Behavioural economics attempts to incorporate insights from psychology into economics by studying how real people make decisions rather than assuming perfectly rational behaviour. It observes how people use mental shortcuts and make inconsistent, irrational decisions due to biases, framing effects, and lack of self-control. For example, people irrationally pay more for aspirin when the price is higher. Behavioural economics advocates for public policies and designs that acknowledge human psychology rather than assuming perfect rationality.
15 Lessons from Behavioural Economics - by @tjalve @boardofinno - Board of In...Board of Innovation
Within our team @boardofinno, we give short presentations to each other, to learn more, to get inspired, to be amazed,…
The following deck was used by @tjalve in our internal #teachme session.
It covers 15 lessons from Behavioural Economics you can apply to your ongoing projects.
The concepts covered are:
1. The Endowment Effect
2. Hyperbolic Discounting
3. The IKEA effect
4. Anchoring Bias
5. The Von Restorff Effect
6. Loss Aversion
7. Hedonic Adaption
8. The Bandwagon Effect
9. The Inaction inertia effect
10. The Zeigarnik Effect
11. The Framing Effect
12. The Goal Gradient Effect
13. The Choice Paradox
14. Round Pricing Preference
15. Reciprocity
Aspiration, confidence, fear of failure and trust play a role in the B2B buying mindset. It sounds obvious, but avoidance of risk is a key component of business continuity and it’s easy to forget that B2B buyers are human beings, rather than rational decision-making robots. Brands need to invest time in understanding how their audience makes decisions if they are to influence them
15 Behavioural Economics Principles to increase ConversionsSiteVisibility
This presentation demonstrates the value of understanding and using a variety of behavioural economics principles to achieve results in your digital marketing campaign.
Webinar: Using Behavioral Economics to Identify What Motivates Shopper BehaviorRevTrax
Behavioral economics, the intersection of psychology and economics, is broadly gaining ground in the business world. Shoppers often make irrational decisions based on messaging brands can control.
Neil Gandhi, VP of Data Science at RevTrax, and Jura Liaukonyte, SM.A., Ph.D, Professor at Cornell University, recently discussed proven behavioral economic methodologies and how they can be applied to digital tests to uncover the most effective shopper motivators. These learnings can be tied to specific audience segments and applied at scale to increase shopper engagement online and in-store, making national, shopper and trade promotions more impactful and cost-effective.
The webinar is included as the last slide in this presentation (also at https://youtu.be/35CbJRUz1Cs ). Watch the webinar and reference the slides to learn how marketers can leverage behavioral economics to identify triggers that drive shopper behavior along the path to purchase. You will:
- Learn what behavioral economics is and why it is important.
- Understand how behavioral economics is used in the business world.
- Walk through an actual case study on how brands can use behavioral economics to influence a shopper's path to purchase across audiences and channels.
Visit http://revtrax.com/insights to learn how RevTrax can help you combine customer-level data and behavioral economics methodology to test, optimize, and measure your digital promotions and marketing investments.
Updated revision presentation on aspects of behavioural economics and topical issues where behavioural nudges are being used to change the choices of consumers and businesses.
15 Lessons from Behavioural Economics - by @tjalve @boardofinno - Board of In...Board of Innovation
Within our team @boardofinno, we give short presentations to each other, to learn more, to get inspired, to be amazed,…
The following deck was used by @tjalve in our internal #teachme session.
It covers 15 lessons from Behavioural Economics you can apply to your ongoing projects.
The concepts covered are:
1. The Endowment Effect
2. Hyperbolic Discounting
3. The IKEA effect
4. Anchoring Bias
5. The Von Restorff Effect
6. Loss Aversion
7. Hedonic Adaption
8. The Bandwagon Effect
9. The Inaction inertia effect
10. The Zeigarnik Effect
11. The Framing Effect
12. The Goal Gradient Effect
13. The Choice Paradox
14. Round Pricing Preference
15. Reciprocity
Aspiration, confidence, fear of failure and trust play a role in the B2B buying mindset. It sounds obvious, but avoidance of risk is a key component of business continuity and it’s easy to forget that B2B buyers are human beings, rather than rational decision-making robots. Brands need to invest time in understanding how their audience makes decisions if they are to influence them
15 Behavioural Economics Principles to increase ConversionsSiteVisibility
This presentation demonstrates the value of understanding and using a variety of behavioural economics principles to achieve results in your digital marketing campaign.
Webinar: Using Behavioral Economics to Identify What Motivates Shopper BehaviorRevTrax
Behavioral economics, the intersection of psychology and economics, is broadly gaining ground in the business world. Shoppers often make irrational decisions based on messaging brands can control.
Neil Gandhi, VP of Data Science at RevTrax, and Jura Liaukonyte, SM.A., Ph.D, Professor at Cornell University, recently discussed proven behavioral economic methodologies and how they can be applied to digital tests to uncover the most effective shopper motivators. These learnings can be tied to specific audience segments and applied at scale to increase shopper engagement online and in-store, making national, shopper and trade promotions more impactful and cost-effective.
The webinar is included as the last slide in this presentation (also at https://youtu.be/35CbJRUz1Cs ). Watch the webinar and reference the slides to learn how marketers can leverage behavioral economics to identify triggers that drive shopper behavior along the path to purchase. You will:
- Learn what behavioral economics is and why it is important.
- Understand how behavioral economics is used in the business world.
- Walk through an actual case study on how brands can use behavioral economics to influence a shopper's path to purchase across audiences and channels.
Visit http://revtrax.com/insights to learn how RevTrax can help you combine customer-level data and behavioral economics methodology to test, optimize, and measure your digital promotions and marketing investments.
Updated revision presentation on aspects of behavioural economics and topical issues where behavioural nudges are being used to change the choices of consumers and businesses.
Behavioural Economics content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics:
Alternative Views of Consumer Behaviour
Behavioural Biases
Nudges
Slides Jeff Otto recently used in his discussion w/ mentees of The Product Mentor.
The Product Mentor is a program designed to pair Product Mentors and Mentees from around the World, across all industries, from start-up to enterprise, guided by the fundamental goals…Better Decisions. Better Products. Better Product People.
Throughout the program, each mentor leads a conversation in an area of their expertise that is live streamed and available to both mentee and the broader product community.
http://TheProductMentor.com
Monopoly Competition
Monopoly (from the greek “mónos”, single, and “polein”, to sell) is a form of the market structure of imperfect competition, mainly characterized by the existence of a sole seller and many buyers. This kind of market is normally associated with the entry and exit barriers.
In economics, a monopoly refers to a firm which has a product without any substitute in the market. Therefore, for all practical purposes, it is a single-firm industry.
A monopoly is a firm that supplies all of the output in a market.
This presentation looks at behavioural nudges used by different businesses. Nudges are interventions that preserve freedom of choice but that nonetheless influence people’s decisions. Our decisions are often heavily affected by behavioural biases, instinctively we favour the default option
Choices are contextual and we are also deeply affected by social norms.
Behavioural Economics content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics:
Alternative Views of Consumer Behaviour
Behavioural Biases
Nudges
Slides Jeff Otto recently used in his discussion w/ mentees of The Product Mentor.
The Product Mentor is a program designed to pair Product Mentors and Mentees from around the World, across all industries, from start-up to enterprise, guided by the fundamental goals…Better Decisions. Better Products. Better Product People.
Throughout the program, each mentor leads a conversation in an area of their expertise that is live streamed and available to both mentee and the broader product community.
http://TheProductMentor.com
Monopoly Competition
Monopoly (from the greek “mónos”, single, and “polein”, to sell) is a form of the market structure of imperfect competition, mainly characterized by the existence of a sole seller and many buyers. This kind of market is normally associated with the entry and exit barriers.
In economics, a monopoly refers to a firm which has a product without any substitute in the market. Therefore, for all practical purposes, it is a single-firm industry.
A monopoly is a firm that supplies all of the output in a market.
This presentation looks at behavioural nudges used by different businesses. Nudges are interventions that preserve freedom of choice but that nonetheless influence people’s decisions. Our decisions are often heavily affected by behavioural biases, instinctively we favour the default option
Choices are contextual and we are also deeply affected by social norms.
The link between income and demand is explored when we cover income elasticity of demand. The most important distinction to make in this section is between normal and inferior products. Please also be clear on the difference between a normal necessity and a normal luxury. The coefficient of income elasticity is important for businesses because it helps them to forecast, other factors remaining the same, how demand for their goods and services will be affected by changes in the real incomes of consumers as an economy moves through the various stages of a business cycle. Producers of inferior goods tend to do well when an economy is in recession or when real wages are falling!
Normal laws of demand suggest that as prices increase demand decreases whilst firms attempt to supply more (with the opposite happening as prices decrease). The concept of elasticities asks the question ‘by how much does demand and supply change?’ Recent examination reports have made it clear that “price elasticity is an important topic and students should be prepared to apply it to the examination context as well as quote the formulas.” There is a lot to learn in this section – start with a good understanding of what elasticity it and how it is measured. Then consider why it matters for businesses to have a working knowledge / estimate of the coefficient of price elasticity of demand.
Which goods and services are best left to the market? And which are more efficiently and fairly provided as collective consumption goods by the state? This is at the heart of your revision of public goods. Central to your revision will be to understand why public goods may not be provided by the market. You can work this out by distinguishing between public and private goods and focusing on the ideas of rivalry and excludability in consumption. Students should understand the free rider and valuation problems – there are big debates in economics about the optimum size of the state. Rapid changes in technology are also changing the nature of what is and what is not a public good.
What is the Nudge Theory?
A mixure of beavourial economics, psychology, political theory, marketing and sales. Its the theory that considers how people make decisions – and how others impact them.
An indifference curve shows combinations of goods and services between which a consumer is indifferent
In other words, each combination on an indifference curve gives the consumer the same total satisfaction
An indifference curve is normally drawn as convex to the origin
This reflects the assumption of the law of diminishing marginal satisfaction / marginal utility
I.e. as we consume extra units of something, the extra utility falls, total utility rises at a diminishing rate
Combinations of products on an indifference curve further from the origin are assumed to give greater total utility
Private Finance Initiative (PFI) changes model of funding for large-scale investment projects
First launched in 1992 by a Conservative government and was extended heavily by the Labour government of 1997-2010.
By 2011, more than 700 hospitals, schools, prisons and other public sector projects had been built under the PFI scheme
Encourages private investors manage the design, build, finance and operation of public infrastructure such as new schools, hospitals, social housing, defence contracts, prisons and road improvements.
Typical PFI contract repaid by government over 30 year period
This is part of an introduction to indifference curve analysis. A budget line shows the combinations of two products that a consumer can afford to buy with a given income – using all of their available budget
The gradient of the budget line reflects the relative prices of the two products
Students should be able to:
Understand the characteristics of this market structure with particular reference to the interdependence of firms
Explain the behaviour of firms in this market structure
Explain reasons for collusive and non-collusive behaviour
Evaluate the reasons why firms may wish to pursue both overt and tacit collusion
Students should be able to:
Explain and evaluate the characteristics and necessary conditions for a monopsony to operate.
Evaluate the potential costs and benefits of a monopsony to both firms and consumers.
A k a d e m i k A r a ç t i r m a l a r D e r g i s i 2 0 1 0 .docxrobert345678
A k a d e m i k A r a ç t i r m a l a r D e r g i s i 2 0 1 0 , S a y i 4 6 , S a y f a l a r 1 - 9
INDIVIDUALS' CHOICES: TRADITIONAL
AND BEHAVIORAL FINANCE
I PERSPECTIVES
Kadir Can YALÇIN'
INTRODUCTION
Traditional finance ignores the psychological and behavioral
dimensions of individuals' choices. Because of this ignorance, behavioral
finance has emerged in order to obtain a better explanation about how
psychological factors affect individuals' behaviors and decisions.
Individuals' choices from the behavioral finance perspective differ
from the traditional finance perspective. According to traditional finance,
human behavior is rational during the decision making process described by the
expected utility theory. That is, individuals always try to maximize their utilities
by setting limits to their feelings and act only by using their minds as super-
calculator, emotionless robots.
On the other hand, according to behavioral finance, this kind of
rationality is hypothetical and, in reality, individuals suffer some cognitive
limitations when they have to make decisions incorporating the prospect theory.
Prospect theory is the descriptive explanation of how people behave and it has
served as an anchor for behavioral finance supporters.
The aim of this paper is to examine the question "are individuals
rational or not" during the decision making process by comparing the traditional
and behavioral finance point of views and will begin with the expected utility
theory. Next, the prospect theory and the mental accounting will be presented.
' EXPECTED UTILITY THEORY I
Uncertainty is present in almost all decisions concerning both social
and business hfe, but financial decisions constitute a special case. Yet, one is
expected to make healthy decisions when faced with uncertainty, because our
decisions will designate how much pleasure and enjoyment will be attained in
life. In economic terms, pleasure and enjoyment are defined as a utiliry. In other
1
Akademik
Araçtirmalar
Dergisi
Individuals' Choices: Traditional and Behavioral Finance Perspectives
words, utility consists of pleasure and prevented pain'. However, it is quite
difficult to measure utility in economical terms.
Daniel Bernoulli^ developed for the first time, an "Expected Utility
Theory" in 1738; subsequently, it was formulated by John von Neumann and
Oscar Morgenstern in 1944\ This model is widely accepted today as a
formulated way of explaining rational human behavior under uncertainty by
using a measurable utility function. The basic logic behind the expected utility
theory is rationality. Kahneman and Smith" described the term rationality as
follows "rationality means that deci.non-maker use available information in a
logical and systematic way, so as to make optimal choices given the
alternatives at hand and the objective to be reached"
The theory always expects rational behaviors from human beings no
matter what the circumstances are. That is, economic actors are ratio.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.essaysexperts.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Ethics of Financial Compensation for Egg DonorsCarolineCupp
This paper explores the spiritual and ethical implications of financial reimbursements for women who donate their eggs to infertile couples. It was completed as part of a course on reproductive ethics.
767! 2007 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. Vol. 34 .docxevonnehoggarth79783
767
! 2007 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. " Vol. 34 " April 2008
All rights reserved. 0093-5301/2008/3406-0003$10.00
Tightwads and Spendthrifts
SCOTT I. RICK
CYNTHIA E. CRYDER
GEORGE LOEWENSTEIN*
Consumers often behave differently than they would ideally like to behave. We
propose that an anticipatory pain of paying drives “tightwads” to spend less than
they would ideally like to spend. “Spendthrifts,” by contrast, experience too little
pain of paying and typically spend more than they would ideally like to spend. This
article introduces and validates the “spendthrift-tightwad” scale, a measure of in-
dividual differences in the pain of paying. Spending differences between tightwads
and spendthrifts are greatest in situations that amplify the pain of paying and
smallest in situations that diminish the pain of paying.
They were so skewed and squint-eyed in their
minds, their misering or extravagance mocked
all reason. (Dante’s Inferno, “Canto VII:
The Hoarders and the Wasters”)
E conomic models of decision making are consequen-tialist in nature. They assume that decision makers
choose between alternative courses of action based on a
cognitive evaluation of the desirability (i.e., “utility”) and
likelihood of their consequences. This does not, however,
imply that consequentialist decision makers are devoid of
*Scott I. Rick ([email protected]) is a visiting professor of
operations and information management at the Wharton School, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Cynthia E. Cryder
([email protected]) is a doctoral student, and George Loewen-
stein ([email protected]) is the Herbert A. Simon Professor of Eco-
nomics and Psychology, both at the Department of Social and Decision
Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. This article
is based on the first author’s dissertation. For helpful comments, the
authors thank the editor, the associate editor, three anonymous reviewers,
Dan Ariely, Eloise Coupey, Robyn Dawes, Michael DeKay, J. Wesley
Hutchinson, Eric Johnson, Uzma Khan, Jennifer Lerner, Julie Ozanne,
Kathleen Vohs, Joachim Vosgerau, Roberto Weber, Christian Wheeler,
Patti Williams, Gal Zauberman, and participants at the 2005 Society for
Judgment and Decision Making conference in Toronto, the 2006 Judg-
ment and Decision Making preconference at Society for Personality and
Social Psychology in Palm Springs, the 2006 Behavioral Decision Re-
search in Management conference in Los Angeles, the Second Annual
Whitebox Advisors Graduate Student Conference at Yale, and the 2007
Society for Consumer Psychology conference in Las Vegas. They also
thank NBC’s WCAU affiliate, the Globe and Mail, and John Tierney of
the New York Times for their invaluable assistance in collecting data.
This research was supported in part by grants from the Center for Be-
havioral Decision Research at Carnegie Mellon and the Russell Sage
Foundation, an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to Rick, and a Mac-
Arthur Foundation .
Samples Of Evaluation Essays. Evaluation Essay - 9 Examples, Format, Pdf Exa...Carolyn Collum
Evaluation Essay - 9+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Evaluation Essay Example Using Effective Reasoning. Essay websites: Samples of evaluation essays. 003 Essay Example Critical Evaluation ~ Thatsnotus. evaluation essay example in 2021 | Essay, Essay example, Essay writing help. Evaluation Essay Examples - Essay Writing Top. 013 Essay Example Evaluation Writing Descriptive Examples Essays .... Examples Of An Evaluation Essay – Telegraph. Examples Of An Evaluation Essay. evaluation essay example in 2021 | Argumentative essay, Essay, Essay .... School essay: Evaluation essay outline example.
In this revision presentation we look at recent trends in UK trade union membership, consider how trade unions can affect both pay and employment and challenge the textbook view that union-negotiated pay increases inevitably have negative consequences for employment.
In this revision presentation we cover key examples of pure and quasi public goods and consider the arguments for and against an increase in government spending on public goods.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
You don’t need to produce a lot of evidence in your macroeconomics exams but knowing some basic and key facts and figures can make your answers stand out from the crowd! Here is a quickfire journey through twenty important economic numbers that won’t change before the exam – use them to support your answer and impress the examiner!
Microeconomics - Great Applied Examples for Examstutor2u
In this presentation, I have chosen loads of current examples that you might want to use as context in your microeconomics exams. We look at examples from different market structures, recent mergers and takeovers, the world's most valuable companies, the largest employer, unicorn business, de-mergers, the biggest initial public offerings (IPOs) and much else. Hopefully a useful video to go through to add some super examples into your revision notes.
This revision presentation considers the variety of stakeholders impacted by business activity. How will a change in objectives, such as a move from profit maximisation to revenue maximisation have an effect on different stakeholders?
This revision presentation looks at profit satisficing as an alternative objective for businesses. Why might firms satisfice? What are some of the possible consequences for economic welfare and efficiency?
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
Paul Krugman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist said twenty fives years ago that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything,”
In this presentation we consider the theory of wage-setting with a monopsony employer and the possible impact that a trade union might have on wages and employment. We also look at efficiency wage theory and mutual gains from pay bargaining between stakeholders.
For many economists, the labour market is the most important market of all to study, analyse and evaluate. Like product markets for goods and services, labour markets can also fail. The main types of labour market failure are labour immobility including skills gaps, inequality, disincentives to be economically active, labour market discrimination and the effects of monopsony power of employers.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
Mo Tanweer on Behavioural economics (2010)
1. Mohammed Tanweer Merchant Taylors’ School
In recent years, there has been a surge of
academic articles, blogs and books written in
the name of Behavioural Economics, but what
exactly is it? Behavioural Economics is the name
given to the discipline that tries to mix insights
from Psychology with Economics, and looks at
economic problems through the eye of a
“Human”, rather than an “Econ”.
Thaler and Sunstein, in their excellent book Nudge,
refer to an Econ (a.k.a Homo Economicus) as an
infinitely rational and immensely intelligent, emotionless
being who can do cost-benefit analyses at will, and
is never (ever) wrong. These are the basis for many
of the old Classical models. “Humans” on the other
hand, do make mistakes, do get angry, do act
irrationally or inconsistently. They are not infinitely
rational, but rather face “bounded rationality”, with
people adopting rules of thumb instead of calculating
optimal solutions to every decision. Given so many of
us fit into the latter category, Behavioural Economics
(hereafter, B.E) attempts to embrace Humans instead
of brandishing them as “irrational” and leaving them
outside their theories. Dan Ariely in his excellent
book Predictably Irrational, explains it succinctly
when he says Classical economics is about creating
What is Behavioural Economics?
a theory and then using it to explain actual behaviour;
whilst B.E is about observing actual behaviour and
then coming up with a theory.
Ariely uses numerous examples to illustrate that not
only do Humans act irrationally (or more accurately,
inconsistently), but worryingly they do so repeatedly
and on both simple and complicated matters. He
ponders questions such as why a headache tends to
persist after taking a 5p aspirin, but why that same
headache vanishes when that same aspirin costs
50p? The point here is that people make perceptions
of quality based on the price, especially when their
health depends on it, and thus actually demand more
of higher priced goods (contradicting standard
demand theory).
Another issue that is discussed at length is the issue
of social norms – why would we help a stranger fix
his car by the roadside for free, (and are offended if
offered a notional payment), but would pursue legal
action if our employer didn’t pay us for the same
work; and why do we think it is acceptable to take
a bottle of wine to a dinner party, but not the
equivalent value of the wine bottle in hard cash.
The point here is that the world is full of two types
of transactions, market ones and social ones, with
the former dictated by price, but the latter dictated
by norms; and mixing the two can have very adverse
consequences.
Thaler and Sunstein discuss how Humans are
influenced by the choice architecture when making
decisions. That is to say, an Econ would see an
option on a form such as “Do you want to donate
your organs after death?” and be able to assess all
the costs and benefits of the decision and come to
a decision; or when presented with 100 different
pension plans, an Econ would be able to assimilate
all the information and calculate the right one for
him. However, Thaler and Sunstein find that, in
reality, both these questions are so complicated that
Humans will choose the choice that is chosen for
them - the default. In the case of organ donations,
this has stark implications for people in different
countries who need organs – countries that have
organ donation as the default option when individuals
get a driver’s licence have many more organ donors,
2. than countries in which the default is “opt-out”.
Furthermore, there tends to be a “status quo” bias,
where the first choice consumers make persists for
a very long time – (think how students tend to sit
in the same seat in class, despite no seating plan) –
this is particularly dangerous, especially when choosing
health insurance, or retirement funds, since it means
that even if a better option comes up later on,
consumers rarely change to it The message from
behavioural economists is that policymakers should
understand these occurrences and incorporate them
into the choice architecture (If you want to know
how, I’d nudge you to go read Nudge).
Even if Humans manage to calculate the optimal
solution to a problem, they may still fail to choose
it, due to self-control reasons. People put on too
much weight at Christmas, tempted by just one more
pudding; they smoke too much despite reading the
health warnings and they fail to save enough for
retirement. The Classical literature puts this down
to “irrational behaviour”, whilst the B.E approach
acknowledges that since so many people in the
world behave like this, we should try to incorporate
it into our models. The reasoning for this behaviour
can be attributed to what psychologists call the
Automatic System, the one that makes instant
decisions (“the Doer”), overruling the Reflective
System (“the Planner” in you) – since people tend
to choose immediate pleasures over long term utility.
But instead of branding this as irrational and doing
nothing, a better idea is to try to help the Reflective
System overrule the Automatic System, through
binding commitments.
To commit to losing weight next year, you could
make a deal with a colleague that you will pay him
£40 a month and if at the end of each month you
can show you have lost weight, you get the £40
back, otherwise, he will give the money to charity.
This binds you to not give in to temptation.
The Reflective System in people knows that they
should save money for their pension, but it is always
very hard to commit to this, given it means foregoing
some current consumption, which the Automatic
System doesn’t like. So an idea to counter this is
the “Save More Tomorrow” scheme. This works
by committing now to save a future increase in your
income towards your pension – since this saving
comes from a future increase in income, there is no
current consumption foregone, and thus does not
conflict with your Automatic System, and at the same
time binds you to save more in the future. (The Save
More Tomorrow scheme could also be extended to
a Give More Tomorrow scheme using the same
premise, which should lead to higher charitable
donations).
Thaler and Sunstein make the point that in reality
instead of doing accurate cost-benefit analyses on
all our decisions, people reference new decisions to
past decisions; reverting to rules of thumb. We use
anchors (reference points) and work from there (e.g.
in estimating the population of Bath, you are likely
to use your own city as an anchor). Furthermore, if
you are asked about the probability of a hurricane
occurring, whilst you know very little about hurri-
canes, you will use the availability of salient events
to base your probability on – so if there has recently
been a huge hurricane well covered in the media,
you will increase your estimate. Since murders are
reported more often than suicides, people incorrectly
think the probability of murders are higher than
suicides – in short, we are easily influenced, and are
not Econs. Rather than pretending this does not
happen often as traditional economic theories claim,
the behavioural economists prefer to incorporate
these findings into theories that reflect the real world
better.
Whilst B.E can be extended to a vast array of cases,
the recent credit crunch is a good one. Consumers
have bounded rationality (they have limitations
to the information they can analyse optimally) and
as mortgages (especially subprime ones) became
increasingly more complicated, they became confusing
for those who took them on, and thus made incorrect
choices, often taking on too much debt and not
being able to afford the repayment schedules.
Furthermore, since banks were so willing to offer
easy mortgages, consumers could not exercise the
self-control to say no to these “good” offers. Finally,
credit card debt has risen astronomically since
consumers do not treat spending on plastic the same
as spending hard cash. Thus people’s debt problems
spiral out of control. Under Classical Economics,
since we are Econs, we should have seen the Credit
Crunch coming around the corner, but given the
current mess we are in, perhaps it would be fruitful
to pay more attention to the behavioural economists.
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahnemann, have
developed Prospect Theory as an alternative to
Expected Utility theory to explain some behavioural
traits they identified in people making decisions
under uncertainty, one of which is how people value
losses and gains differently. Their descriptive theory
tries to model real-life choices, rather than optimal
Mohammed Tanweer Merchant Taylors’ School
3. Mohammed Tanweer Merchant Taylors’ School
(Econ) decisions, and describes how people are “loss
averse”, that is more sensitive to losses than gains
(of the same value); but both as gains and losses
increase, our sensitivity to them diminishes.
Kahnemann and Tversky have also emphasized how
framing is very important in optimal decision making
processes. Framing the same statement in different
ways can cause systematic reversals of preferences,
which contradicts the predictions of rational choice
(that is, of an Econ). Faced with a question of
choosing a vaccination program in which out of 600
people, Program A offers “200 people will be saved”
and Program B offers “400 people will die”, if an
Econ goes for Program A over another Program C,
he should also go for Program B over Program C,
but reality tells us that Humans are influenced by
how the Programs are framed. The implications of
this particularly affect referendums and government
policies.
Other ideas in the B.E literature include, why stock
markets are inefficient; why herding behaviour
occurs (in stock markets, obesity levels and teenage
pregnancies); why the word FREE! causes
consumers to do strange things; why people are
more likely to drink a can of Coke that is not theirs,
but refuse to steal 50p from a table; why consumers
simultaneously buy fire insurance but also play the
lottery… the list of applications really is endless.
Ariely summarises the difference between B.E and
Classical Economics well when he likens Classical
Economics to Shakespeare’s Hamlet: “What a piece
of work is a man! How Noble in Reason? How
infinite in faculty? In apprehension, how like a God?
The Paragon of Animals…”; whilst behavioural
economics is more like… Homer Simpson.
Both are exactly the same size, but everyone thinks the right hand one is bigger. And furthermore,
even when you are told both are exactly the same size, and you look at the circles again, you still
think the right hand one is bigger. You are (consistently) wrong, due to the way the diagrams are
drawn – framing and relativity matters (choice architecture).
For further reading and exposition of the ideas presented here, I would highly recommend
Thaler and Sunstein’s Nudge; and Dan Ariely’s Predictably Irrational.
Which inner circle is bigger?
Image taken from www.predictablyirrational.com