Donald Norman and David Rumelhart were influential theorists in cognitive science and psychology. Rumelhart worked in mathematical psychology and parallel distributed processing at Stanford University. Norman received degrees from MIT and University of Pennsylvania, and held positions at Harvard, UC Berkeley, and KAIST. The document discusses three modes of learning: accretion, structuring, and tuning. Accretion is adding new knowledge, structuring is forming new schemas, and tuning is adjusting knowledge through practice for a specific task.

1. Modes of Learning
Anna Merlinna T. Fontanilla
MS DEVCOM, 1998-38357
DEVC 230 – EdComTech
July 18, 2013

2. Theorists
David E. Rumelhart
(June 12, 1942 – March 13, 2011)
- American psychologist with contributions to the formal
analysis of human cognition, worked primarily within the
frameworks of mathematical psychology,
symbolic artificial intelligence, and parallel distributed
processing.
- Graduate of BA Psychology and Mathematics in 1963 at
the University of South Dakota
- Received his PhD on mathematical psychology at
Stanford University in 1967

3. Theorists
David E. Rumelhart
(June 12, 1942 – March 13, 2011)
- He served on the faculty of the Department of Psychology
at the University of California from 1967 to 1987
- Served as faculty at Standford University from 1988 to 1998
- Some awards:
1. MacArthur Fellowship in July 1987
2. Warren Medal of the Society of Experimental
Psychologists
3. APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, and
4. 2002 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in
Psychology

4. Theorists
Donald Norman
(born December 25, 1935)
- an academic in the field of cognitive science, design and
usability engineering
- Received his BS in Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science from MIT in 1957; Earned M.S. in EECS and
PhD in Mathematical Psychology from the University of
Pennsylvania in 1962
- Took up a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for
Cognitive Studies at Harvard University where he
became a Lecturer for 4 years

5. Theorists
Donald Norman
(born December 25, 1935)
- Became Associate Professor in the Psychology
Department at University of California and became the
founding chair of the Department of Cognitive Science
and chair of the Department of Psychology. He now
holds the title Professor Emeritus of Cognitive Science
- He is an active Distinguished Visiting Professor at
the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology.
- He is on numerous educational, private, and public
sector advisory boards including the editorial board
of Encyclopædia Britannica.

6. Three Modes of Learning
Accretion – addition of new knowledge to
existing memory
Structuring – formation of new
conceptual structures or schema
Tuning – adjustment of knowledge to a
specific task through practice

7. Other concepts
 Restructuring involves some form of reflection or
insight (i.e., metacognition)
 On the other hand, tuning often represents
automatic behavior that is not available to
reflection (e.g. learning procedures)
Rumelhart & Norman (1981) extended their
model to include analogical processes: a new
schema is created by modelling it on an existing
schema and then modifying it based upon further
experiences.

8. Application
Learning the MORSE CODE

9. Principles
1. Instruction must be designed to
accommodate different modes of learning.
2. Practice activities affect the refinement of
skills but not necessarily the initial
acquisition of knowledge.