The provision of clean water to all who need it
• Pollution reduction
• Recycling and waste management.
• There is a global drive to adopt clean technology solutions due to the current climate emergency being declared
by governments globally.
• Governments are adopting regulatory regimes that require industry and individuals to reduce their
environmental impact.
95. Closing the loops
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• A loop analysis is the process companies or agencies use to compare their current performance of pollution
control with their desired, expected performance on pollution prevention.
• This analysis is used to determine whether a company or agency is meeting expectations and using its
resources effectively.
• Small businesses, in particular, can also benefit from performing gap analyses when they're in the process of
figuring out how to allocate resources. Gap analysis tools can document which services and/or functions have
been accidentally left out, which have been deliberately eliminated, and which still need to be developed.
• In compliance, a gap analysis can compare what is required by certain regulations to what is currently being
done to abide by them.
96. Zero discharge Technologies
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• Zero discharge
• Zero discharge is the goal of eliminating discharges of pollutants by industry, government, and other agencies
to air, water, and land with a view to protect both public health and the integrity of the environment .
• Such a goal is difficult to achieve except where there are point sources of pollution, and even then the cost of
removing the last few percent of a given pollutant may be prohibitive.
• However, the goal is attainable in many specific cases (e.g., the electroplating industry), and is particularly
urgent in the case of extremely toxic pollutants such as plutonium and dioxins.
• In other cases, it may be desirable as a goal even though it is not likely to be completely attained.
97. Zero discharge Technologies
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• Zero discharge
• Zero discharge was actually proposed in the early 1970s by the United States Senate as an attainable goal for
the Federal Water Pollution Control Acts Amendments of 1972.
• However, industry, the White House, and other branches of government lobbied intensely against it, and the
proposal did not survive the legislative process.
• It is achieved through recycling and then recovery and reuse for industrial purpose. Hence Zero discharge is a
cycle of closed loop with no discharge.
• Although Zero discharge is a costly process, it paves the way for economic benefits by recovering salts and other
chemical compounds.
98. Zero discharge Technologies – Factors &
Methods
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• Factors:
• Scarcity
• Awareness to Quality, Safety & Economy.
• Environmental regulations
• Zero Liquid Discharge(ZLD):
• Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is an engineering approach to water treatment where all water is recovered and
contaminants are reduced to solid waste. While many water treatment processes attempt to maximize recovery
of freshwater and minimize waste, ZLD is the most demanding target since the cost and challenges of recovery
increase as the wastewater gets more concentrated.
99. Zero discharge Technologies – Factors &
Methods
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• Methods of ZLD :
• Process (evaporation)
• Reverse osmosis: RO (membrane technology)
• Electrodialysis
• Forward osmosis
• Membrane distillation
100. Zero discharge Technologies – Factors &
Methods
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• Benefits of ZLD :
• Lowered waste volumes decrease the cost associated with waste management.
• Recycle water on site, lowering water acquisition costs and risk. Recycling on-site can also result in less
treatment needs, versus treating to meet stringent environmental discharge standards.
• Reduce trucks associated with off-site waste water disposal, and their associated greenhouse gas impact and
community road incident risk.
• Improved environmental performance, and regulatory risk profile for future permitting.
• Some processes may recover valuable resources, for example ammonium sulfate fertilizer or sodium chloride
salt for ice melting.
