This document provides an overview of industrial engineering. It begins by defining industrial engineering and its focus on increasing productivity by eliminating waste. It then discusses some of the key techniques used in industrial engineering like job design and facility layout. Several sections provide more details on topics like the evolution of scientific management, functions of industrial engineering, fields of application, and manufacturing versus outsourcing decisions. Overall, the document gives a broad introduction to the core concepts and practices of the industrial engineering profession.
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Variable compression ratio and heat balance sheetdishantpati
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
this file is about the types of dies and also its manufacturing procedure.this is important for the industry and for the industrial and manufacturing engineering..are of this field is manufacturing engineering and die designalso for the blanking dies and punches
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Variable compression ratio and heat balance sheetdishantpati
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
Production engineering, also known as manufacturing engineering, is the design, development, implementation, operation, maintenance, and control of all processes in the manufacture of a product. Within this context a 'product' is defined as an item that has value added to it during the production process.Production engineering, also known as manufacturing engineering, is the design, development, implementation, operation, maintenance, and control of all processes in the manufacture of a product. Within this context a 'product' is defined as an item that has value added to it during the production process.
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Unit 3A1 Lathe turning and related operationsMechbytes
Coverage of machine tools classification, types, functions and Lathe machine, Turning & related operations, Lathe construction, parts, accessories and attachments
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Ultrasonic machining (USM) is a subtractive assembling measure that eliminates material from the outer layer of a section through high frequency , low amplitude vibrations of a tool against the material surface within the sight of fine rough particles.
USM is most normally used to machining of glass, ceramics, zirconia, valuable stones, and solidified prepares. USM permits the cutting of perplexing and non-uniform shape with very high accuracy.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
Production engineering, also known as manufacturing engineering, is the design, development, implementation, operation, maintenance, and control of all processes in the manufacture of a product. Within this context a 'product' is defined as an item that has value added to it during the production process.Production engineering, also known as manufacturing engineering, is the design, development, implementation, operation, maintenance, and control of all processes in the manufacture of a product. Within this context a 'product' is defined as an item that has value added to it during the production process.
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Unit 3A1 Lathe turning and related operationsMechbytes
Coverage of machine tools classification, types, functions and Lathe machine, Turning & related operations, Lathe construction, parts, accessories and attachments
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Ultrasonic machining (USM) is a subtractive assembling measure that eliminates material from the outer layer of a section through high frequency , low amplitude vibrations of a tool against the material surface within the sight of fine rough particles.
USM is most normally used to machining of glass, ceramics, zirconia, valuable stones, and solidified prepares. USM permits the cutting of perplexing and non-uniform shape with very high accuracy.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Unit 1 (BBA-Bangalore ...Afsana salam
Introduction - Meaning & Definition – Classification - Objectives and Scope of Production and operation Management -Automation: Introduction – Meaning and Definition – Need – Types - Advantages and Disadvantages
Application of Value Engineering in Construction Projectsnitinrane33
Value Engineering is a proven management
technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry.
Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product
design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The
methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage
is the Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of
this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value
Engineering is the systematic application of recognized
techniques that identify the functions of the product or
service, creatively establish the worth of those functions, and
provide only the necessary functions to meet the required
performance at the lowest overall cost. Value Engineering
focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest
overall cost. It helps in eliminating or minimizing wastage of
material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to
the customer. The second stage is the Value Study which is
the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five
phases, the Information phase, Function Analysis Phase,
Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase.
All phases and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of
the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic
flow of the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The
third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved
value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction
projects is explained, and by taking case study on residential
building as the sample project, practices of Value
Engineering in this project are described.
Understanding the role of R&D in the manufacturing industryAlexander Clifford
Research and Development (R&D) plays a pivotal role in the manufacturing industry, serving as the engine that drives innovation, technological advancement, and overall progress. That’s why this industry makes up one of the highest proportions of R&D claims. Businesses involved in R&D in manufacturing can receive financial fuel from HMRC if they have explored new materials, experimented with novel techniques, and devised innovative systems, as a few examples. The tax credits foster growth and serve as a catalyst. This article will help determine what is considered R&D in the manufacturing industry and everything businesses need to know about obtaining their R&D benefit from their advancements in manufacturing.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. DEEPU P. NAIR
DEEPU P. NAIR
DEEPU P. NAIR
DEEPU P. NAIR
ASST. PROFESSOR
ASST. PROFESSOR
ASST. PROFESSOR
ASST. PROFESSOR
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
MODULE 1
MODULE 1
MODULE 1
MODULE 1
1
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2. Introduction
Industrial engineering can be defined as a profession in which a knowledge
of mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is
applied with judgment to develop the ways to utilize economically the materials
and other natural resources and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
The American Institute of Industrial Engineers define industrial engineering as:
Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and
installation of integrated systems of men, material, energy and
equipment.
It draws upon specialized knowledge and skills in the mathematical, physical
sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and
design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such
systems.
2
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3. The prime objective of industrial engineering is to increase the
productivity by eliminating waste and non-value adding (unproductive)
operations and improving the effective utilization of resources.
Industrial engineering places a strong emphasis on an understanding of
workers and their needs in order to increase and improve production and
service activities.
Industrial engineering activities and techniques include the following:
Designing jobs (determining the most economical way to perform
work).
Setting performance standards and benchmarks for quality,
quantity, and cost.
Designing and installing facilities.
3
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4. Evolution of modern Concepts in Industrial
Engineering
In any productive environment, whether it is an industrial plant, an
institution such as a hospital, restaurant, office, etc. there is a need to
improve the quality of work. This means that a given task should be
carried out efficiently and accurately in terms of time and effort spent.
During the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th century, many small
ownership based businesses grew into larger enterprises in which a
number of manual tasks were performed by mechanical and steam
operated machines.
At that time there weren’t adequate tools or working conditions and there
was considerable exploitation of labor. As a result, there were wide
variations in output from different workers and different factories making
the same product.
4
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5. Frederick W. Taylor, a mechanical engineer was who observed that
better methods could be established even for a simple task as handling
iron ore and coal for a blast in a steel plant.
He pursued the task of establishing a norm for the weight and size of the
shovel for scooping and transferring material. He observed and proved
that instead of using the largest shovel to move the maximum material in
a day, it was better to design a shovel which could be comfortably used by
the workers on a repetitive basis without tiring or injuring them at the
end of the day. When his plan was implemented, he reduced the
manpower by over 25%.
Taylor was also considered to be the father of scientific
management because he was a pioneer in improving methods and
establishing the incentive system for workers with the benefit of higher
productivity to the owners and higher wages for the workers.
5
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6. Functions of Industrial Engineering
Most important functions of industrial engineering are:
Development of time standards, costing and performance standards.
Selection of processes and assembling methods.
Selection and design of tools and equipment.
Design of facilities including plant location, layout of building, machines and
equipment, material handling system , raw materials and finished goods storage
facilities.
Design and improvement of planning and control systems for production,
inventory, quality and plant maintenance and distribution systems.
Cost control systems.
Development and installation of job evaluation systems.
Installation of wage incentive schemes.
Design and installation of value engineering and analysis system.
Operation research.
Mathematical and statistical analysis.
Performance evaluation.
Organization and methods.
Supplier selection and evaluation.
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7. Field of application of Industrial Engineering
The main aim of tools and techniques of industrial engineering is to
improve the productivity of the organization by optimum utilization of
organizations resources: men, materials, and machines. The major tools
and techniques used in industrial engineering are:
1) Production planning and control.
2) Inventory control.
3) Job evaluation.
4) Facilitates planning and material handling.
5) System analysis.
6) Linear programming.
7) Simulation.
8) Network analysis (PERT, CPM).
9) Queuing models.
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8. 10)Assignment.
11) Sequencing and transportation models.
12) Games theory and dynamic programming.
13) Group technology.
14) Statistical techniques.
15) Quality control.
16) Decision making theory.
17) Replacement models.
18)Assembly line balancing.
19) MRP-JIT-ISO-TQM
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9. Product Development and research
In general, the Product Development can be defined as "creating,
innovating, or developing entirely a new product , or presenting an
existing product with enhanced utility, improved features, more
appealing design, better quality and reliability to satisfy the
requirements of its end-users."
Meaning of Product Development
Product means a goods, service, idea or object created as a result of a
process and offered to serve a need or satisfy a want. Development
means the act or process of growing, progressing, or developing.
Product Development is a process of improving the existing
product or to introduce a new product in the market. It is also referred
as New Product Development.
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10. The functions of product development are as follows :-
1. Creation of an entirely new product or upgrading an existing product.
2. Innovation of a new or an existing product to deliver better and enhanced
services.
3. Enhancing the utility and improving the features of an existing product.
4. Continuous improvement of a product to satisfy rapidly changing
customer needs and wants.
Product Development Process
Product development process is a crucial process for the success and
survival of any business. Today, businesses are operating in a highly
dynamic and competitive environment.
Business organizations have to continuously update their products to
conform to current trends.
The product development process starts from idea generation and ends
with product development and commercialization.
Following are the steps in the process of product development.
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12. Objective of Design
Objective of Design
Objective of Design
Objective of Design
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To identify the need of the user.
To do research and know about the various possibilities of problem
solving.
To fix and formulate a working principle of the solution.
To complete the product design within the affixed time period.
To reduce the cost of design process.
To reduce the complexity of the product.
To increase the efficiency of the component.
To increase the ergonomics features of the designs there by making it
more user friendly.
To increase the safeness of the component under static and dynamic
conditions.
To make eco friendly material.
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13. MANUFACTURING VS PURCHASE
(MAKE OR BUY DECISION)
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The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between
producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an
outside supplier).
The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-
buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or
part or significantly modified a product or part is having trouble with
current suppliers, or has diminishing capacity or changing demand.
Make-or-buy analysis is conducted at the strategic and operational level.
Obviously, the strategic level is the more long-range of the two.
Variables considered at the strategic level include analysis of the future, as
well as the current environment. Issues like government regulation,
competing firms, and market trends all have a strategic impact on the
make-or-buy decision.
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Factors that may influence firms to make a part internally include:
Cost considerations (less expensive to make the part)
Desire to integrate plant operations
Productive use of excess plant capacity to help absorb fixed overhead (using
existing idle capacity)
Need to exert direct control over production and/or quality
Better quality control
Design secrecy is required to protect proprietary technology
Unreliable suppliers
No competent suppliers
Desire to maintain a stable workforce (in periods of declining sales)
Quantity too small to interest a supplier
Control of lead time, transportation, and warehousing costs
Greater assurance of continual supply
Provision of a second source
Political, social or environmental reasons (union pressure)
Emotion (e.g., pride)
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Factors that may influence firms to buy a part externally include:
Lack of expertise
Suppliers' research and specialized know-how exceeds that of the buyer
cost considerations (less expensive to buy the item)
Small-volume requirements
Limited production facilities or insufficient capacity
Desire to maintain a multiple-source policy
Indirect managerial control considerations
Procurement and inventory considerations
Brand preference
Item not essential to the firm's strategy
The two most important factors to consider in a make-or-buy decision
are cost and the availability of production capacity. Obviously, the
buying firm will compare production and purchase costs
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16. C-V-P analysis
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A critical part of CVP analysis is the point where total revenues equal total
costs (both fixed and variable costs).
At this break-even point, a company will experience no income or loss. This
break-even point can be an initial examination that precedes more detailed
CVP analysis.
CVP analysis employs the same basic assumptions as in breakeven
analysis.The assumptions underlying CVP analysis are:
The behavior of both costs and revenues are linear throughout the relevant
range of activity. (This assumption precludes the concept of volume
discounts on either purchased materials or sales.)
Costs can be classified accurately as either fixed or variable.
Changes in activity are the only factors that affect costs.
All units produced are sold (there is no ending finished goods inventory).
When a company sells more than one type of product, the product mix
(the ratio of each product to total sales) will remain constant.
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The components of CVP analysis are:
Level or volume of activity
Unit selling prices
Variable cost per unit
Total fixed costs
Assumptions
Constant sales price;
Constant variable cost per unit;
Constant total fixed cost;
Units sold equal units produced.
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Basic graph
The assumptions of the CVP model yield the following linear
equations for total costs and total revenue (sales):
These are linear because of the assumptions of constant costs and
prices, and there is no distinction between units produced and units
sold, as these are assumed to be equal.
Note that when such a chart is drawn, the linear CVP model is
assumed, often implicitly.
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where
TC =Total costs
TFC =Total fixed costs
V = Unit variable cost (variable cost per unit)
X = Number of units
TR = S =Total revenue = Sales
P = (Unit) sales price
Profit is computed asTR-TC; it is a profit if positive, a loss if negative.
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Applications
CVP simplifies the computation of breakeven in break-even analysis, and
more generally allows simple computation of target income sales. It
simplifies analysis of short run trade-offs in operational decisions.
Limitations:
CVP is a short run, marginal analysis: it assumes that unit variable costs
and unit revenues are constant, which is appropriate for small deviations
from current production and sales, and assumes a neat division between
fixed costs and variable costs, though in the long run all costs are variable.
For longer-term analysis that considers the entire life-cycle of a product,
one therefore often prefers activity-based costing or throughput
accounting.
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21. HUMAN FACTORS IN DESIGN
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Human factors and ergonomics (commonly referred to as HF&E),
also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the
practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper
account of the interaction between them and the people who use
them.
The field has seen some contributions from numerous disciplines,
such as psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design,
physiology, and anthropometry.
In essence, it is the study of designing equipment, devices and
processes that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities.
The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially
synonymous.
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The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics or human
factors as follows:
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements
of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-
being and overall system performance.
HF&E is employed to fulfill the goals of occupational health and safety and
productivity.
It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use
interfaces to machines and equipment.
Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries
and other musculoskeletal disorders, which can develop over time and can
lead to long-term disability.
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23. Methods
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1. Ethnographic analysis:
Using methods derived from ethnography, this process focuses on observing the
uses of technology in a practical environment.
It is a qualitative and observational method that focuses on "real-world" experience
and pressures, and the usage of technology or environments in the workplace.
The process is best used early in the design process.
2. Focus Groups
Another form of qualitative research in which one individual will facilitate
discussion and elicit opinions about the technology or process under investigation.
This can be on a one-to-one interview basis, or in a group session.
Can be used to gain a large quantity of deep qualitative data, though due to the
small sample size, can be subject to a higher degree of individual bias.
Can be used at any point in the design process, as it is largely dependent on the
exact questions to be pursued, and the structure of the group.
Can be extremely costly.
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3. Iterative design:
Also known as prototyping, the iterative design process seeks to involve users at
several stages of design, in order to correct problems as they emerge.
As prototypes emerge from the design process, these are subjected to other
forms of analysis as outlined in this article, and the results are then taken and
incorporated into the new design.
Trends amongst users are analyzed, and products redesigned. This can become a
costly process, and needs to be done as soon as possible in the design process
before designs become too concrete.
4. Meta-analysis:
A supplementary technique used to examine a wide body of already existing data
or literature in order to derive trends or form hypotheses in order to aid design
decisions.
As part of a literature survey, a meta-analysis can be performed in order to
discern a collective trend from individual variables.
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5. Surveys and Questionnaires:
A commonly used technique outside of Human Factors as well, surveys and
questionnaires have an advantage in that they can be administered to a large
group of people for relatively low cost, enabling the researcher to gain a large
amount of data.
The validity of the data obtained is, however, always in question, as the questions
must be written and interpreted correctly, and are, by definition, subjective.
Those who actually respond are in effect self-selecting as well, widening the gap
between the sample and the population further.
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6.Task analysis:
Task analysis is a way of systematically describing human interaction with a
system or process to understand how to match the demands of the system or
process to human capabilities.
The complexity of this process is generally proportional to the complexity of the
task being analyzed, and so can vary in cost and time involvement. It is a
qualitative and observational process. Best used early in the design process.
7. User analysis:
Best done at the begining of the design process, a user analysis will attempt to
predict the most common users, and the characteristics that they would be
assumed to have in common.
This can be problematic if design concept does not match the actual user, or if
the identified are too vague to make clear design decisions from.
This process is, however, usually quite inexpensive, and commonly used.
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8. Methods Analysis is the process of studying the tasks a worker completes
using a step-by-step investigation. Each task in broken down into smaller steps until
each motion the worker performs is described. Doing so enables you to see exactly
where repetitive or straining tasks occur.
9. Time studies determine the time required for a worker to complete each task.
Time studies are often used to analyze cyclical jobs. They are considered "event
based" studies because time measurements are triggered by the occurrence of
predetermined events.
10. Work sampling is a method in which the job is sampled at random intervals
to determine the proportion of total time spent on a particular task. It provides
insight into how often workers are performing tasks which might cause strain on
their bodies.
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Limitations
Although field methods can be extremely useful because they are
conducted in the users' natural environment, they have some major
limitations to consider.The limitations include:
1. Usually take more time and resources than other methods
2. Very high effort in planning, recruiting, and executing compared with
other methods
3. Much longer study periods and therefore requires much goodwill
among the participants
4. Studies are longitudinal in nature, therefore, attrition can become a
problem.
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29. VALUE ENGINEERING
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Value engineering (VE) is a systematic method to improve the "value" of
goods or products and services by using an examination of function.
Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be
increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost.
It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be
preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value
improvements.
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The reasoning behind value engineering is as follows:
If marketers expect a product to become practically or stylistically
obsolete within a specific length of time.
They can design it to only last for that specific lifetime.
The products could be built with higher-grade components, but with
value engineering they are not because this would impose an
unnecessary cost on the manufacturer, and to a limited extent also an
increased cost on the purchaser.
Value engineering will reduce these costs. A company will typically use
the least expensive components that satisfy the product's lifetime
projections.
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Job Plan
Value engineering is often done by systematically following a multi-stage
job plan. Depending on the application, there may be four, five, six, or
more stages. One modern version has the following eight steps:
1. Preparation
2. Information
3. Analysis
4. Creation
5. Evaluation
6. Development
7. Presentation
8. Follow-up
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Four basic steps in the job plan are:
A) Information gathering - This asks what the requirements are for the object.
Function analysis, an important technique in value engineering, is usually done in this
initial stage.
It tries to determine what functions or performance characteristics are important.
It asks questions like;What does the object do?What must it do?What should it do?
What could it do?What must it not do?
B) Alternative generation (creation) - In this stage value engineers ask;What
are the various alternative ways of meeting requirements?What else will perform the
desired function?
C) Evaluation - In this stage all the alternatives are assessed by evaluating how well
they meet the required functions and how great the cost savings will be.
D) Presentation - In the final stage, the best alternative will be chosen and
presented to the client for final decision.
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