This document discusses the evolution of mobile networks and increasing network capacity demands. It covers several topics:
- Mobile network traffic has increased 10x in 3 years, while revenue only increased 35%, highlighting the capacity challenge.
- More spectrum is needed to meet future demand, but obtaining sufficient low-frequency spectrum is important for coverage and reducing costs.
- Future networks will require more frequent upgrades than in the past to support rising traffic loads. Technologies like LTE can help increase network capacity at a lower cost per bit.
- Indoor coverage solutions like small cells will become more important as the majority of data traffic occurs indoors. Fixed broadband can also help offload mobile networks.
- Obtain
4G World Mobile Backhaul Summit. If you missed it in person, feel free to view it online.
Speakers:
Mark Casey, CFN Services, Incorporated
Mike Dodson, Utopian Wireless
Doug Smith, Digital Bridge
Dan Graf, Leap Wireless/Cricket Communications
If you have any questions please contact CFN Services at backhaul@cfnservices.com
The document discusses shared back haul solutions for mobile network operators. It notes that mobile data traffic demand is growing rapidly and is difficult for operators to predict, posing challenges to their network strategies and capacity planning. It outlines existing strategies like site sharing and radio access network sharing that generate savings. The opportunity for shared back haul networks to deliver over 30% cost savings per operator is discussed, especially if a third party provides the shared transmission infrastructure as a neutral host. Managing spectrum availability and meeting disparate service requirements are noted as constraints.
This document discusses shared back haul solutions for mobile network operators. It outlines how operators are looking to reduce costs through network consolidation initiatives like site sharing and radio access network sharing. Shared back haul networks can potentially deliver over 30% cost savings per operator. A flexible managed service approach using a combination of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint solutions across microwave and fiber networks could optimize bandwidth usage and further lower costs for mobile operators compared to maintaining individual back haul networks. This represents a significant opportunity for network infrastructure providers to offer innovative shared back haul strategies.
This document discusses different types of broadband internet access. It describes digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, fibre optic, wireless, satellite, and broadband over powerline technologies. It provides details on connection speeds, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The document also lists broadband providers and plans available in the Cabinteely area of Ireland, and recommends UPC fibre internet and a Vodafone mobile WiFi device for a small business scenario based on speed and cost.
Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is always on and faster than dial-up. There are several types of broadband including DSL, cable, fibre optic, wireless, satellite, and powerline. DSL uses existing phone lines to transmit data at speeds up to several Mbps depending on location. Cable uses coaxial cables to provide broadband comparable to DSL. Fibre optic transmits data at substantially faster speeds, tens or hundreds of Mbps. Wireless broadband uses radio links and can be fixed or mobile. Satellite broadband works through orbiting satellites but is the most expensive option. In Ireland, options for broadband in the Cabinteely area include DSL from Eircom or Vodafone, cable
This document discusses BTS hotels, which are a concept that aggregates multiple base transceiver stations (BTSs) into a single location to help provide connectivity where towers are not permitted. BTS hotels provide benefits like decreased costs for site leases, power, maintenance and backhaul by sharing resources. The global market for distributed antenna systems (DAS), which include BTS hotels, is growing significantly. Vendors are getting involved by offering BTS hotels as a managed service and leasing their networks. The document recommends developing BTS hotels as a managed service and implementing a neutral host solution to serve multiple operators.
Hybrid/Fiber Coax (HFC) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Networks can deliver new interactive services by increasing network capacity through optoelectronic technology. Optoelectronics allows operators to extend fiber deeper into networks, better utilize existing bandwidth, and economically increase bandwidth. New technologies like high-power 1550nm transmitters and digital SONET multiplexers help increase capacity on HFC networks and fiber backbones to efficiently deliver interactive video, data, and voice services.
4G World Mobile Backhaul Summit. If you missed it in person, feel free to view it online.
Speakers:
Mark Casey, CFN Services, Incorporated
Mike Dodson, Utopian Wireless
Doug Smith, Digital Bridge
Dan Graf, Leap Wireless/Cricket Communications
If you have any questions please contact CFN Services at backhaul@cfnservices.com
The document discusses shared back haul solutions for mobile network operators. It notes that mobile data traffic demand is growing rapidly and is difficult for operators to predict, posing challenges to their network strategies and capacity planning. It outlines existing strategies like site sharing and radio access network sharing that generate savings. The opportunity for shared back haul networks to deliver over 30% cost savings per operator is discussed, especially if a third party provides the shared transmission infrastructure as a neutral host. Managing spectrum availability and meeting disparate service requirements are noted as constraints.
This document discusses shared back haul solutions for mobile network operators. It outlines how operators are looking to reduce costs through network consolidation initiatives like site sharing and radio access network sharing. Shared back haul networks can potentially deliver over 30% cost savings per operator. A flexible managed service approach using a combination of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint solutions across microwave and fiber networks could optimize bandwidth usage and further lower costs for mobile operators compared to maintaining individual back haul networks. This represents a significant opportunity for network infrastructure providers to offer innovative shared back haul strategies.
This document discusses different types of broadband internet access. It describes digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, fibre optic, wireless, satellite, and broadband over powerline technologies. It provides details on connection speeds, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The document also lists broadband providers and plans available in the Cabinteely area of Ireland, and recommends UPC fibre internet and a Vodafone mobile WiFi device for a small business scenario based on speed and cost.
Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is always on and faster than dial-up. There are several types of broadband including DSL, cable, fibre optic, wireless, satellite, and powerline. DSL uses existing phone lines to transmit data at speeds up to several Mbps depending on location. Cable uses coaxial cables to provide broadband comparable to DSL. Fibre optic transmits data at substantially faster speeds, tens or hundreds of Mbps. Wireless broadband uses radio links and can be fixed or mobile. Satellite broadband works through orbiting satellites but is the most expensive option. In Ireland, options for broadband in the Cabinteely area include DSL from Eircom or Vodafone, cable
This document discusses BTS hotels, which are a concept that aggregates multiple base transceiver stations (BTSs) into a single location to help provide connectivity where towers are not permitted. BTS hotels provide benefits like decreased costs for site leases, power, maintenance and backhaul by sharing resources. The global market for distributed antenna systems (DAS), which include BTS hotels, is growing significantly. Vendors are getting involved by offering BTS hotels as a managed service and leasing their networks. The document recommends developing BTS hotels as a managed service and implementing a neutral host solution to serve multiple operators.
Hybrid/Fiber Coax (HFC) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Networks can deliver new interactive services by increasing network capacity through optoelectronic technology. Optoelectronics allows operators to extend fiber deeper into networks, better utilize existing bandwidth, and economically increase bandwidth. New technologies like high-power 1550nm transmitters and digital SONET multiplexers help increase capacity on HFC networks and fiber backbones to efficiently deliver interactive video, data, and voice services.
Crsm 2 2009 Bill Lehr Mit Policy And Business Issues Of Heterogeneous Wi...imec.archive
The document discusses the heterogeneous wireless future and the implications of increased spectrum sharing. It argues that no single wireless platform will dominate due to the scarcity of radio frequency spectrum. Spectrum must be shared more extensively across services, networks, and infrastructure using software defined radio and cognitive radio technologies. These technologies are essential enablers of dynamic spectrum access and more flexible spectrum management approaches. The future involves greater end-user control over wireless networks and specialized networks operating alongside more integrated platforms.
4G LTE is experiencing explosive growth globally with LTE subscriptions growing from 47 million in 2009 to over 800 million in 2013. LTE provides significantly faster speeds than 3G, with downloads taking less than 25 seconds for a 20MB file versus over 3 minutes on 3G. LTE also offers a better quality of experience for activities like streaming HD video with little to no buffering compared to regular buffering on 3G. Various vertical sectors are also adopting LTE for applications such as IPTV, telemedicine, connected vehicles, virtual classrooms and mobile education.
Cable modems allow high-speed internet access over existing cable TV networks. They have the potential to provide internet speeds over 100 times faster than traditional dial-up connections, at a lower cost. Cable modem systems work by sending data downstream from the cable headend to multiple users simultaneously, and sending data upstream from individual users to the headend. Early cable modem systems were proprietary, but standardization under DOCSIS has led to wider adoption and compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers. India is poised for significant growth in cable modem internet users as costs decline from traditional telephone-based access.
The document discusses growth projections for broadband, wireless, and fixed line subscribers globally through 2013. It finds that while the recession has slowed growth temporarily, broadband subscribers will increase by 72% and wireless by over 60% by 2013. Fixed lines will decline gradually but be offset by broadband and wireless growth. The Asia-Pacific region will have half of global subscribers but account for only 28% of market value, while North America will have 7% of subscribers but 23% of market value. Growth rates vary widely by country.
ATIC Summit - Community Broadband Workshop 11/13/12Mark Goldstein
The Arizona Telecom & Information Council (ATIC) recently held a Broadband Summit. This is the slide deck from the Community Broadband Workshop that I anchored and put together. Session description was "A primary strategy of the Digital Arizona Program (DAP) is to provide funding, technical assistance, and support to the four rural Councils Of Government (COGS) and/or local communities to create Broadband Planning Committees. These committees and other stakeholder groups will develop and implement plans to expedite deployment of affordable high speed broadband services to their rural communities and to enable those communities and citizens to use next generation Broadband to support 21st Century education and workforce development, create jobs and support economic and community development, enhance public safety as well as health care and government services, and connect their citizens to the world. When you attend this workshop you will learn about resources, strategies, and tools to support the development of your community plans and engagement of your community's stakeholders."
WiMAX has the potential to replace existing telecommunications infrastructure by providing broadband internet, phone, and TV services without the need for cables. It can offer these services to both fixed locations and mobile users. WiMAX works by transmitting data between base stations and customer equipment over the air. The key components are radios at the base stations and customer locations, along with antennas to transmit and receive the wireless signals. WiMAX provides faster speeds and wider coverage than existing wireless technologies like WiFi, and allows for converged voice, data, and video services.
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas incAntenna Manufacturer Coco
5G will not replace fiber-optic broadband in the near future. While 5G has faster speeds than 4G, it still faces limitations as a wireless technology that make it unable to match fiber-optic broadband's speed, stability, and capacity. For 5G to replace fiber would require overcoming significant technical challenges around coverage, supporting the number of connected devices, and developing new interface standards. It is also not economically feasible for network operators given their large investments in fiber infrastructure. Instead, 5G and fiber-optic broadband will likely coexist, with fiber serving high-capacity applications and 5G providing mobile connectivity.
WiMAX has the potential to replace existing telecommunications infrastructure by providing broadband internet, phone, and TV services without the need for cables. It can do this through either fixed wireless or mobile configurations. WiMAX uses radio signals to transmit data between a base station and customer equipment up to 6 miles away, delivering speeds of around 40 Mbps. Key benefits of WiMAX include its ability to provide broadband connectivity to both businesses and homes from a single base station. Objections around interference, quality of service, security and reliability for wireless technologies are addressed through features in the WiMAX protocol like adaptive antenna systems and dynamic frequency selection.
There is a big market demand for broadband service due smart phone improvement, customer behavior in consuming more data compared to voice and attractive data plan from operator. WiMAX is one of technology that can venture to provide and enhance broadband service. The deployment scenario is discussed in general.
Whitepaper Advancements And Economics Make Vdsl Ideal Finaldandreladson
Video demand is driving the need for broadband networks capable of 100Mbps or more. Most providers are building hybrid networks using fiber for backbones and existing copper for last-mile connections due to much lower costs compared to full fiber networks. New VDSL technologies can deliver high speeds over copper at a fraction of the cost of fiber while meeting demand. VDSL uses techniques like bonding and vectoring to support high performance over copper for the foreseeable future.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
The document discusses how optical Ethernet can help telecommunications networks meet increasing bandwidth demands from new services like HD video. It describes how optical Ethernet provides gigabit capacity to multiple homes using fiber to the home infrastructure. It also summarizes how networks can smoothly migrate to optical Ethernet by upgrading existing DSL networks or migrating leased line services.
This document discusses leased lines, DSL, and cable modems. It defines leased lines as dedicated high-speed internet connections for medium and large organizations, providing connectivity for 24 hours a day at speeds from 64kbps to 2Mbps for a fixed monthly fee. It describes DSL as providing speeds from 256kbps to 24Mbps over existing phone lines. Cable modems are discussed as using coaxial cable to achieve speeds up to 2Mbps for internet access.
While LTE is the future in telecommunications, in light of the negative business case around 2.3/2.6Ghz deployments, the Indian roadmap looks a little less promising then it should be.
BT and strategic research into next-generation communication and applications.
Presented at "Implementing Future Networks, Content and Services with Secure and Efficient Systems." At the University of Surrey 20th Sept 2010
This document discusses and compares VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) networks. It provides details on the evolution and architecture of PSTN networks and how they facilitate voice communications. It also describes how IP networks were developed for higher speed data and internet access. While most telecom providers built separate networks for voice and data, some now offer VoIP over their IP networks. The document analyzes advantages and disadvantages of carrying voice calls over IP networks versus circuit-switched networks like PSTN. It argues that a mixed network approach using both is most cost effective and ensures quality for real-time communications like voice and video.
Information about the different types of broadband packages offered by different telecommunications companies and the prices they are offering the packages at.
The document provides information on 3G and 4G cellular network technologies. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, describing key technologies and standards used at each stage. It then focuses on 4G networks, explaining technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and IPv6 that enable higher data rates and more capabilities compared to 3G. The document also compares features of 3G and 4G networks and provides examples of applications that can be supported on 4G networks.
An enhanced technique for PAPR reduction in mobile WIMAXIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in mobile WiMAX systems. Mobile WiMAX uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) which is susceptible to high PAPR. The document analyzes using discrete sine transform (DST) as a pre-coding technique before OFDM modulation to reduce PAPR. It compares DST to other pre-coding techniques like Hadamard transform and raised cosine pre-coding. The technique works by linearly transforming the input signal block before modulation. This results in a signal with lower PAPR while avoiding non-linear distortion and improved efficiency for broadband wireless services.
Crsm 2 2009 Bill Lehr Mit Policy And Business Issues Of Heterogeneous Wi...imec.archive
The document discusses the heterogeneous wireless future and the implications of increased spectrum sharing. It argues that no single wireless platform will dominate due to the scarcity of radio frequency spectrum. Spectrum must be shared more extensively across services, networks, and infrastructure using software defined radio and cognitive radio technologies. These technologies are essential enablers of dynamic spectrum access and more flexible spectrum management approaches. The future involves greater end-user control over wireless networks and specialized networks operating alongside more integrated platforms.
4G LTE is experiencing explosive growth globally with LTE subscriptions growing from 47 million in 2009 to over 800 million in 2013. LTE provides significantly faster speeds than 3G, with downloads taking less than 25 seconds for a 20MB file versus over 3 minutes on 3G. LTE also offers a better quality of experience for activities like streaming HD video with little to no buffering compared to regular buffering on 3G. Various vertical sectors are also adopting LTE for applications such as IPTV, telemedicine, connected vehicles, virtual classrooms and mobile education.
Cable modems allow high-speed internet access over existing cable TV networks. They have the potential to provide internet speeds over 100 times faster than traditional dial-up connections, at a lower cost. Cable modem systems work by sending data downstream from the cable headend to multiple users simultaneously, and sending data upstream from individual users to the headend. Early cable modem systems were proprietary, but standardization under DOCSIS has led to wider adoption and compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers. India is poised for significant growth in cable modem internet users as costs decline from traditional telephone-based access.
The document discusses growth projections for broadband, wireless, and fixed line subscribers globally through 2013. It finds that while the recession has slowed growth temporarily, broadband subscribers will increase by 72% and wireless by over 60% by 2013. Fixed lines will decline gradually but be offset by broadband and wireless growth. The Asia-Pacific region will have half of global subscribers but account for only 28% of market value, while North America will have 7% of subscribers but 23% of market value. Growth rates vary widely by country.
ATIC Summit - Community Broadband Workshop 11/13/12Mark Goldstein
The Arizona Telecom & Information Council (ATIC) recently held a Broadband Summit. This is the slide deck from the Community Broadband Workshop that I anchored and put together. Session description was "A primary strategy of the Digital Arizona Program (DAP) is to provide funding, technical assistance, and support to the four rural Councils Of Government (COGS) and/or local communities to create Broadband Planning Committees. These committees and other stakeholder groups will develop and implement plans to expedite deployment of affordable high speed broadband services to their rural communities and to enable those communities and citizens to use next generation Broadband to support 21st Century education and workforce development, create jobs and support economic and community development, enhance public safety as well as health care and government services, and connect their citizens to the world. When you attend this workshop you will learn about resources, strategies, and tools to support the development of your community plans and engagement of your community's stakeholders."
WiMAX has the potential to replace existing telecommunications infrastructure by providing broadband internet, phone, and TV services without the need for cables. It can offer these services to both fixed locations and mobile users. WiMAX works by transmitting data between base stations and customer equipment over the air. The key components are radios at the base stations and customer locations, along with antennas to transmit and receive the wireless signals. WiMAX provides faster speeds and wider coverage than existing wireless technologies like WiFi, and allows for converged voice, data, and video services.
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas incAntenna Manufacturer Coco
5G will not replace fiber-optic broadband in the near future. While 5G has faster speeds than 4G, it still faces limitations as a wireless technology that make it unable to match fiber-optic broadband's speed, stability, and capacity. For 5G to replace fiber would require overcoming significant technical challenges around coverage, supporting the number of connected devices, and developing new interface standards. It is also not economically feasible for network operators given their large investments in fiber infrastructure. Instead, 5G and fiber-optic broadband will likely coexist, with fiber serving high-capacity applications and 5G providing mobile connectivity.
WiMAX has the potential to replace existing telecommunications infrastructure by providing broadband internet, phone, and TV services without the need for cables. It can do this through either fixed wireless or mobile configurations. WiMAX uses radio signals to transmit data between a base station and customer equipment up to 6 miles away, delivering speeds of around 40 Mbps. Key benefits of WiMAX include its ability to provide broadband connectivity to both businesses and homes from a single base station. Objections around interference, quality of service, security and reliability for wireless technologies are addressed through features in the WiMAX protocol like adaptive antenna systems and dynamic frequency selection.
There is a big market demand for broadband service due smart phone improvement, customer behavior in consuming more data compared to voice and attractive data plan from operator. WiMAX is one of technology that can venture to provide and enhance broadband service. The deployment scenario is discussed in general.
Whitepaper Advancements And Economics Make Vdsl Ideal Finaldandreladson
Video demand is driving the need for broadband networks capable of 100Mbps or more. Most providers are building hybrid networks using fiber for backbones and existing copper for last-mile connections due to much lower costs compared to full fiber networks. New VDSL technologies can deliver high speeds over copper at a fraction of the cost of fiber while meeting demand. VDSL uses techniques like bonding and vectoring to support high performance over copper for the foreseeable future.
This document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE technology. It discusses the evolution of 3GPP standards and the advancement needed for high data rates, including the use of OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA. It provides a brief introduction to LTE including its radio interface architecture, downlink and uplink transmissions, and cell search procedure. Relevant 3GPP specifications for LTE are also listed.
The document discusses how optical Ethernet can help telecommunications networks meet increasing bandwidth demands from new services like HD video. It describes how optical Ethernet provides gigabit capacity to multiple homes using fiber to the home infrastructure. It also summarizes how networks can smoothly migrate to optical Ethernet by upgrading existing DSL networks or migrating leased line services.
This document discusses leased lines, DSL, and cable modems. It defines leased lines as dedicated high-speed internet connections for medium and large organizations, providing connectivity for 24 hours a day at speeds from 64kbps to 2Mbps for a fixed monthly fee. It describes DSL as providing speeds from 256kbps to 24Mbps over existing phone lines. Cable modems are discussed as using coaxial cable to achieve speeds up to 2Mbps for internet access.
While LTE is the future in telecommunications, in light of the negative business case around 2.3/2.6Ghz deployments, the Indian roadmap looks a little less promising then it should be.
BT and strategic research into next-generation communication and applications.
Presented at "Implementing Future Networks, Content and Services with Secure and Efficient Systems." At the University of Surrey 20th Sept 2010
This document discusses and compares VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) networks. It provides details on the evolution and architecture of PSTN networks and how they facilitate voice communications. It also describes how IP networks were developed for higher speed data and internet access. While most telecom providers built separate networks for voice and data, some now offer VoIP over their IP networks. The document analyzes advantages and disadvantages of carrying voice calls over IP networks versus circuit-switched networks like PSTN. It argues that a mixed network approach using both is most cost effective and ensures quality for real-time communications like voice and video.
Information about the different types of broadband packages offered by different telecommunications companies and the prices they are offering the packages at.
The document provides information on 3G and 4G cellular network technologies. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, describing key technologies and standards used at each stage. It then focuses on 4G networks, explaining technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and IPv6 that enable higher data rates and more capabilities compared to 3G. The document also compares features of 3G and 4G networks and provides examples of applications that can be supported on 4G networks.
An enhanced technique for PAPR reduction in mobile WIMAXIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in mobile WiMAX systems. Mobile WiMAX uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) which is susceptible to high PAPR. The document analyzes using discrete sine transform (DST) as a pre-coding technique before OFDM modulation to reduce PAPR. It compares DST to other pre-coding techniques like Hadamard transform and raised cosine pre-coding. The technique works by linearly transforming the input signal block before modulation. This results in a signal with lower PAPR while avoiding non-linear distortion and improved efficiency for broadband wireless services.
5G will be the 5th generation of cellular technology providing high-speed wireless connectivity. It will have high throughput, wide coverage, and use high carrier frequencies and massive bandwidth. Key features include speeds over 100 Mbps for downloading and uploading, support for multimedia and video streaming, and global access. 5G will use technologies like OFDM, mmWave frequencies, and massive MIMO to achieve data rates 1000x faster than previous generations and support new applications and more connected devices. Significant engineering challenges remain around network densification, mobility, and costs to fully realize the potential of 5G.
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
This paper discusses a new cellular wireless network architecture that uses an unlimited number of antennas at base stations. This allows base stations to better distinguish between user signals and eliminate pilot contamination. Pilot contamination occurs now when pilot sequences are reused in nearby cells, causing interference. With many antennas, base stations can spatially separate pilot signals from different cells. This noncooperative approach could improve spectral efficiency without cell coordination. The paper introduces new techniques to address fundamental issues in multi-user MIMO networks with massive antenna arrays at base stations.
This document provides an overview of mobile computing technologies including GSM, GPRS, CDMA, and WLANs. It discusses the objectives and history of GSM and describes its architecture and evolution. Key features of GPRS are outlined including its use of packet data networks. The document also summarizes CDMA technology, highlighting its use of code division multiple access. Advantages and disadvantages of WLANs are presented. Finally, the document defines global mobile satellite systems and discusses their benefits and drawbacks for communication.
Integrated Optical Wireless Network For Next Generation Wireless SystemsCSCJournals
Next generation wireless networks need to support broadband wireless services at significantly reduced cost. The existing wireless systems can hardly provide transmission capacity of the order of few Mbps. However, millimeter waves and optical fiber can provide data capacity of the order of Gbps and Tbps respectively. Hence the requirements of broadband wireless system can be achieved through the integration of optical fiber and millimeter wireless systems. We suggest modified millimeter wireless system, with optical fiber as feeder network. Simulations have been carried out for AWGN and optical fiber channels using MATLAB code, so as to compare their individual performance. When compared it is observed that the performance of multimode optical fiber (MMOF) link even for distance of 80 KM is better than that of the AWGN channel with SNR of 50 dB and above. Hence, an integrated fiber radio network is an excellent cost effective media for higher data rate (>100Mbps).
4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. It is defined as a fully IP-based integrated system providing 100 Mbps outdoors and 1 Gbps indoors, with quality of service and security, offering customized personal services anywhere through seamless interoperability using technologies like OFDM, MIMO and IPv6. Research is ongoing to build 4G networks through approaches like lower prices, more spectrum coordination, and standardization while addressing issues like security, lack of standards and wireless spam.
The document summarizes key aspects of 4G technology, including its speed capabilities, multiplexing schemes, support for IP, use of intelligent antenna systems, and impact on India. 4G provides data speeds up to 100 Mbps for mobile devices and 1 Gbps for low mobility devices. It uses OFDMA multiplexing and supports IPv6. MIMO antenna technology is employed to achieve spatial multiplexing. The document also discusses India's late adoption of 3G and expectations that 4G will launch in India by late 2013, and the positive impacts 4G could have on government, education, industry, telecom sector, citizens and various organizations in India.
The document discusses various technologies being considered for 5G networks, including beam division multiple access (BDMA), cognitive radio, software defined radio, supporting IPv6 and flat IP networks, multihoming, pervasive networks, group cooperative relay techniques, mobile cloud computing, high altitude stratospheric platforms, and reducing power consumption. 5G is expected to be rolled out around 2020 and provide significantly higher data speeds and capacities compared to 4G, while supporting a variety of wireless access technologies and seamless handovers between them.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teacher ( Dr.H.P.Sinha HOD (ECE) ) thank for Dr. H.P. sinha and all my teachers for help me. thank you
An introduction to the 4th generation of mobile phone mobile communications standard and comparison with previous standards.
Prepared for Computer Network & Database Administration course.
Presented at Multimedia University, Malaysia by Ali Mohammad Hossein Zadeh, 2011.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its key features and evolution. It discusses the applications of 4G, the telecom companies developing 4G networks, the infrastructure required, and technologies used such as OFDM. The document also summarizes the effects of radio communications and concludes that 4G will converge networks and technologies, providing opportunities for carriers while changing people's lives.
Article on MIMO-OFDM printed in BSNL telecom JournalSushil Kumar
The document summarizes MIMO-OFDM technology for high-speed wireless communication. It describes that MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize errors and optimize data speed. It can increase channel capacity while obeying Shannon's law. OFDM divides data into small sub-signals transmitted through different frequencies using IFFT and FFT. Combining MIMO with OFDM provides higher throughput and link reliability. Industry standards like 802.11n, 802.16a, LTE/LTE Advanced have adopted MIMO-OFDM to achieve data rates up to 1Gbps.
This document discusses open source software, including its definition, history, examples, business models, and licensing. Open source software is software with source code that is openly shared and may be redistributed with minimal restrictions. Examples provided include operating systems like Linux as well as many popular internet applications. The document also discusses the open source development model and compares it to traditional software development approaches.
This document summarizes key differences between C and C++. It discusses how C++ made all data types first-class objects, introduced classes with data hiding and member functions, allowed more flexible variable declarations, and added new features like bool, enum types and comments. C++ aimed to make C more object-oriented and added object-oriented programming concepts.
This document discusses several topics related to mobile network evolution and capacity planning. It notes that network traffic has increased 10-fold in 3 years while revenue only increased 35%. It also discusses how obtaining sufficient spectrum is important to meet future demand as limited spectrum can increase network costs significantly. Finally, it emphasizes that the path to LTE is important but will require guidance to ensure coverage, capacity, and a balanced traffic load across different frequency bands.
This document discusses biometrics sensors and various biometric authentication methods. It describes conventional authentication using something you have, like a card, or something you know, like a password. Biometric authentication uses personal features like fingerprints. The document outlines different biometric technologies including fingerprint, face, iris, hand, and signature recognition. It discusses applications and results from tests that showed many biometric systems can be fooled, though methods and difficulty varied between systems. Overall, the document presents an overview of biometric sensors and technologies while noting security issues that manufacturers need to address to improve biometric authentication.
The document provides an overview of C++ including:
- A brief history of C++ and its origins as an extension of C to add object-oriented programming features.
- Descriptions of input/output capabilities using standard functions from the iostream library to read from and write to standard input/output.
- Mentions of preprocessor directives and comments as parts of C++.
The document provides an overview of C++ including:
- A brief history of C++ and its origins as an extension of C to add object-oriented programming features.
- Descriptions of input/output capabilities using standard functions from the iostream library to read from and write to standard input/output.
- Mentions of preprocessor directives and comments as parts of C++.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
1. Submitted By
Name:- Manjot Singh Sandhu
Branch:- CSE N1
5 april 2012
Roll No.:- 115313
2. CONTENTS
Why use How can
indoor capacity be
antennas? increased?
How to avoid
interference?
What about
the future?
Why do we need
so much
spectrum?
How to build
a mobile
network?
4. april 2012
11. With boosting data traffic there is a need for more frequent
network updates than before
Network cost
LTE
HSPA+
HSPA
Basic 3G
= Resulting network cost
Traffic load
4. april 2012
12. Limited spectrum drives cost!
Example: Two operators with very different spectrum size
•Country 1: 8,8MHz band ->44 channels
– =>132 Erlang per base station
– => 40 base stations needed to handle
Area= 50km2 total traffic of 5190 Erlang
Population= 1 M • Country 2: 4,4 MHz band -> 22
Subscribers= 346k
15 mErl/sub (*)
channels
Tot. traffic= 5190 Erl – =>29 Erlang per base station
– => 179 base stations needed to
handle total traffic of 5190 Erlang
=> Having only half of the spectrum can
mean 4,5 times the cost.
(*) Meaning that the average customer calls for 1,5% of the most busy hour of the day
For illustration purpose only – the conclusions and calculations are simplified
4. april 2012
13. Getting more spectrum essential for
meeting future service demand
Frequency spectrum for mobile communication
Digital
Dividend 3G
(UMTS2100)
CDMA Mobile broadband
GSM900 GSM1800 extension band
500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz
4. april 2012
14. 3G in new frequency bands -
refarming
(WCDMA = UMTS/HSPA = 3G)
(HSPA)
In-Building
coverage area for
suburban terrain
4. april 2012
(Source: Nokia Siemens Networks & Elisa)
15. Access to low frequency spectrum:
-High impact on mobile broadband
• Profitable coverage even
outside the urban areas
• Potential for saving 50-70%
of site costs
16. Digital Dividend band: A desire and a curse:
Too little of something good can be bad!
800 MHz
2600 MHz
11%
800 MHz:
Very attractive for coverage, but how to
avoid traffic congestion if 89% of all
users only have coverage from the 800
MHz system?
=> A fair amount of low-frequency
spectrum per operator is a prerequisite.
17. Network capacity is hard to predict Total
Capacity
10 Mbit/s
7.5 Mbit/s
5 Mbit/s
2.5 Mbit/s
10 Mbit/s
1 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
5 Mbit/s
0.2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
0.05Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
4. april 2012
18. Growing need for indoor coverage systems
• Urban building walls block 99% of
the outdoor signal
• Safe to re-use the same carriers
indoors
• Buildings with heavy data traffic:
Use indoor antenna systems, WiFi
or femtocells
• Need fixed broadband lines to
provide connection and offload
mobile network
21. -or will we need proper guidance?
4. april 2012
22. LTE is defined for all relevant frequency bands
Digital
Dividend 3G
(UMTS2100)
CDMA Mobile WiMAX/ Fixed
EDGE900 EDGE1800 Mob. 3G extension band WiMAX
WiMAX
500 MHz 1000 MHz 1500 MHz 2000 MHz 2500 MHz 3000 MHz 3500 MHz
LTE
LTE LTE LTE LTE LTE LTEAdv.
Low Frequency High Frequency
Long range Short range
4. april 2012
23. Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE
- Downlink, sum of voice and data
Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution,
surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps
version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier.
Source: CONTEST, Telenor.
24. Speed is not the motivation…
Lower production cost per bit
Cost per Mbyte
3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE …
4. april 2012 Source: NSN
25. Competitive power
-Determined by spectrum
10
2600
MHz
2600
20
800
MHz
Fakecom
LTE deployment strategy
must be tuned to our
relative ability to
compete.
27. Key take-aways
• Convergence: Usage and interactions between mobile and fixed networks will
continue to grow to ensure optimum service offerings
• Cost curves: Mobile technologies are much less suited for flat-rate subscriptions
than fixed broadband technologies
• Hybrid networks: Operators need to utilize more than one mobile technology to
secure cost-effective deployments
• Mobile Broadband: Mobile networks keep offering higher data rates but within
limited coverage range, especially indoor
• Indoor coverage: Indoor mobile broadband users represent majority of the traffic
and should to a larger extent be connected via indoor antenna solutions.
• New spectrum: Mobile Broadband at low frequencies is a cost-effective solution
for areas with lower population density, as long as a healthy traffic balance is
maintained.
4. april 2012
32. Abbreviations
BSC Base Station Controller IP Internet Protocol
BSS Base Station Subsystem ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
BTS Base Transceiver Station ITU International Telecommunication Union
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunication
CSD Circuit Switched Data MSC Mobile Switching Center
CN Core Network PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
D-AMPS Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone System PSK Phase Shift Keying (Modulation)
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
E-GPRS Enhanced - GPRS RNC Radio Network Controller
ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network SCP Service Control Point
ETSIEuropean Telecommunications SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
Standards Institute TDD Time Division Duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
FDD-DS Frequency Division Duplex – UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Direct Spread System
FDD-MC Frequency Division Duplex - MultiCarrier UTRAN UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node VHE Virtual Home Environment
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network VLR Visitor Location Register
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
(Modulation) WAP Wireless Application Protocol
GPRS General Packet Radio System W-CDMA Wideband -CDMA
GSM Global System for Mobile 2G 2nd Generation (mobile network)
communication (2,5G GPRS)
HLR april 2012
4. Home Location Register 3G 3rd Generation (mobile network)
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership
33. Sites, BTSs and cells…
• A SITE is the physical location of which a base station is placed. Includes all
equipment put up by the operator (mast, antennas,cabin, base station
rack etc.)
• A BTS is the base transceiver station, normally just called base station, i.e.
the cabinet(s) containing the 1-3 cells belonging to a site.
• A NodeB is the term used for BTS in UMTS
• A CELL is each uniquely identified GSM or UMTS capacity source in a BTS
or NodeB, defined by its own coverage footprint (or coverage cell)
• A TRX is a single transmitter/receiver unit able to provide one single GSM
frequency to the cell’s coverage footprint. Each cell has 1-12 TRXs
depending on the capacity need.
4. april 2012
35. Target for the network evolution:
All IP broadband network
36. Basic network interfaces
Fixed
network
Authentication
Media Subscriber
Core Gateway profiles Charging Service Platform
Network
Intelligent Network
Core
Packet
Transport Switch Internet
Base Gateway
Statio Packet
n Switch
Contro Serving
Transport Backhaul l Node
Network
Base station
Radio / network domain
Access
Network user domain
Marie Anne
37. Cost distribution in mobile networks
Core & Backbone network Transport network Radio Access network
BTS
MSC BSC
ISP internet
connection BTS
Hub
Core
Backbone network Access network
m*E1 n*E1
E1 BTS
MGW
Backhaul
CAPEX share for
greenfield voice 30% 20% 50%
CAPEX share for
greenfield MBB 10% 45% 45%
4. april 2012