Model organism the octopus and cuttlefish (1)
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The document summarizes research comparing the nervous systems of octopuses and cuttlefish. Octopuses and cuttlefish are both model organisms that are well-studied due to their accessibility and behaviors. While octopuses and cuttlefish both have eight arms, cuttlefish have an internal shell and use a different pigment for oxygen transport compared to octopuses. Research has shown the octopus brain has more similarities to vertebrate brains, while cuttlefish can rapidly change colors through nervous system control. Both species provide insights into learning, memory, and communication studies.
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Protochordates are lower chordates that lack a true skull. They are divided into three sub-phyla and display characteristics like bilateral symmetry and a notochord at some life stage. Hemichordates live solitarily or in colonies and have a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Urochordates are sessile, filter-feeding tunicates surrounded by a tunic. Cephalochordates have a notochord that extends to the head and retain their nerve cord and tail. While having little economic importance, protochordates have great phylogenetic significance as they retain chordate features and are considered the most primitive chordates closely related to the vertebrate ancestor.
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Origin of chordata
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Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
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In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
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Arthropods Notes
Arthropods are characterized by having segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin. They molt by shedding their exoskeleton. The main groups are crustaceans, arachnids, and insects. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, and mites/ticks, and have adaptations for living on land like book lungs. Spiders use silk glands to make webs and hunt prey. Mites and ticks transmit diseases by sucking blood. Insects undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis, and include many orders such as beetles, butterflies, flies, ants, and more.
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1. Mammals are defined as having hair, mammary glands to feed their young milk, internal temperature regulation, and four-limbed bodies.
2. They evolved from reptiles and include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. Unique mammalian characteristics include hair, three bones in the middle ear, and a diaphragm.
3. Mammals reproduce sexually, have distinct life stages of infant, young, and adult, and have a well-developed digestive tract. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores eat both. Chimpanzees are African omnivorous apes that live in social groups.
Mollusks
Mollusks are a highly diverse phylum that live in many different environments. They are divided into nine or ten classes, two of which are extinct. Cephalopods like squid and octopuses are among the most neurologically advanced invertebrates. The giant or colossal squid species are the largest known invertebrates. Gastropods like snails and slugs make up the majority of mollusk species. Mollusks have varied body structures, but share a mantle cavity and similar nervous system structure.
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The document discusses arthropods of medical importance. It describes that arthropods include insects and arachnids. Insects have 3 body segments and 3 pairs of legs, while arachnids have 2 segments and 4 pairs of legs. The document then discusses the 4 main categories of medically important arthropods: nuisance biters, ectoparasites, mechanical vectors, and biological vectors. It provides examples of arthropods in each category and the diseases they can transmit. The rest of the document details the characteristics and medical importance of specific classes, orders, and examples of arthropods.
Genomics of insect chemoreception
This document discusses insect chemoreception and the role of chemoreceptor genes and proteins. It provides examples in three insect species:
1) Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have 60 odorant receptor genes that encode chemoreceptor proteins involved in smell. The Or83b protein mediates the function of other odorant receptors.
2) Honey bees (Apis mellifera) have over 165 odorant receptors that allow them to recognize diverse floral odors, important for locating flowers.
3) Tobacco budworm moths (Heliothus virescens) express chemoreceptors involved in host plant recognition, essential for finding food plants like tobacco.
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LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SPECIES
1. The document describes the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits.
2. Chordata is divided into Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Vertebrata includes Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
3. The classes within Gnathostomata are described, including characteristics of Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Insects
Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms.
Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo four-stage metamorphosis. Insects that undergo three-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages.[6] The higher level relationship of the insects is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.
Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming. As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles, composed of the front and rear on one side with the middle on the other side. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight, and all flying insects derive from one common ancestor. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyrid beetles communicate with light.
Sense organs and nutritive requirements
This document discusses the sensory organs and sense perception in insects. It begins by introducing the different sensory organs insects use to perceive stimuli in their environment, including sound, light, scent, gravity, and temperature. It then reviews literature on sound production and perception in insects, describing the different structures and mechanisms insects use to produce sound. Specific examples are provided for sound production in mountain crickets, cicadas, and red milkweed beetles. The document also discusses the different types of mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors in insects and their functions in touch, taste, smell and vision. It concludes by reviewing the nutritional requirements of insects.
Introduction to insect world
This document provides an introduction to insects. It notes that insects make up the most dominant and diverse group of creatures on Earth, found everywhere from deserts to forests. Insects have evolved many adaptations that have led to their success, including wings that allow for flight, a hard exoskeleton, a decentralized nervous system, and specialized defense and reproduction abilities. The document discusses insect diversity in size, lifespan, diet, and metamorphosis. It outlines insects' importance to ecosystems and humans, from pollination and food to disease transmission. Forensically, the study of insect biology can aid criminal investigations. Overall, the document highlights insects' antiquity, abundance, and fascinating traits that have enabled their enduring presence across
Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Animals
This document provides an overview of the major animal groups, including their defining characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses that animals are multicellular eukaryotes that digest food internally and reproduce sexually. The colonial flagellate hypothesis proposes that animals evolved from colonial choanoflagellates. Key animal groups covered include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, vertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Each group is defined by traits such as body plan, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, and level of organization.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species and occupy nearly all habitats. They include animals without backbones like sponges, jellyfish, starfish, worms, snails, insects and arachnids. Invertebrates have features like exoskeletons, diverse sensory organs and reproductive strategies including asexual reproduction. Common invertebrate groups include sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, insects and arachnids.
Luis flores animal phyla
Porifera are sponges that live in aquatic environments and have pores that allow water flow through their bodies for filter feeding, respiration, and waste removal. Cnidarians like jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals have stinging tentacles used to capture prey which is then brought to the mouth. Platyhelminths are flatworms that have no skeleton and use cilia and muscles to move; they have a combined digestive/excretory system and reproduce asexually.
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A study of the arthropods of medical importance is known as medical entomology which is an important branch of preventive medicine.
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The document discusses the classification of organisms within the Kingdom Animalia. It describes how Animalia is divided into invertebrates and vertebrates. Several phyla are listed for each group. Specific details are provided about the phyla Porifera and Coelenterata. Porifera includes sponges, which are non-motile marine organisms with pores, chambers, and silicon/calcium skeletons. Coelenterata includes cnidarians like hydra and corals, which are aquatic animals with exoskeletons and internal cavities formed from two cell layers.
CH 28 Introduction To Arthropods
Arthropods first appeared in oceans over 600 million years ago. They have evolved to have fewer body segments and specialized appendages for tasks like feeding, movement, and other functions. Most living arthropods like spiders and insects only have two or three different forms that serve different purposes. Arthropods undergo molting when they outgrow their exoskeletons, shedding the entire exoskeleton and growing a new larger one.
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptalia
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
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Life Science Chapter 14
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This is not my own creation, but I really liked it. I added several videos which probably will not show up through slide share. The videos were my own addition.
Origen and classification of veretebrates 2017 new microsoft powerpoint prese...
1) Vertebrates evolved from early chordates like tunicates and lancelets. Fossils show the progression of vertebrate evolution over time.
2) Chordates are defined by four key features - a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. These features are present in vertebrate embryos and some persist in adults.
3) Vertebrates are classified into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals based on shared characteristics.
4.4.2 mollusks comparison and fact sheet
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Could someone read over this paper and tell me how it reads so far a.pdf
Could someone read over this paper and tell me how it reads so far and changes that could be
made? it is a rather rough draft. It is supposed to be a specific to general flow. The instructions
were very vague. Here is the rubric.
EEB 353 Specimen-based writing rubric (~800 - 2,000 words)
2pts: Does your essay begin with one or two particular vertebrate specimens?
2pts: Does your essay follow a specific-to-general flow?
2pts: Do you lead the reader to an insight or question of broad significance for understanding
evolution, ecology, or behavior? (**note: this component will be weighted more heavily in the
second essay)
2pts: Do you provide adequate references to reputable academic sources?
2pts: Are your writing mechanics and voice appropriately sophisticated and mature?
Here is my paper (still needs work on the ** section)
Are We Really the Best in Every Way?
The Evolution of the Human Nose and Olfactory Senses
By: – Feb 24th, 2017
Nestled inside the Hesler Biology building in room 603 is a skull weighing approximately 2.2
lbs. It has an approximate width of 6.5 inches and length of 8.5 inches. It has large eye sockets at
the front of it’s head, two zygomatic arches, two nasal bones, two inferior nasal concha, and is
missing the mandible. It belongs to Homo sapiens, creatures known commonly as “humans”.
Known to roam the entirety of Earth, Homo sapiens were larger than their other Homo
counterparts. Their name means “wise man”, as Homo sapiens were considered to be the most
intelligent of the human species.
A noticeable portion of the human skull is the space made for the nose, including the two nasal
bones and two inferior nasal concha. The nose is a portion of the human face that protrudes off
of it, bearing the nostrils. Nasal cartilage and bones make up the shape of the nose as well as its
size. The nose takes in odorants to obtain information from the surrounding air, as well as
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hairs within the nose prevent large particles from the air from getting into the lungs. While the
space for the nose is rather large, the human skeleton does not have a protruding skull leading to
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possible back seat to the other senses, including visual and hearing. We look to the humans close
relatives, the Great Apes, to get a broader view of how the olfactory senses have changed.
The Great Apes shared a most recent common ancestor with the humans somewhere between
150,000 and 200,000 years ago. The Great Apes consist of the gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and
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sense of self, and can recognize themselves when placed in front of a mirror as well as think
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Chimpanzees are the closest relatives to humans w.
The 10 most intelligent animals in the world..pdf
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2. Octopuses can use tools and devise plans, pigs have strong memory and understanding of symbols, and crows can invent and use tools like humans. Pigeons understand concepts like time and space.
3. Cows can solve problems to obtain food and have strong social bonds. Elephants have excellent long-term memory and show signs of mourning deceased elephants. Dogs understand human words and emotions. Cats also learn through observation and have strong memory.
1) You need to attended two shows, they shows are only 15 minutes .docx
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The first show we attended was hard to understand what diver is trying to say, they mention it also because the water of that tank is so chili. The diver mentioned that a lot of species are living in this tank, which some are benthic and some are pelagic organisms. They mostly talked about the pelagic organisms in that tank. They chose white sea bass as far as giant sea bass and briefly explain about them. There were thousands of sardines and between them the diver point to the fish called half-moon which it was bigger and silver moon. Half-moons are the feeder of red and green algae, also they can eat some small invertebrates like sponges, crustaceans, and anemones. We were told about the giant bass history in Santa Barbara island, which the scientist didn’t see the organism approximately for forty years but the person who was carrying out the show saw it. She mentioned that scientist by creating a space for these organisms in about thirty or forty years in the nice protected area in the ocean to have no pressure in hunting not even boat driving, they wait for a long time for this species to coming back to protected area and scientists of all over California taking pictures of those animals. The diver also talked about the spots of giant sea bass that we could see on the side of fish that they are specific each and individual.
At the end, he said white sea bass are more open ocean than giant sea bass.
The second show we attended was more interesting for me than the first one. We explored bunch of animal that live there, and talked about some of the organisms that are important and have right force in everything on that tank. We waited for diver to join us to communicate with him. He worn a special mask that allowed him to talk with us. The presenter talked the way that they feed animals, which it was so interesting, the diver goes to target animals and feed them to get the proper diet. The diver mentioned there are six hundred different fishes are living in this tank. The exhibit was so big with 350000 gallons of water. There were two species of shark in that specific exhibit, but they were not like hunting sharks as we see in television. There was an animal that shark close related to which is ray. We saw a diver was feeding those new rays. Rays are related to sharks but they look different. The fishes live in that tank were bony fish and have skeleton. One of them was napoleon wrasse. This organism has a unique adaptation, they all are female and they can change itself to male which this transformation takes about a year. Looks like the name of this fish comes up from the shape it has, because there is a bump on its head that’s why calling it a napoleon wrasse. Bubbles also are another bony fish, that loves to be part of presentation. This fish loves the bubbles and for entire presentation.
Orca (killer wale)
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DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification systems help organize the diversity of life on Earth. Early systems like Aristotle's grouped organisms by habitat, but this was misleading as very different organisms can share a habitat. Modern classification is based on fundamental characteristics like cellular structure, multicellularity, and mode of nutrition.
The five kingdom system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 divides organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Carl Woese later divided Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Organisms are also classified as eukaryotes or prokaryotes based on cellular structure. Vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals are classified based on
evolution of mammals by davendran
Mammals evolved from synapsid ancestors during the Mesozoic era. The earliest mammals had specialized teeth, small bodies, and various skeletal adaptations including differentiated dentition. The three main modern mammal groups are monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Key mammalian adaptations include hair, three middle ear bones derived from jaw bones, and a four-chambered heart and diaphragm. Mammals exhibit diverse diets, habitats, and locomotion across nearly 4000 living species.
Subphylum Chelicerata.pdf
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Sensory Organs comparative study in vertebrates.
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Chapter 13- higher animals
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2. Mollusks live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display a range of behaviors from swimming to crawling to shooting ink. They have open circulatory systems and varied respiration methods.
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11.08__Mollusks.pdf
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Model organism the octopus and cuttlefish (1)
- 1. By Addison, Sarai, and Marisa Model Organisms The Cephalopods: A Neurological comparison between Octopuses and Cuttlefish.
- 2. Presentation Overview Overview Getting to know the Octopus Exploring the Cuttlefish How are they alike and different References
- 3. What is A Model Organism A model organism is an organism that is studied to understand particular biological phenomena. Model organisms are typically easy to take care of and can be easily manipulated and studied in a laboratory setting Model organisms are well known anatomically and behaviorally.
- 4. Octopus Vulgaris 1 History in Research The common octopus is the most widely researched octopus. They are easily accessible to researchers. Do well in captivity. 2 Range and Habitat Biogeographical regions in the Indian, eastern Atlantic, and Pacific oceans. Along with the Mediterranean sea. Mainly found in the coastal waters near coral reefs. Lives at depths of 100 - 150 meters. 3 Lifestyle and Diet Octopuses like to live a secluded lifestyle. Life spans extend from 1-2 years. Known to eat crustaceans, and small bony fish.
- 5. Central Nervous System of O. vulgaris ● The Optic lobes, the nervous system of the arms and the central brain make up the nervous system. ● The central brain is located in the brain capsule that surrounds the esophagus. ● The optic lobes has three layers which show similarities to the vertebrate retina. ● The Peduncle lobe granule cells make parallel fibers. These fibers are similar to the folia in vertebrate cerebellum ● The VL is the highest functional lobe in the central brain. It is similar to hippocampus of the vertebrates. <http://tolweb.org/accessory/Ventral_View_of_Cephalopod_Brain?acc_id= 2128>.
- 6. Importance to Neurological Research Evolutionary biologist and neurologist study the nervous systems of octopuses to understand how our own nervous system evolved. Memory and learning are popular subjects to study in these model organisms. It was found that octopuses MSF-VL system is similar to the hippocampus in mammals. High numbers of interneurons found in the MSF-VL in areas of learning and memory show high redundancy of connections.
- 7. Sepia Officinalis 1 History in Research This species of cuttlefish has mainly been used for researching the connections between color display and communication between organisms, the area of the brain that processes sight is extremely large. 2 Range and Habitat Mediterranean sea to as far as South Africa. This species of cuttlefish live on sandy seabeds around 200m deep. 3 Lifestyle and Diet Cuttlefish typically eat small fish and crustaceans, they are social animals and often travel in groups interacting with one another.
- 8. Importance to Neurological Research The cuttlefish has complex communication methods using only color. This can help us understand how animals communicate without the use of sound or facial expressions, unlike other animals such as mammals and birds which use vocalization and body movement to communicate. Cephalopods are one of the most intelligent classes of animals on the planet, and understanding how they communicate using color can help us better understand them as a species and help us better understand communication between other animals. The cuttlefish is a great model to use for this type of research because it uses exclusively color patterns and signals to communicate, this is one of the only species that displays this behavior. Since the cuttlefish is unique it can be used to compare with other species that might show changing color displays and movement behavior, like chameleons.
- 9. Central Nervous System of cuttlefish sp The nervous system of S. officinalis shows very large development of the optical lobe.
- 10. What the Scientific Community Gained Cuttlefish were used as a model organism to study imprinting, specifically food imprinting. An article published by the royal society stated that when the cuttlefish were young, they were shown only a specific food source, and ate only that food source As they grew they were provided with alternate food sources but refused to eat anything else except for the food source they had imprinted on.
- 11. Comparisons of Cuttlefish and Octopuses Lack of shell- Octopuses do not have a shell, and a cuttlefish has an internal shell called the cuttlebone. Cuttlefish fish use Hemocyanin for oxygen transport (blue-green pigment), Octopuses use Hemoglobin. Both have eight arms, but cuttlefish have two tentacles and they have a shorter arm to body length
- 12. Comparing the nervous systems The octopus brain is closer to a vertebrate brain than to its close relatives They have 500 million neurons compared to lower molluscs which have 20,000 Cuttlefish can transform from one color to another in 1 second, and in a few seconds turn a wide range of colors all controlled by the nervous system
- 13. Picture References Slide1-http://files.tripstodiscover.com/files/204/07/Red-Sea-Coral-Reef.jpg Slide 2- http://alphasouthsarl.com/fish/octopus-vulgaris/index.htm Slide 5- Young, Richard E., and Michael Vecchione. "Ventral View of Cephalopod Brain." Tree of Life Web Project. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://tolweb.org/accessory/Ventral_View_of_Cephalopod_Brain?acc_id=2128>. Slide 9- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/5963492_fig4_Figure-1-Sepia- brain-with-right-optic-lobe-cut-away-A-Lateral-aspect-with-nerve
- 14. Article References Case, Robin J.” Octopus Vulgaris.”Animal Diversity Web. University of MIchigan Museum of Zoology,1999 http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Octopus_vulgaris/#food_habits. Web.07 Sept.2016. http://www.biolbull.org/content/210/3/308.full Hochner Binyamin, Shomrat Tal, Fiorito Graziano.” The Octopus: A model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms”.The Biological Bulletin.210.6(2006):308-317.web.2016. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/3/345.short