The main road types in India with a vast 63.73 km road network, India is home to the second-largest road system in the world. India has routes of every length and variety, from rural roads that link tiny villages to the cities to national highways bridging the distance between states. In terms of material, purpose, and other factors, this article takes a deeper look at some of the most popular road types in India.
Chennai salem expressway highway case studyblackstar uvan
An Expressway is a highway especially planned for high- speed traffic, limited points of access or exit, and a divider between lanes for traffic moving in opposite directions. Also called Freeway, limited access highways, superhighway, thruway.
Yamuna Expressway is a 6-lane, 165 km long, connecting Greater Noida with Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The expressway starts from Greater
Noida and ends at Kuberpur on NH 2 towards Kanpur and Agra. The total project cost was 128.39 billion , its construction began in December 2007 and inaugurated on 9 August 2012. A total of 13 service roads of about 168 km have been built for local commuters to access the expressway
CASE STUDY-CHENNAI TO SALEM
Salem City located at the South west of Chennai with an aerial distance of about 280 Km. The present NH Route from Chennai to Salem along NH45 & NH68 via Ulundurpet is 345 Km and along NH4, NH64 & NH7 via Krishnagiri is 360 Km
The traffic density on both the roads is increasing day by day as it covers so many towns, thus direct traffic from Chennai to Salem and leading to Coimbatore and Kerala found much difficult. Hence a direct NH from Chennai to Salem as Expressway in between the above two routes via Thiruvannamalai will serve the purpose of easy traffic.
CHENNAI TO SALEM EXPRESSWAY
This study for Constructing Expressway from Vandalur to Salem is prepared based on the primary data and information, inquiries, inspection, reconnaissance survey.
Since the cost of land is higher in Vandalur–Walajabad road, the expressway will be constructed as an elevated corridor on both side of existing 6 lane road by utilizing the existing Right of Way.
The Expressway crosses NH234, 10km from Thiruvannamalai. For the vehicles coming from Thiruvannamalai an approach to
The cost of construction including Land Acquisition for this project may be recouped within 10 to 11 years by BOT.
After this period this property will be owned by Government and the Expressway will be allowed to all vehicles without tolling
Concept by
Er. T.Rajendiran B.E.,
Superintending Engineer,
National Highways,
Madurai TamilNadu.
The Delhi Mumbai Expressway, a brilliant government initiative, would link India's two largest financial centers, the national capital of New Delhi and Mumbai, the country's commercial heartland.
The main road types in India with a vast 63.73 km road network, India is home to the second-largest road system in the world. India has routes of every length and variety, from rural roads that link tiny villages to the cities to national highways bridging the distance between states. In terms of material, purpose, and other factors, this article takes a deeper look at some of the most popular road types in India.
Chennai salem expressway highway case studyblackstar uvan
An Expressway is a highway especially planned for high- speed traffic, limited points of access or exit, and a divider between lanes for traffic moving in opposite directions. Also called Freeway, limited access highways, superhighway, thruway.
Yamuna Expressway is a 6-lane, 165 km long, connecting Greater Noida with Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The expressway starts from Greater
Noida and ends at Kuberpur on NH 2 towards Kanpur and Agra. The total project cost was 128.39 billion , its construction began in December 2007 and inaugurated on 9 August 2012. A total of 13 service roads of about 168 km have been built for local commuters to access the expressway
CASE STUDY-CHENNAI TO SALEM
Salem City located at the South west of Chennai with an aerial distance of about 280 Km. The present NH Route from Chennai to Salem along NH45 & NH68 via Ulundurpet is 345 Km and along NH4, NH64 & NH7 via Krishnagiri is 360 Km
The traffic density on both the roads is increasing day by day as it covers so many towns, thus direct traffic from Chennai to Salem and leading to Coimbatore and Kerala found much difficult. Hence a direct NH from Chennai to Salem as Expressway in between the above two routes via Thiruvannamalai will serve the purpose of easy traffic.
CHENNAI TO SALEM EXPRESSWAY
This study for Constructing Expressway from Vandalur to Salem is prepared based on the primary data and information, inquiries, inspection, reconnaissance survey.
Since the cost of land is higher in Vandalur–Walajabad road, the expressway will be constructed as an elevated corridor on both side of existing 6 lane road by utilizing the existing Right of Way.
The Expressway crosses NH234, 10km from Thiruvannamalai. For the vehicles coming from Thiruvannamalai an approach to
The cost of construction including Land Acquisition for this project may be recouped within 10 to 11 years by BOT.
After this period this property will be owned by Government and the Expressway will be allowed to all vehicles without tolling
Concept by
Er. T.Rajendiran B.E.,
Superintending Engineer,
National Highways,
Madurai TamilNadu.
The Delhi Mumbai Expressway, a brilliant government initiative, would link India's two largest financial centers, the national capital of New Delhi and Mumbai, the country's commercial heartland.
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Highway Construction and Equipment: Methods of constructing different types of roads viz. Earth roads, Stabilized roads, WBM, WMM roads, earthen embankments, DLC, and embankments with fly ash. Bituminous roads and Concrete roads. Berms and Shoulders, Features of rural roads including those in PMGSY. Hot mix plant for Bituminous roads-components, layout, control panel, quality assurance. Highway construction of rigid and flexible pavements including types of road rollers, specifications of compaction of different layers of bituminous roads, modern pavers for CC roads. Roller compacted concrete road construction
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Highway Construction and Equipment: Methods of constructing different types of roads viz. Earth roads, Stabilized roads, WBM, WMM roads, earthen embankments, DLC, and embankments with fly ash. Bituminous roads and Concrete roads. Berms and Shoulders, Features of rural roads including those in PMGSY. Hot mix plant for Bituminous roads-components, layout, control panel, quality assurance. Highway construction of rigid and flexible pavements including types of road rollers, specifications of compaction of different layers of bituminous roads, modern pavers for CC roads. Roller compacted concrete road construction
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
3. Characteristics
Mode of Transportation
Roadway Railway Airway Pipeline way Waterway
Speed of Delivery
High - short
distances.
Medium - long
Distances
The rapid
speed of
delivery
The very fast
speed of
delivery
The slow speed
of delivery
The very slow
speed of
delivery
Door to Door
service
Best
Sometimes
occur
NO
Sometimes
occur
Sometimes
occur
Price Very High Low High Very low Very low
Reliability Medium Medium Very High Very High Low
Packaging Medium High High -------- High
Risk of loss /
damage
Medium Medium Very Low Low Medium
Flexibility High Low Very Low Very Low Low
Environmental
Impact
Medium Low Low High Low
4.
5. According to Material
Earthen Roads
Earthen roads are laid with soil.
They are cheaper than all types of roads.
This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside
areas.
A good drainage system should be provided, which reflects excellent
performance for a more extended period.
Gravel Roads
Gravel roads are also low-quality roads, but they are better when
compared with earthen roads.
A compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as pavement material
in this case.
6. Murrum Roads
Murrum is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous
rocks by weathering agencies. This is used to make roads called
murrum roads.
Kankar Roads
Kankar is an impure form of limestone. Kankar roads are provided
where lime is available in a reasonable quantity. The Kankar roads
are low quality and performance.
Bituminous Roads
Bituminous roads are prevalent roads around the world. They are
the most used roads in the world. This road types are low in cost and
suitable for driving conditions. The thickness of bituminous roads
depends upon the subgrade soil conditions.
7. WBM Roads
Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate
in its base course. The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after
sprinkling water. WBM roads provide better performance compared to
earthen, gravel, murrum, and kankar roads.
WBM roads are laid as layers of about 10cm thickness of each layer. They
are very rough and may disintegrate immediately under traffic.
Concrete Roads
Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete
roads. These are very popular and costlier than all other types of roads.
They are not flexible, so they require less maintenance.
Concrete roads are suitable for high traffic areas. They are laid with joints
and time of construction is more.
8. According to location and function
National Highways
National highways are the main roads that connect all major cities
to the capital of the country. They run throughout the leng
th and breadth of the country. A minimum two-lane road is
provided for national highways.
9.
10. Type of road
Total
length
No. of connecting states No. of connecting cities
National
Highway 44
(Previously
called national
Highway 7)
4,112 km
11
Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Telangana,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
and Tamil Nadu.
30
Srinagar, Jammu, Pathankot, Jalandhar,
Ludhiana, Ambala, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat,
Delhi, Mathura, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi,
Narsinghpur, Nagpur, Adilabad, Hyderabad,
Jadcherla, Kurnool, Anantapur, Bengaluru,
Dharmapuri, Salem, Namakkal, Karur,
Dindigul, Madurai, Kovilpatti, Tirunelveli and
Kanyakumari, Nirmal, Karur.
The Central Public
Works Department
(CPWD) takes care of
the maintenance of this
highway.
National
Highway 27
3,507 km
7
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, West Bengal, and
Assam
47
Porbandar, Bamanbore, Morvi, Samakhiali,
Radhanpur, Palanpur, Pindwara, Udaipur,
Mangarwar, Chittaurgarh, Kota, Baran,
Shivpuri, Ganj, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow,
Faizabad, Gorakhpur, Gopalganj, Pipra,
Kothi, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Forbesganj,
Araria, Purnia, Dalkola, Islampur, Shiliguri,
Jalaiguri, Mainaguri, Dhupgar, Falakata,
Sonapur, Salsaguri, Bongaigaon, Bijni, Howly,
Patacharkuchi, Nalbari, Guwahati, Dishpur,
Nagaon, Dobaka, Lumding, Haflong, and
Silchar
NH 27 is considered as
the economical pulse of
the country.
11. Type of road Total length No. of connecting states No. of connecting cities
National Highway 48
(Previously known as
NH 4 & NH 8)
2,807 km
7
Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil
Nadu.
33
New Delhi, Gurugram,Rewari, Bawal, Kotputli,
Shahpura, Jaipur, Ajmer, Rajsamand, Kishangarh,
Nasirabad, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Ahmedabad,
Vadodara, Gandhinagar, Navsari, Vapi, Ankleshwar,
Surat, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Satara, Kolhapur,
Belgaum, Hubballi, Davangere, Chitradurga,
Bengaluru, Krishnagiri, Vellore, and Chennai
The highway starts from
New Delhi and
terminates in Chennai.
It became the most used
highway as it connects
the major states and
cities to each other.
National Highway 52 2,317 km
6
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka
33
Sangrur, Dirba, Pattran, Narwana, Hisar, Siwani,
Sadulpur, Churu, Fatehpur, Ramgarh, Sikar, Churu,
Jaipur, Tonk, Bundi, Talera, Kota, Jhalawar, Aklera,
Rajgarh, Biora, Dewas, Indore, Sendhwa, Dhule,
Chalisgaon, Aurangabad, Beed, Osmanabad, Solapur,
Bijapur, Hubli, and Ankola
The highway is
economically beneficial
due to its connectivity
with the major
commercial cities of
India..
National Highway 30
(Previously known as
NH 221)
1,984 km
6
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra
Pradesh, and Telangana
29
Sitarganj, Pilibhit, Bareilly, Tihar, Shahjahanpur,
Sitapur, Lucknow, Raebareli, Allahabad, Mangawan,
Rewa, Katni, Jabalpur, Mandla, Chilpi, Simga, Raipur,
Dhamtari, Keskal, Jagdalpur, Konta, Nellipaka,
Bhadrachalam, Palwancha, Kottagudem, Tiravuru,
Mailavaram, Kondapalle, and Ibrahimpatnam
It is considered as one of
the safest highways in
India owing to the less
number of road
accidents.
12. Type of road Total length No. of connecting states No. of connecting cities
National Highway 48
(Previously known as
NH 4 & NH 8)
2,807 km
7
Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil
Nadu.
33
New Delhi, Gurugram,Rewari, Bawal, Kotputli,
Shahpura, Jaipur, Ajmer, Rajsamand, Kishangarh,
Nasirabad, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Ahmedabad,
Vadodara, Gandhinagar, Navsari, Vapi, Ankleshwar,
Surat, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Satara, Kolhapur,
Belgaum, Hubballi, Davangere, Chitradurga,
Bengaluru, Krishnagiri, Vellore, and Chennai
The highway starts from
New Delhi and
terminates in Chennai.
It became the most used
highway as it connects
the major states and
cities to each other.
National Highway 52 2,317 km
6
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka
33
Sangrur, Dirba, Pattran, Narwana, Hisar, Siwani,
Sadulpur, Churu, Fatehpur, Ramgarh, Sikar, Churu,
Jaipur, Tonk, Bundi, Talera, Kota, Jhalawar, Aklera,
Rajgarh, Biora, Dewas, Indore, Sendhwa, Dhule,
Chalisgaon, Aurangabad, Beed, Osmanabad, Solapur,
Bijapur, Hubli, and Ankola
The highway is
economically beneficial
due to its connectivity
with the major
commercial cities of
India..
National Highway 30
(Previously known as
NH 221)
1,984 km
6
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra
Pradesh, and Telangana
29
Sitarganj, Pilibhit, Bareilly, Tihar, Shahjahanpur,
Sitapur, Lucknow, Raebareli, Allahabad, Mangawan,
Rewa, Katni, Jabalpur, Mandla, Chilpi, Simga, Raipur,
Dhamtari, Keskal, Jagdalpur, Konta, Nellipaka,
Bhadrachalam, Palwancha, Kottagudem, Tiravuru,
Mailavaram, Kondapalle, and Ibrahimpatnam
It is considered as one of
the safest highways in
India owing to the less
number of road
accidents.
13. State Highways
State highways are the second main roads that connect significant parts of the state
within it. State highway ultimately connects to the national highways.
District Roads
District roads are provided within the cities and connect markets and production
places to state and national highways. Two types of district roads are there namely,
Major district roads
Minor district roads
Rural Roads or Village Roads
Village roads connect the nearby villages.
They lead to a nearby town or district roads.
Usually, low-quality roads are provided as village roads because of low traffic.
1.
14. Based on Traffic Volume
Light Traffic Roads
The roads which are carrying 400 vehicles daily on
an average is called light traffic roads.
Medium Traffic Roads
If a road is carrying 400 to 1000 vehicles per day,
then it is said to be a medium traffic road.
High Traffic Roads
If a road is carrying is more than 1000 vehicles per
day then it is considered as high traffic road.
1.
2.
3.
15. Based on Rigidity
Flexible roads
Rigid roads
Flexible Roads
Flexible roads consist of a flexible layer as a pavement surface,
which requires proper maintenance; otherwise, it can be
disintegrated easily with heavy traffic. All types of roads
except concrete roads fall under this category.
Rigid Roads
Rigid pavements are non-flexible and cement concrete roads
are fall under this category.
1.
2.