This document discusses mixed DNA samples and low copy number (LCN) DNA analysis. It explains that mixed DNA samples contain DNA from multiple contributors, complicating analysis. LCN analysis involves increasing PCR cycles to enhance detection of very small amounts of DNA, but this can cause stochastic effects like allele dropout. The document discusses various techniques for analyzing mixed DNA samples, including using highly polymorphic markers, obtaining quantitative peak data, distinguishing genotypes, and statistical approaches. It also explains issues that can arise with LCN analysis, such as allele dropout and drop-in from contamination.
Interpretation of dna typing results and codis Neha Agarwal
An STR genotype is the allele, in the case of a homozygote, or alleles, in the
case of a heterozygote, present in a sample for a particular locus and is normally
reported as the number of repeats present in the allele. A full sample genotype
or STR profi le is produced by the combination of all of the locus genotypes into
a single series of numbers. This profi le is what is entered into a case report or
a DNA database for comparison purposes to other samples.
Interpretation of dna typing results and codis Neha Agarwal
An STR genotype is the allele, in the case of a homozygote, or alleles, in the
case of a heterozygote, present in a sample for a particular locus and is normally
reported as the number of repeats present in the allele. A full sample genotype
or STR profi le is produced by the combination of all of the locus genotypes into
a single series of numbers. This profi le is what is entered into a case report or
a DNA database for comparison purposes to other samples.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)Alok Yadav
Automated fingerprint identification is the process of using a computer to match fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system.
this is used in crime investigators for finding the evidences where there is lack of availability of evidence. some cells that was peeled off from our any parts of body will be seen in the crime scene and it is possible to find these kind of evidence form the crime scene.
Genetic Markers and their importance in ForensicsMrinal Vashisth
A description of Genetic Markers and their applications with focus on Forensic Analysis. Complimentary methods such as RNA Profiling are also discussed.
This presentation will enable you to understand the requirements needed to make any forensic or analytical laboratory accredited and at par with other accredited laboratories worldwide. QMS is a mandatory and integral part of any organization to assure good quality to customers or consumers.
A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges on all parts of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palm) or digits (fingers and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. The ridges do not assist in gripping objects, sometimes in fact reducing grip to as much as 30% compared to completely smooth fingerpads.
FORENSIC DNA PROFILING: Strengths and LimitationsHezekiah Fatoki
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific knowledge and experimentation to legal contentions, be they civil or criminal matters. DNA profiling (also called DNA typing or DNA fingerprinting) is a forensic techniques used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA in crime cases. DNA profiling can be use to resolve paternal and ancestral issues. This process was built mainly on the knowledge of two scientific breakthroughs. First is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which was conceived by Kary Mullis in 1983 at Cetus Corporation, USA. Second is the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of repeated DNA sequences which was discovered by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1985 at the University of Leicester, UK. The strengths and limitations of the current and emerging forensic DNA profiling are the focus of this seminar. It is my expectation that the newly proposed synthetic human genome project will aid the strength of this process in the future.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)Alok Yadav
Automated fingerprint identification is the process of using a computer to match fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system.
this is used in crime investigators for finding the evidences where there is lack of availability of evidence. some cells that was peeled off from our any parts of body will be seen in the crime scene and it is possible to find these kind of evidence form the crime scene.
Genetic Markers and their importance in ForensicsMrinal Vashisth
A description of Genetic Markers and their applications with focus on Forensic Analysis. Complimentary methods such as RNA Profiling are also discussed.
This presentation will enable you to understand the requirements needed to make any forensic or analytical laboratory accredited and at par with other accredited laboratories worldwide. QMS is a mandatory and integral part of any organization to assure good quality to customers or consumers.
A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges on all parts of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palm) or digits (fingers and toes) or plantar (sole) skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin. These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. The ridges do not assist in gripping objects, sometimes in fact reducing grip to as much as 30% compared to completely smooth fingerpads.
FORENSIC DNA PROFILING: Strengths and LimitationsHezekiah Fatoki
Forensic science is defined as the application of scientific knowledge and experimentation to legal contentions, be they civil or criminal matters. DNA profiling (also called DNA typing or DNA fingerprinting) is a forensic techniques used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA in crime cases. DNA profiling can be use to resolve paternal and ancestral issues. This process was built mainly on the knowledge of two scientific breakthroughs. First is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which was conceived by Kary Mullis in 1983 at Cetus Corporation, USA. Second is the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of repeated DNA sequences which was discovered by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1985 at the University of Leicester, UK. The strengths and limitations of the current and emerging forensic DNA profiling are the focus of this seminar. It is my expectation that the newly proposed synthetic human genome project will aid the strength of this process in the future.
Part 1 of RNA-seq for DE analysis: Defining the goalJoachim Jacob
First part of the training session 'RNA-seq for Differential expression' analysis. We explain how we can detect differential expression based on RNA-seq data. Interested in following this session? Please contact http://www.jakonix.be/contact.html
PCR is a revolutionary molecular biology technique used for enzymatically replicating DNA . This technique allows a small amount of DNA molecule to be amplified many times in an exponential manner . It is commonly used in medical and biological research labs for variety of tasks such as detection of hereditary disease , identification of genetic fingerprints diagnosis of infectious disease , cloning of genes and paternity testing .
Each reaction cycle doubles the amount of DNA – a standard PCR sequence of 30 cycles creates over 1 billion copies . The thermostability of DNA polymerases is defined by how long they remain active at the extreme range of temperatures used in PCR.
There have been various thermostable polymerases identified to date, each with its optimal temperature for activity and a unique half-life profile at temperatures greater than 95°C. For example, the half-life of Taq polymerase at 95°C is 40 minutes, whereas the half-life of the hyperthermophilic Deep Vent DNA polymerase extracted from the Pyrococcus species GB-D is several hours at 98–100°C. Polymerase processivity is defined as the number of consecutive nucleotides a single enzyme can incorporate before being dislodged from the DNA template.
At 75°C, native Taq polymerases can typically amplify DNA at a rate of 10–45 nucleotides per second - that’s approximately 2 kilobases per minute!
Some DNA polymerases have been engineered to improve their binding domain, thus making them more stable than conventional Taq. For example, KAPA2G polymerase has a speed of ~150 nucleotides per second - 3-fold higher than Taq. Direct PCR cloning methods include TA and GC cloning, as well as TOPO® Cloning, and enable direct cloning of PCR fragments. For example, the TA cloning approach takes advantage of the 3’ A overhang naturally added to products by Taq polymerase following PCR. The resulting sticky ends then enable recombination with DNA fragments containing 3’ T overhangs, such as linearized vectors.
During indirect PCR cloning, the PCR products are modified prior to recombination with other DNA sequences. For example, in restriction cloning, restriction sites are frequently introduced via PCR to enable restriction digestion and ligation with linearized vectors. PCR mutagenesis is a technique used to generate site-directed sequence changes such as base substitutions, inserts and deletions.
To insert a single point mutation via mutagenesis, for example, PCR primers are designed that contain the desired base change, usually in the middle of the primer sequence. PCR is then performed with the mutagenic primers and a high-fidelity DNA polymerase, which results in the incorporation of the desired mutation into the original sequence.Allele-specific PCR is used to detect sequence variations and ultimately determine the genotype of an organism.
For allele-specific PCR, primers are designed to flank the region of interest. The most common application of PCR is gene expression analysis
As increasing numbers of people choose to have their genomes sequenced and made available for research, more genomic data is available for analysis by machine learning approaches. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are known to be a major factor influencing many physical traits, diseases and other phenotypes. Using publicly available data and tools we predict phenotype from genotype using SNP data (1 to 2 million SNPs). We utilize data analysis and machine learning approaches only, no domain knowledge, so that our automated approach may be generally used to predict different phenotypes from genotype. In the first application of our method we predicted eye color with 87% accuracy.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. BY PANKAJ JANGRA
MIXED SAMPLE
AND LOW COPY
NUMBER OF DNA
MSc forensic science 9th semester
2. Mixed DNA contains DNA from two or more
contributors, compounding DNA analysis by combining
DNA from one or more major contributors with small
amounts of DNA from potentially numerous minor
contributors.
MIXED SAMPLE
Low copy number (LCN) analysis, also known as low
template DNA (LT-DNA) testing, involves enhancing
detection sensitivity usually through increasing the
number of PCR cycles. Stochastic effects inherent
with analysis of low amounts of DNA yield allele or
locus drop-out.
LOW COPY NUMBER
3. 1. VALUE OF HIGHLY POLYMORPHIC MARKERS
IN NON CLEAR MIXTURES
MIXED SAMPLE
Various techniques are used that increase the sensitivity
of a mixed samples.
In this method using highly polymorphic STR markers
with more possible alleles translates to a greater chance
of seeing differences between the two components of a
mixture. For example, D18S51 has 51 possible alleles while
TPOX only has 15 known alleles, making D18S51 a more
useful marker for detecting mixtures.
4. 2. QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION FROM
FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS
The ability to obtain quantitative
information from peaks in an
electropherogram,using the ABI
310 or 3100 platform, permits
relative peak heights or areas of
STR alleles to be measured. This
peak information can then be used
to decipher the possible genotypes
of the contributors to the mixed
sample.
5. 3. DISTINGUISHING GENOTYPES IN A MIXED
SAMPLE
In which following questions can help ascertain the
genotypes that make up the composite DNA profile of the
mixture:
■ Does any of the loci show more than two peaks in the
expected allele size range?
■ Is there a severe peak height imbalance between heterozygous
alleles at a locus?
■ Does the stutter product appear abnormally high (e.g., 15% to
20%)?
6. If the answer to any one of these three questions is ‘
yes, ’then the DNA profile may very well have resulted
from a mixed sample.
Usually a mixture is first identified by the presence of
three or more prominent peaks at one or more loci . At a
single locus, a sample containing DNA from two sources
can exhibit one, two, three, or four peaks due to the
possible genotype combinations .
7. The six primary steps for interpreting mixtures
1. Identify the Presence of mixtures.
2. Designate Allele Peaks.
3. Identify the numbers of potential contributor.
4. Identify the relative ratio of individual contributing to
the mixtures.
5. Consider All Possible Genotype Combinations.
6. Compare refrences sample.
MIXTURE INTERPRETATION
8. Three different approaches are generally taken with
statistical analysis of mixtures:(1) performing match
probability estimates on the major contributor after
deducing the possible genotypes of the contributors using,
for example, the strategy outlined in the previous section;
(2) calculating exclusion probabilities and (3) performing
likelihood ratio calculations.
STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO MIXTURE
ANALYSIS
9. LOW COPY NUMBER
Many laboratories have demonstrated the ability to
obtain DNA profiles from very small amounts of sample.
Low copy number (LCN) DNA testing is referred to as low-
level DNA, basically its refers to examination of dna sample
is less than 100 pg .
INCREASE THE NUMBERS OF PCR CYCLES
The number of PCR cycles is often increased to improve
the amplification from samples containing extremely
low levels of DNA template
10. In which touch DNA are the major sample source for
the LCN DNA profiles may be obtained from
fingerprint residues due to the cells that are left on
the objects while touch the object.
In which increasing the PCR cycle number from 28 to
34, for more copies of DNA molecules are
generated. With 100% efficiency, while 28 cycles of
PCR generate 4 billion copies of DNA.
11. When LCN testing is performed, three major issues are
observed.
(1) additional alleles are often observed from sporadic
contamination in what is referred to as allele ‘ drop-in, ’.
(2) allele ‘dropout ’is common where an allele fails to
amplify due to stochastic effects.
(3) stutter product amounts are enhanced so that they are
often higher than the typical 5% to 10% of the nominal
allele. Heterozygote peak imbalance is typically
exacerbated due to stochastic PCR amplification.
ISSUES WITH LCN WORK