The document discusses auxiliary verbs, focusing on modal auxiliary verbs and their distinctions from primary auxiliaries. It outlines their functions, usage in expressing ability, permission, obligation, and more, along with examples for clarity. The explanations illustrate the rules governing modal auxiliaries, including their inability to stand alone and lack of inflection.

1. Modal Auxiliary Verbs
For secondary School students
Presented by
M Prahallada
PGT English
NVS Centre of Excellence
JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, BAGALUR
Bangalore Urban
14/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
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2. What is an auxiliary verb?
An auxiliary verb is verb that adds
functional or grammatical meaning to
the clause in which it appears, so as
to express tense, aspect, modality,
voice, emphasis etc. Auxiliary verbs
usually accompany a main verb.
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3. 3
How many Kinds of auxiliary
verbs are there?
Auxiliary Verbs
Primary Modal
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4. 4
Two kinds of Auxiliary Verbs
.
Primary Auxiliaries
1. ‘be’ form:
is, am, are (Present)
was, were (Past)
been, being (Perfect & Passive)
2, ‘do’ form
do, does (Present)
Did (Past)
3. Have form:
has, have (Present)
had (Past)
Modal
Auxiliaries
Can-could
Shall-should
Will- would
May-might
must
Ought to
Need to
Dare to
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5. 5
What do you mean by Modal
Auxiliary Verb?
Modals are also auxiliary verbs used
before another verb to express meanings
such as ability, permission, possibility,
necessity,advice,compulsion, obligations
etc. or we can also say that modals are
auxiliary verbs that express the moods
of the speaker very appropriately.
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6. Difference between Primary and Modal
Auxiliaries
Primary Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary
1. They can be used
independently
They are never used
alone.
2. They are inflectional
to number, person and
tense
They are non inflectional
to number, person and
tense
3. They have ‘to
infinitive’ forms as well
as Principal forms
They don’t have to
infinitive forms and
Principal forms
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7. 7
How are Modals different from Primary
Auxiliary Verbs?
Special features of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
• Modals are never used alone. A Principal
verb is either present or implied.
I can fly a jet plane.
He should learn swimming.
Will you go with him? Yes I will.
Where as Principal Verb can stand alone.
1. Madhu flies a Jet Plane.
2. Monica learns swimming.
3. Arun goes to school everyday.4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
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8. 8
Modals have no inflections to persons
and numbers in a given tense.
Modals Auxiliaries
I can swim
He can swim.
She can swim.
You can swim.
They can swim.
He may pass.
She may Pass.
I may pass.
Primary Auxiliaries
I am singing.
He is singing.
You are singing.
I have written.
She has written.
You have written.
I do agree.
He does agree.
You do agree.
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9. 9
The Modal Auxiliaries do not have the
infinitive and or Principal forms:
• You cannot say:
to shall, to must, to may.
• Note: When you say:
• to will, to need, to dare, here the
verbs will, need, dare are
Principal verbs not auxiliary
verbs.
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10. 10
As the Model Auxiliaries do not
have the Infinitive and
Participle forms, they are
sometimes called “Defective
Verbs”.
We shall now consider the use
of the Model Auxiliaries” one
after another.
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11. 11
‘Can’
Can: Ability, to be able to.
Can you write with both the hands?
I can write with both hands, I am an
ambidextrous.
He can play piano beautifully.
Can you drive?
Can you fly an aero plane?
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12. 12
Can: Permission ( to be allowed to, either by
general or personal permission)
1. You can park your bike over there.
2. You can have a piece of cake if you eat rice.
3. You can go home if you feel sick.
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13. 13
• Look at this example:
In a classroom situation when a student asks for
permission, he may use;
‘May I come in Sir?’
When teacher permits, he says ‘Yes, You can.’
Here teacher permits the students to enter the
classroom.
If he says ‘You may”, though it implies permission,
student may understand that only if he is
interested he can enter or has been given an
option either to enter or go away without
attending the classes.
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14. 14
Can: can be used for Request also.
An informal request.
Ex: If you see Sheela, can you tell her that I
am in Mr. Rao’s house. (Please tell her)
Can: Possibility
Used to express possibility in the present,
although not in the future.
1. You can get stamps from local News
Agent.
2. You can catch Bangalore bus if you hire
a cab.
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15. 15
Can: (offer) used in polite offer of help.
Can I help you in packing those bags?
Can I help you to cross the road?
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16. 16
Can: expresses sense of challenge.
Ex: Can you solve these sums in a minute?
Can you climb this coconut tree?
Note:
Can also can be used in the sense of
‘May’ to accord permission, though ‘may’
is more correct
Ex. You can take one of these books.
You can go home now.
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17. 17
Note: Now a days ‘can’ is being increasingly
used to seek permission.
Can I come in sir?
Can I go for a movie to night mom?
Students are however advised to keep the
distinction between ‘can’ and ‘may’ in this
respect and use only ‘may’ for seeking
permission.
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18. 18
COULD
Could is the Past Tense of can and is used to indicate
ability that existed in the past.
1. In my younger days I could run five miles at a stretch.
2. Till last year I could read without glasses.
3. We found that we could not depend on our guide books.
Note: but could refers to the Past Time only when the
context makes the time clear.
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19. Could is used as the Past Tense of can in Indirect or Reported
Speech:
1. He said, “ I can solve theses sums easily”.
He said that he could solve those sums easily.
2. Seema said, “I can’t climb up the hills.”
Seema said that she could not climb up the hills.
Could is use to express possibility or uncertainty or something
dependent on unreal condition.
1. You could do it, if you tried hard (Possibility)
2. We could succeed, if we all pulled together( Possibility)
3. If only my brother were here, we could have worked up this
scheme together ( uncertainty )
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19

20. 20
Could is used to ask polite questions
1. Could I have your notes please?
2. Could you please take me to the
Principal?
3. Could I have a glass water please?
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21. 21
Shall
Notice the following sentences:
1. I shall leave for Delhi tomorrow.
2. We shall discuss the matter with the
Principal.
3. I shall be eighteen next month.
4. We shall invite them for dinner.
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22. 22
Here ‘Shall’ simply expresses the
strong possibility or near certainty
of an action or event which shall
take place in the future.
Note:
In the first person, therefore ‘shall’
expresses simple future.
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23. 23
‘Shall’ in the Second and Third Person’
Shall in the second and third person
expresses a command:
1. They shall not steal.
(They are commanded not to steal)
2. You shall go out at once.
(You are commanded to go out)
3. You shall carry out my instructions.
(Commanded to carry out instructions)
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24. 24
Some times ‘shall’ is used to
make promises
1. Chetan shall be given a big gift if he
scores 95% in the test.
2. You shall get a gold medal if you stand
first in the class.
3. You shall be promoted to a manger post
if you perform well.
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25. 25
Shall is used to express a threat
1. You shall regret this.
2. You shall be dismissed for this negligence.
3. You shall pay for this in due course.
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26. 26
Shall sometimes expresses
‘Determination’
1. You shall apologize. ( I am determined
that you must apologize. You will be
obliged.
2. You shall obey as long as you are in this
class.( I am determined that you must
obey me)
3. Everything shall be done according to
law. ( it has been determined that
everything must be done according to
law.4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
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27. ‘Shall’ is used to air/express
suggestions, opinions proposals etc.
1. Shall we go for a picnic next week? ( here
it is not asking a question, it is proposing)
2. Shall we propose Mr. Kumar’s name for
class representative this year. (airing
once opinion)
3. Shall we have a short break now?
( seeking suggestions)
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28. 28
‘Will’ with the first person
• Will expresses determination on the part of
the speaker or a promise, threat or
willingness.
• Determination:
1. I will do whatever I can do to help you.
2. We will think over it and let you know.
3. I will try to get a job in Infosyss.
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29. 29
Will: Promise
1. I will attend your marriage.
2. I will buy you a big chocolate.
3. I will help you in the exam.
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30. 30
Will : Threat
1. I will teach him a proper lesson.
2. I will dismiss you from the job.
3. I will punish whoever creates problem.
Will: Willingness
1. Alright, I will come with you.
2. Yes, I will lend you my pen for the day.
3. Well, in that case I will attend the
meeting.
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31. 31
‘Will’ with Second and Third Person
1. The train will leave Gorakhpur at 7.30 PM.
2. Dr. Patil will be back in July.
3. I am sure you will pass in the ensuing
exams.
4. Note: Here ‘will’ expresses simple futurity
i.e., an action or event which is almost
certain to take place, without reference to
the wishes of the speaker.
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32. 32
Should
Should is the past tense of shall and is used as
such in Indirect speech as:
Direct: Captain Said, “ All players shall
assemble in the ground at 4.30 PM
Indirect; Captain said that all players should
assemble in the ground at 4.30 PM.
Direct: He said, “The thief shall be thrashed.”
Indirect: He said that thief should be thrashed.
(Here should is past form of shall)
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33. 33
Should expresses duty or Social
obligation
1. You should help the poor.
2. You should pay school fee in time.
3. You should have given him a helping hand.
4. We should all work for the common cause.
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34. 34
Should expresses possibility in
a conditional clause
1. If he should come, ask him to wait.
2. Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
3. If Chinese should attack again, we shall
give them a warm reception.
Note: ‘If he should come’ indicates less likelihood of his
coming than if he comes, the sentence means
something like this. ‘there is not much chance of his
coming. But if he turns up, ask him to wait.
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35. 35
‘Should’ also expresses
possibility or likelihood.
1. I should be able to beat him in the match.
2. You should be able to finish this
assignment in time.
3. We should be able to see Mt. Everest
from Tiger Hills, if the sky is clear.
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36. 36
‘Should’ expresses less possibility
than ‘shall’
1. I shall be happy to meet Raman.
2. I should be happy to meet Raman.
Should adds colour of doubt to the statement
The first sentence expresses a greater
possibility of the event-meeting Raman-
taking place.
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37. 37
‘Should’ is also used in making a very polite
form of statements.
Ex.
1. I should just like to mention that we have
been given only two days time to
complete the Project.
1. I should like to congratulate the speakers
on the high level of their debate.
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38. 38
Would
Would is the past tense of ‘Will’ and is used
in Indirect speech:
1. The Principal said, “ The school will be
closed on Friday.”
The Principal said that the school would be
closed on Friday.
2. Sheel said, “ I will not live here anymore.”
Sheela said that she would not live there
anymore.
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39. 39
Would expresses willingness or a
rather determination
1. The doctor said that he would visit the
patient. (Willingness)
2. Ram said he would try his best to help me
during my examination (Willingness)
3. He would bet on that horse, though I asked
him not to. (Determination)
4. Sheela would have her own way.
(Determination)
5. They would cut classes in spite of warning
given by the Principal. (Determination)4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
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40. 40
‘Would’ expresses a customary
action in the past.
1. After dinner students would sit in the
dormitory and chat for a while.
2. The old man would recline in a corner
and sleep most of the time.
3. The sparrows would come and pick up
crumbs from my hand.
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41. 41
‘Would’ and ‘would like to’
express a casual wish
1. I would like to have a cup of coffee now.
2. I would like to go for stroll after the class.
3. Behave towards others as you would like
them to behave towards you.
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42. 42
‘Would’ rather expresses choice
or preference
1. I would rather read a novel than watch
that useless movie.
2. They would rather go to jail than pay the
undue penalty.
3. Seema would rather die than marry him.
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43. 43
‘Would’ is used for asking polite
questions
1. Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
(This is more polite than)
Will you have a cup of coffee?
2. Would you mind lending me your pen for
a minute?
3. Would you like to go for a movie to night?
4. Would you please call me a taxi?
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44. 44
‘Would’ is used in the main clause
when preceded or followed by a
subordinate clause expressing an
impossible or improbable condition.
1. If I were a king I would make you
my queen.
2. If I were a bird I would fly high in the
sky.
3. If I were a bird I would fly to my
hometown in this lockdown period.
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45. 45
‘May’
‘May’ is used to express permission.
May I come in sir?
Yes, You may.
May I go home?
No. You may not.
Note: Now a days the denial of permission is
often expressed through ‘cannot’ rather
‘may not’
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46. 46
1. May we play caroms, mummy?
No. You can’t.
2. May I have look into your album please?
Sorry, you can’t.
3. May I join with you in this picnic?
Sorry, you can’t.
Note: this usage is encouraged by the fact
that can’t is easier to say than may not
as per the grammar rules we must use
same auxiliary.
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47. 47
‘May’ is used express possibility:
1. It may rain today.
2. She may agree with you.
3. Lockdown may be removed in June.
‘May’ is used to express a wish/curse:
1. May god bless you.
2. May you prosper in all that you do.
3. May his soul Rest in Peace.
4. May the devils take his soul.(Curse)
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48. 48
‘May’ is used in subordinate
clauses to express purpose.
1. Use fertilizers so that you may have a
rich harvest.
2. Work hard that you may win a
distinction.
3. Obey your parents that you may
prosper in life.
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49. 49
Might
‘Might’ is the past tense of ‘may’ and used
as such in Indirect Speech:
1. He said, “I may contest in forthcoming
assembly elections.”
He said that he might contest in forthcoming
assembly elections.
2. The boy said, “ I may have done so”
The boy said that he might have done so.
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50. 50
‘Might’ is used to indicate a more
doubtful possibility than may (Weak
Possibility)
Possibility Weak Possibility
1. I may pass. I might pass.
2. It may rain. It might rain
3. The patient may recover.
The patient might recover.
4. The Congress may win.
The congress might win.
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51. 51
Might is used when wanted to be extremely
polite during a discussion or when you wish to
express your gentle reproach or admonition.
1. If I might make a suggestion, couldn’t we
have one more period for Grammar
teaching?
2. If I might interrupt you for moment, Sir,
how is this new scheme going to help
restore normalcy?
3. Well, Ramesh, you might give me credit
for a little common sense. (Gentle
Reproach)4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
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52. 52
‘Must’
Must remains unchanged or uninflected
in form, whatever be its Tense or the
Number and Person of the Subject. It
can point to the Present or Future. It
can refer to the Past only when it is
with the present perfect of the Principal
verb.
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53. 53
.1. We must see the Minister now. (Present)
2. He must be attending a senate meeting.
(Present)
3. You must file a writ petition.(Present)
4. He must have gone home. (Past time)
5. They must have written to him already.(Past)
6. They must pay for damages. (Future time)
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54. 54
Must expresses compulsion or strong obligation
(legal) or duty: It is much stronger than should.
1. He must apologize for his mistake.
2. They must recognise our rights.
3. We must be loyal to our country.
4. We must pay our school fee in time.
5. We must obey traffic rules.
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55. 55
Must expresses strong
necessity/need
1. We must get up early and start our
journey. (to reach destiny)
2. We must build up strong army to defend
our nation.
3. You must consult a doctor at once. ( you
are sick.)
4. I must pick up my mother from station.
5. He must work hard. ( to Score good
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56. 56
Must expresses probability or likelihood
1. He must be mad to do this.
2. That must have been a shooting star.
3. Oh, there’s the door bell, that must be the
postman.
4. He must have reached by this time.
5. The hand bag must have contained a bomb.
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57. 57
‘Must’ signifies strong determination
1. I must go to Manas Sarovar next year.
(Whatever happens)
1. I must win the match. (at any cost)
3. I must tell his faults.(Whatever may be
the consequences)
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58. 58
‘Ought’
‘Ought’ was originally the Past Tense of
‘Owe’; but now it generally points to Present
and future time. It differs from other
auxiliaries in being followed by the ‘to form’
or the infinitive.
Ex: (‘You ought to do it.’)
(Ex: ‘you must do it’) ought is not as forceful
as ‘Must’ but is stronger than ‘Should’.
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59. 59
‘Ought’ expresses duty, fitness, necessity,
moral obligation etc.
1. They ought to stay in to fight Corona.(duty)
2. They ought to attend office regularly. (duty)
3. They ought to get into self quarantine.
(fitness)
4. You ought to obey your parents.(duty)
5. You ought to help the poor.(moral obligation)
6. We ought to buy some furniture. (necessity)
7. You ought to go for medical check up.
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60. 60
When ‘ought’ refers to Past time, it is
followed by the perfect infinitive:
1. He ought to have helped.
2. We ought not have wasted so much time
over it.
3. We have done things which we ought not
have done.
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61. 61
‘Need’
‘Need’ is used both as Principal Verb and
Auxiliary verb. As a Principal Verb it is
used in the sense of requirement.
1. He needs my help at this point.
2. We need two more players for the team.
3. We got whatever we needed.
4. He needs some more time to answer the
question.
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62. 62
Note: As an Auxiliary verb ‘need’ is
uninflected ( remains unchanged whatever
be the person or number of these
subjects.) and is commonly used with not.
1. He need not ask my permission.
2. He need not wait any longer.
3. They need not make such a fuss over it.
4. you need not mention this to any one
else.
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63. 63
Sometime ‘need’ is used with ‘hardly’
1. I need hardly say that I am very grateful.
2. We need hardly remind you of your
promise to visit us.
3. I need hardly add that you are always
welcome.
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64. 64
‘Need’ used in questions without ‘not’
1. Need he wait any longer?
2. Need I come again?
3. He need not pay any fine, need he?
Note: The answer is in the negative, ‘No, he
need to’ or ‘No, you, need not’, but if the
answer is affirmative, you should say
‘Yes, he must or ‘Yes, you must’. The
opposite of need not in such context is
not need but must.
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65. 65
When referring to Past Time, ‘need’
is followed by the Perfect Infinitive:
1. He need not have lost his temper.
2. They need not have come all the way.
3. We need not have waited for his approval.
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66. 66
‘Dare’
‘Dare’ is used both as Principal Verb and as
an Auxiliary Verb. As a regular verb it is
used in the sense of defy, challenge or
face boldly and is regularly inflected.
1. He does not dare to swim the channel.
2. He dares to do it.
3. He dares to call him a liar.
4. She dared to call him a liar.
5. There is nothing that Tom does not dare.
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67. 67
As an auxiliary, ‘dare’ is uninflected and
is commonly used without not, or in
interrogative sentences, and only
occasionally in affirmative statement.
1. He dare not do so. (does not have the
courage to)
2. I dare not take such risk.
3. He dare not oppose me.
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68. 68
1. Dare he say that to the Principal?
2. How dare he does such a thing?
3. I am surprised that he dare speak in such
a tone to the manager.
Note: The expression ‘dare say’ has lost its
original force and now just means
‘perhaps’
1. I dare say he will agree to our proposal.
2. I dare say that he is correct.
3. Do you think he will come? ‘I dare say he
will?’4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
OF EXCELLENCE BANGALORE

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Let’s think over it for a while!
Correct the following sentences:
1. I think it shall rain to night .
2. Will I buy a new car?
3. Shall you be able to visit us to tomorrow?
4. I shouldn’t have done this, if I were you.
5. If I were the President of India, I would
make English the only official language.
of the country.
4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
OF EXCELLENCE BANGALORE

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6. Use mosquito nets that you will not get
malaria.
7. ‘Need I wait any longer’? ‘Yes, you need.’
8. He need not have shouted at me like that.
9. Gurumukh dares not go against his wife’s
wishes.
10. You need to pay only the first installment
now.
4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
OF EXCELLENCE BANGALORE

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THANK YOU VERY MUCH
M PRAHALLADA
4/29/2020 M PRAHALLADA NVS CENTRE
OF EXCELLENCE BANGALORE