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MIT Water Diplomacy Lake Chad by Jillian F Dressler
- 1. Lake Chad Jillian Dressler 1
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- 9. Conflict Overview Global Climate Change Migration Competing Use (Pastoralists vs Farmers) Fishing Access Undefined Allocation Unilateral Projects Social & Political Unrest – Boko Haram 9
- 10. Conflict Overview GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1963 10
- 11. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 2007 11Conflict Overview
- 14. 14 MIGRATION Conflict Overview most prevalent: Nigerian migration to Cameroon
- 18. 18 UNILATERAL PROJECTS Conflict Overview South Chad Irrigation Project 1980s South Chad Irrigation Project Dams on Chari-Logone River Nigeria Irrigation Project Dams on Komadougou-Yobe River Yaguou- Tekele Dyke and Maga Dam . . . . . . 1970-1990: Over 15 major projects
- 19. 19 UNILATERAL PROJECTS Conflict Overview South Chad Irrigation Project 1980s South Chad Irrigation Project Dams on Chari-Logone River Nigeria Irrigation Project Dams on Komadougou-Yobe River Yaguou- Tekele Dyke and Maga Dam . . . . . . 1970-1990: ~ 50% of depletion is due to unsustainable water diversion
- 20. 20 Stakeholders Nation States – Cameroon – Niger – Nigeria – Chad – Central African Republic Regional Organizations – LCBC International Organizations – UN – World Bank
- 21. 21 NATION STATES Stakeholders Cameroon Chad Nigeria Niger Central African Republic
- 22. 22 NATION STATES Stakeholders Cameroon Upstream On side of receding lake Unhappy with informal settlements of Nigerians Unhappy with inflow of Nigerian and Nigerien fishermen
- 23. 23 NATION STATES Stakeholders Chad On side of receding lake Unhappy with informal settlements of Nigerians Currently dealing with Nigerian refugee crisis
- 24. 24 NATION STATES Stakeholders Nigeria Downstream Chasing receding lake Most dependent Suffering severe food insecurity & malnutrition Most at risk of Boko Haram violence
- 25. 25 NATION STATES Stakeholders Niger Downstream Chasing receding lake Depleting water supply by exploitation of Uranium
- 26. 26 NATION STATES Stakeholders Central African Republic Upstream Chari-Logone Rivers originate in CAR Depletion in agriculture and fish imports
- 27. 27 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Stakeholders Niger Nigeria Chad Cameroon CAR Algeria Libya Sudan 8 Member States
- 28. 28 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Stakeholders Created in 1964 Two commissioners per member country Member states fund with $1M USD/year Can prepare joint rules, coordinate joint research, and promote settlement of disputes Niger Nigeria Chad Cameroon CAR Algeria Libya Sudan
- 29. 29 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Stakeholders Helped LCBC to create the LCDAP Allocated $1B USD to Lake Chad Development Assisting at-risk Nigerian farmers Trying to restore agricultural livelihoods Working with LCBC to implement LCDAP Strong efforts to counter Boko Haram
- 30. 30 Failure to Cooperate Shortcomings of LCBC Low governmental legitimacy and weak democratic institutions in riparian states Short-term national self-interests dominate long-term basin-wide progress
- 31. 31 - Limited communication with local communities - Funding is poor and delayed - No attention to confidence building - Not enough qualified personnel - Limited technical capacity - Poor implementation and enforcement - Lack of legitimacy Failure to Cooperate LCBC SHORTCOMINGS
- 32. 32 - State governments have little implementation ability - State governments are focused on other security concerns (Boko Haram) Failure to Cooperate WEAK INSTITUTIONS
- 33. 33 - State governments have little implementation ability - State governments are focused on other security concerns (Boko Haram) Failure to Cooperate WEAK INSTITUTIONS - Unilateral projects: Dams, Dykes, Irrigation - No prevention of local violent conflicts SHORT TERM > LONG TERM
- 34. 34 Current Action Plan Lake Chad Development and Climate Resiliency Action Plan, 2015 (LCDAP) Seven Objectives 1/ Supporting producers and their value chains 2/ Securing access to natural resources and managing conflicts 3/ Improving living conditions through public investments 4/ Facilitating Transport and Trade 5/ Preserving the environmental capital of the Lake and its basin 6/ Better managing the water resources of the basin 7/ Disseminating information, improving knowledge, and monitoring of the environment
- 35. 35 Current Action Plan Lake Chad Development and Climate Resiliency Action Plan, 2015 (LCDAP) Seven Objectives 1/ Supporting producers and their value chains 2/ Securing access to natural resources and managing conflicts 3/ Improving living conditions through public investments 4/ Facilitating Transport and Trade 5/ Preserving the environmental capital of the Lake and its basin 6/ Better managing the water resources of the basin 7/ Disseminating information, improving knowledge, and monitoring of the environment
- 36. 36 Current Action Plan Lake Chad Development and Climate Resiliency Action Plan, 2015 (LCDAP) IWRM or WDF? BOTH LCBC and member states responsible for implementation WILL IT HAPPEN?
- 37. 37 Water Diplomacy Framework Water as a flexible resource: - Can we replenish the lake? - Where can we access more water? - Where is there uncertainty? Water crosses domain: - Natural & Political: transboundary - Societal: agriculture, fishing, etc. - Scales: time
- 38. 38 Water Diplomacy Framework Adaptable Mechanism Effective Joint Fact Finding Presence of Neutral Parties Stakeholder Involvement Mutual Gains Approach
- 39. 39 Water Diplomacy Framework Adaptable Mechanism Effective Joint Fact Finding Presence of Neutral Parties Stakeholder Involvement Mutual Gains Approach ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ LCDAPBefore LCDAP
- 40. 40Water Diplomacy Framework ADAPTABLE MECHANISM “… Years needed to refine the models of climate change (3 years? 5 years?) will be utilized to organize a debate within the six countries concerned …” - LCDAP New action plan follows IWRM protocol It took 30 years to add CAR to LCBC
- 41. 41Water Diplomacy Framework JOINT FACT FINDING “Participation and sharing of information on environmental issues and development across the Lake and its basin should also be improved.” – LCDAP “[LCBC] must improve the monitoring and collection of data on water resources. [LCBC] should promote the mobilization and sharing of existing data…” – LCDAP Need technical assistance from IOs
- 42. 42Water Diplomacy Framework NEUTRAL PARTIES Involvement of UNEP, World Bank, FAO Involvement of ICJ when LCBC is not effective
- 43. 43Water Diplomacy Framework NEUTRAL PARTIES Involvement of UNEP, World Bank, FAO Involvement of ICJ when LCBC is not effective STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT Need input from local fishermen, pastoralists, farmers, herders Local governments are only involved in implementation
- 44. 44Water Diplomacy Framework MUTUAL GAINS APPROACH Shared benefits of Lake Chad restoration Shared risks of continued recession of lake Shared opportunities in better monitoring, appropriate allocations, international project funding, etc. Shared fear of Boko Haram
- 45. 45 Timeline of Conflict 1960: All four riparians gain independence 1964: Creation of LCBC 1970s/1980s: construction of several unilateral projects 1980s: tensions intensified 1980s-1990s: clashes between fishermen, pastoralists, farmers; conflict over migration 1981-1990: more water diverted for irrigation projects and the conflicts increased 1996: CAR joins LCBC 2008: Libya joins LCBC November 13, 2015: LCDAP written by World Bank and LCBC
- 46. 46 Timeline of Driving Condition