The document provides an overview of foundations of information systems in business. It discusses that information systems are important for business as they play a vital role in e-business, e-commerce, enterprise collaboration and strategic success. The document also outlines an information system framework for business professionals including foundation concepts, information technologies, business applications, development processes and management challenges. It then discusses key concepts such as what a system and information system are, the components and activities of an information system including resources and processing of data.
Management Information System (MIS) refers broadly to computer-based systems that provide managers with tools to efficiently run their departments. An MIS processes data into information to support decision making, coordination, and control at the management level of an organization. It primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making for management.
With the rapid increase in performance of computers over the last few years it is unlikely that any business will survive without some means of computerised data processing in the future.
It is therefore very important that any person planning and involved in any career in today’s commercial environment is provided with a basic understanding of computer technology and the theory of Management Information System (MIS).
This document discusses various concepts related to management information systems including data, information, knowledge, types of information, components of information systems, control in systems, decision making, and structured vs unstructured decisions. It provides definitions and classifications for key terms and describes how management information systems support different levels of management and decision making.
Management Information System
1) MIS is a software tool that provides processed information from data to help management make decisions. It provides reports, dashboards, and analyses on topics like market trends, sales, inventory, and stakeholder feedback.
2) There are different types of MIS like regular reports, decision support systems, and executive information systems. MIS has advantages like improved decision making, communication, and ability to adapt to customer needs.
3) Key issues for managers regarding IT include selecting technologies to meet business needs, facilitating adoption of new processes when technologies change work, and ensuring maximum benefit is extracted once implemented. Information systems are transforming businesses through increased digitalization and flexibility.
The Impact of Management Information Systems Adoption in Managerial Decision ...Dam Frank
Data is the lifeblood of today’s organizations, and the effective and efficient management of data is considered an integral part of organizational strategy. Successful organizations should collect high quality data which will lead to high quality of information. For a successful and effective managerial decision making, it is necessary to provide accurate, timely and relevant information to decision makers. Management Information System is type of information systems that take internal data from the system and summarized it to meaningful and useful forms as management reports to use in managerial decision making. Management information system improves information quality and subsequently affects on managerial decision-making. This research provides a better and clearer understanding of technology adoption and information system success in managerial decision making by reviewing current literature. The expected outcome of this study is propose integrated model for MIS and managerial decision making.
MIS uses computer technology to process and analyze large amounts of data, quickly search and retrieve information, and communicate information to users in a timely manner. It supports management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. MIS helps ensure the appropriate data is collected, processed, and distributed to where it is needed. It provides information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts:
1. The objective of an MIS is to provide information to support decision making for planning, organizing, and controlling operations.
2. An MIS includes people, hardware, software, networks, and data resources that collect, process, and disseminate organizational information.
3. Information systems can support various business functions and levels of management, be classified by type of processing or usage, and are measured by their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting the organization.
Management information system and controlsksbatish
It covers the relation ship between management information system and business performance management and also tells about the various kinds of information systems available.
Management Information System (MIS) refers broadly to computer-based systems that provide managers with tools to efficiently run their departments. An MIS processes data into information to support decision making, coordination, and control at the management level of an organization. It primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making for management.
With the rapid increase in performance of computers over the last few years it is unlikely that any business will survive without some means of computerised data processing in the future.
It is therefore very important that any person planning and involved in any career in today’s commercial environment is provided with a basic understanding of computer technology and the theory of Management Information System (MIS).
This document discusses various concepts related to management information systems including data, information, knowledge, types of information, components of information systems, control in systems, decision making, and structured vs unstructured decisions. It provides definitions and classifications for key terms and describes how management information systems support different levels of management and decision making.
Management Information System
1) MIS is a software tool that provides processed information from data to help management make decisions. It provides reports, dashboards, and analyses on topics like market trends, sales, inventory, and stakeholder feedback.
2) There are different types of MIS like regular reports, decision support systems, and executive information systems. MIS has advantages like improved decision making, communication, and ability to adapt to customer needs.
3) Key issues for managers regarding IT include selecting technologies to meet business needs, facilitating adoption of new processes when technologies change work, and ensuring maximum benefit is extracted once implemented. Information systems are transforming businesses through increased digitalization and flexibility.
The Impact of Management Information Systems Adoption in Managerial Decision ...Dam Frank
Data is the lifeblood of today’s organizations, and the effective and efficient management of data is considered an integral part of organizational strategy. Successful organizations should collect high quality data which will lead to high quality of information. For a successful and effective managerial decision making, it is necessary to provide accurate, timely and relevant information to decision makers. Management Information System is type of information systems that take internal data from the system and summarized it to meaningful and useful forms as management reports to use in managerial decision making. Management information system improves information quality and subsequently affects on managerial decision-making. This research provides a better and clearer understanding of technology adoption and information system success in managerial decision making by reviewing current literature. The expected outcome of this study is propose integrated model for MIS and managerial decision making.
MIS uses computer technology to process and analyze large amounts of data, quickly search and retrieve information, and communicate information to users in a timely manner. It supports management functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. MIS helps ensure the appropriate data is collected, processed, and distributed to where it is needed. It provides information to support strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing.
The document discusses management information systems (MIS) and provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts:
1. The objective of an MIS is to provide information to support decision making for planning, organizing, and controlling operations.
2. An MIS includes people, hardware, software, networks, and data resources that collect, process, and disseminate organizational information.
3. Information systems can support various business functions and levels of management, be classified by type of processing or usage, and are measured by their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting the organization.
Management information system and controlsksbatish
It covers the relation ship between management information system and business performance management and also tells about the various kinds of information systems available.
Management Information System (MIS) provides information to support decision-making and management in an organization. The goals of an MIS include enhancing communication, delivering information efficiently, supporting data collection and analysis, and aiding strategic objectives. An MIS contains interconnected sub-systems that capture, store, process, and distribute data, information and knowledge across different levels and functions of a business. It integrates transaction processing systems, office automation systems, decision support systems and other applications to provide timely, relevant information to management.
management information systems-an introductionAbhilash kk
1. The document defines Management Information System (MIS) and explains that it provides accurate and timely information to managers to facilitate decision making and enable effective planning, control, and operations.
2. MIS processes data into useful information that is communicated to different departments for decision making. It aims to provide the right information to the right person at the right time in the right form.
3. The document discusses various MIS concepts like data, information, decision making, framework for information systems, and tools used in MIS like data flow diagrams and flowcharts. It also explains concepts like effectiveness, efficiency, and profitability.
Management Information System in Agriculture, Types of Information, Historical perspective of Management information system, Components of modern decision support system, Internal information system, External information System, Future use of information system.
This document provides an overview of management information systems and related concepts. It discusses the key elements of a system including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and the environment. It then defines information and data, and explains how different levels of management require different types of information. The importance of information systems for decision making is highlighted. The document outlines the different types of information systems including operations support systems, management support systems, and how they support various business functions and levels of management. Finally, it discusses the system development life cycle including system investigation, analysis, design, construction, implementation, and maintenance.
1. The document discusses information systems, including their components, approaches, problem-solving processes, and efforts to find solutions.
2. It describes the key aspects of information systems like data, information, technology infrastructure, organizational structures, and how people are involved.
3. A four-step problem-solving process is outlined that involves identifying problems, designing solutions, choosing between options, and implementing the chosen solution through testing, training, and evaluation.
Management Information System: Information, Information System, Management In...Ashish Hande
Management Information System: Information, Information
System, Management Information System, Role of MIS,
Subsystems of MIS, MIS and Computer, MIS in academics,
MIS in Business.
Contains everything a student needs to know about fundamentals of Management Information System. It is not an original work rather a useful presentation created by combining few other presentations.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
Management Information System (MIS) provides managers with accurate and timely information needed for decision making, planning, control, and operations. The term originally described applications with sales, inventory, and other data to help manage enterprises. Today, MIS also includes decision support systems and resource management. MIS aims to deliver the right information to the right person at the right time in the right form at the right cost. It provides standardized reports from internal data to aid formal requests from end users. MIS is a system that evolved to provide organizational information to people and support decision making.
A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
Management information systems (MIS) provide information to support decision making and operations in organizations. An MIS combines human and computer resources to collect, store, retrieve, communicate, and use data. It serves various functions like strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing. An MIS benefits organizations by facilitating planning, minimizing information overload, encouraging decentralization, bringing coordination, and making control easier.
This document presents information on management information systems (MIS), including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls. An MIS combines management processes, information, and systems to provide processed data to managers. Key advantages include time savings, accuracy, timeliness, low implementation costs, and competitive advantages. However, MIS also has disadvantages like high initial investment, inflexibility to changes, and needing specialized users. Pitfalls include power outages, lack of knowledge, unstable management, and improper communication channels. Overall, while MIS provides benefits, organizations must use it properly and overcome potential pitfalls to realize its full value in decision making.
Management Information System (MIS) provides accurate and timely information to facilitate organizational decision-making and functions. An MIS processes data into useful information that is communicated to different departments. It delivers the right information to the right person at the right time. Characteristics include standardized reports in hard-copy and soft-copy, using internal data, and allowing custom report development. The scope of MIS has broadened over time to include decision support systems and resource management. It provides necessary information for planning and ensuring work is performed properly. Types of MIS include decision support systems that help middle management with problem-solving and decisions using compiled data. As organizations grow, MIS allows instant information sharing between areas, reducing face-to-face communication but increasing organizational
This document discusses management information systems and decision support. It defines transaction processing systems and management information systems, noting that MIS supports operational and tactical decision making. It outlines a model for problem solving including intelligence gathering, design, choice, implementation, and monitoring. It distinguishes between structured problems, which can be addressed by management information systems, and unstructured problems, which require decision support systems. Finally, it discusses functional perspectives of MIS including financial, manufacturing, marketing, transportation, and human resources applications.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
Mis 1st chapter notes foundation of is in businessHassan Samoon
This document provides an overview of the foundations of information systems in business. It defines what an information system is and its key components: people, hardware, software, data, and network resources. An information system takes data as input, processes it, and produces output in the form of information. It also discusses the roles of end users and IS specialists. Managers need to understand how to effectively use IS for business operations and competitive advantage.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook:
1. It defines an information system as any organized combination of people, hardware, software, and policies that stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.
2. Information systems support business operations, decision making, and competitive strategies. Types of systems include transaction processing, process control, collaboration, management, decision support, and expert systems.
3. e-Business involves using internet technologies to empower business processes, e-commerce, and collaboration within and outside an organization. Success requires supporting business strategies and processes effectively.
Foundations Of Information Systems In Business(97 2003)Chandan Kumar
Information systems and technologies are vital for businesses to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive position. They can support various business activities from product development to customer support. With Internet technologies, information systems have become necessary for business success globally. The document then outlines key concepts about information systems including components, activities, and applications for business.
The document discusses the foundations of information systems for business users. It defines a business information system as a set of interconnected procedures using IT infrastructure to generate and disseminate information to support business decision making. Key characteristics of business information systems are that they must be flexible, proactive, cost-effective, and designed based on available resources. The document also covers system concepts, defining an information system and its basic components of input, processing, output, and feedback/control. Finally, it discusses the need for information systems in business to improve productivity, efficiency, decision making, and global market reach.
Management Information System (MIS) provides information to support decision-making and management in an organization. The goals of an MIS include enhancing communication, delivering information efficiently, supporting data collection and analysis, and aiding strategic objectives. An MIS contains interconnected sub-systems that capture, store, process, and distribute data, information and knowledge across different levels and functions of a business. It integrates transaction processing systems, office automation systems, decision support systems and other applications to provide timely, relevant information to management.
management information systems-an introductionAbhilash kk
1. The document defines Management Information System (MIS) and explains that it provides accurate and timely information to managers to facilitate decision making and enable effective planning, control, and operations.
2. MIS processes data into useful information that is communicated to different departments for decision making. It aims to provide the right information to the right person at the right time in the right form.
3. The document discusses various MIS concepts like data, information, decision making, framework for information systems, and tools used in MIS like data flow diagrams and flowcharts. It also explains concepts like effectiveness, efficiency, and profitability.
Management Information System in Agriculture, Types of Information, Historical perspective of Management information system, Components of modern decision support system, Internal information system, External information System, Future use of information system.
This document provides an overview of management information systems and related concepts. It discusses the key elements of a system including inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and the environment. It then defines information and data, and explains how different levels of management require different types of information. The importance of information systems for decision making is highlighted. The document outlines the different types of information systems including operations support systems, management support systems, and how they support various business functions and levels of management. Finally, it discusses the system development life cycle including system investigation, analysis, design, construction, implementation, and maintenance.
1. The document discusses information systems, including their components, approaches, problem-solving processes, and efforts to find solutions.
2. It describes the key aspects of information systems like data, information, technology infrastructure, organizational structures, and how people are involved.
3. A four-step problem-solving process is outlined that involves identifying problems, designing solutions, choosing between options, and implementing the chosen solution through testing, training, and evaluation.
Management Information System: Information, Information System, Management In...Ashish Hande
Management Information System: Information, Information
System, Management Information System, Role of MIS,
Subsystems of MIS, MIS and Computer, MIS in academics,
MIS in Business.
Contains everything a student needs to know about fundamentals of Management Information System. It is not an original work rather a useful presentation created by combining few other presentations.
This document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). It defines MIS as a system that converts data from internal and external sources into meaningful information to help managers make timely decisions. The document outlines the importance of MIS in providing the right information to the right people at the right time. It also discusses the components, characteristics, establishment and performance evaluation of effective MIS.
Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management. A Management Information System is an information system that evaluates, analyzes, and processes an organization's data to produce meaningful and useful information based on which the management can take right decisions to ensure future growth of the organization.
Management Information System (MIS) provides managers with accurate and timely information needed for decision making, planning, control, and operations. The term originally described applications with sales, inventory, and other data to help manage enterprises. Today, MIS also includes decision support systems and resource management. MIS aims to deliver the right information to the right person at the right time in the right form at the right cost. It provides standardized reports from internal data to aid formal requests from end users. MIS is a system that evolved to provide organizational information to people and support decision making.
A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
Management information systems (MIS) provide information to support decision making and operations in organizations. An MIS combines human and computer resources to collect, store, retrieve, communicate, and use data. It serves various functions like strategic planning, management control, operational control, and transaction processing. An MIS benefits organizations by facilitating planning, minimizing information overload, encouraging decentralization, bringing coordination, and making control easier.
This document presents information on management information systems (MIS), including their definition, advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls. An MIS combines management processes, information, and systems to provide processed data to managers. Key advantages include time savings, accuracy, timeliness, low implementation costs, and competitive advantages. However, MIS also has disadvantages like high initial investment, inflexibility to changes, and needing specialized users. Pitfalls include power outages, lack of knowledge, unstable management, and improper communication channels. Overall, while MIS provides benefits, organizations must use it properly and overcome potential pitfalls to realize its full value in decision making.
Management Information System (MIS) provides accurate and timely information to facilitate organizational decision-making and functions. An MIS processes data into useful information that is communicated to different departments. It delivers the right information to the right person at the right time. Characteristics include standardized reports in hard-copy and soft-copy, using internal data, and allowing custom report development. The scope of MIS has broadened over time to include decision support systems and resource management. It provides necessary information for planning and ensuring work is performed properly. Types of MIS include decision support systems that help middle management with problem-solving and decisions using compiled data. As organizations grow, MIS allows instant information sharing between areas, reducing face-to-face communication but increasing organizational
This document discusses management information systems and decision support. It defines transaction processing systems and management information systems, noting that MIS supports operational and tactical decision making. It outlines a model for problem solving including intelligence gathering, design, choice, implementation, and monitoring. It distinguishes between structured problems, which can be addressed by management information systems, and unstructured problems, which require decision support systems. Finally, it discusses functional perspectives of MIS including financial, manufacturing, marketing, transportation, and human resources applications.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
Mis 1st chapter notes foundation of is in businessHassan Samoon
This document provides an overview of the foundations of information systems in business. It defines what an information system is and its key components: people, hardware, software, data, and network resources. An information system takes data as input, processes it, and produces output in the form of information. It also discusses the roles of end users and IS specialists. Managers need to understand how to effectively use IS for business operations and competitive advantage.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of the textbook:
1. It defines an information system as any organized combination of people, hardware, software, and policies that stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.
2. Information systems support business operations, decision making, and competitive strategies. Types of systems include transaction processing, process control, collaboration, management, decision support, and expert systems.
3. e-Business involves using internet technologies to empower business processes, e-commerce, and collaboration within and outside an organization. Success requires supporting business strategies and processes effectively.
Foundations Of Information Systems In Business(97 2003)Chandan Kumar
Information systems and technologies are vital for businesses to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive position. They can support various business activities from product development to customer support. With Internet technologies, information systems have become necessary for business success globally. The document then outlines key concepts about information systems including components, activities, and applications for business.
The document discusses the foundations of information systems for business users. It defines a business information system as a set of interconnected procedures using IT infrastructure to generate and disseminate information to support business decision making. Key characteristics of business information systems are that they must be flexible, proactive, cost-effective, and designed based on available resources. The document also covers system concepts, defining an information system and its basic components of input, processing, output, and feedback/control. Finally, it discusses the need for information systems in business to improve productivity, efficiency, decision making, and global market reach.
Management information systems (MIS) are used to collect, process, store, and distribute
information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an
organization. MIS use hardware, software, networks, and data resources to transform data into
useful information. They provide outputs like scheduled reports, key indicator reports, and
demand reports to support management functions like planning, controlling, and decision making.
MIS help organizations gain competitive advantages through improved decision making and
performance monitoring. While MIS face challenges to build and maintain, they also create
opportunities to enhance productivity, quality, and global competitiveness.
1) Data refers to raw facts or numbers while information is data that has been organized and given meaning or context.
2) A system is defined as a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs, processing them, and producing outputs. Key components of systems include inputs, processing, outputs, feedback, and control.
3) Information systems can be classified as either operations support systems, which process business transactions and control processes, or management support systems, which provide information to support decision making.
The document discusses the key concepts around information systems. It begins by outlining the 5 major components of an information system: people resources, hardware resources, software resources, data resources, and network resources. It then covers the main information processing activities: input, processing, output, storage, and control. Finally, it discusses the roles of information systems in supporting business processes, decision making, and strategies for competitive advantage.
An information system is defined both functionally and structurally. Functionally, it is a medium for recording, storing, and disseminating information to support decision making. Structurally, it consists of people, processes, data, technology, and language forming a cohesive structure serving an organizational purpose. A computer-based information system uses computers to perform its tasks and has key components of people, hardware, software, data, and networks. It collects, processes, stores, and distributes information to support decision making, coordination, control, and problem analysis within an organization.
An information system is a system that accepts data as input and processes it into information products as output. It depends on five key resources: people, hardware, software, data, and networks. People resources include end users and specialists, hardware includes computers and storage devices, software includes operating systems and applications, data includes things like sales transactions, and networks allow communication and sharing of information. All of these components must work together for an information system to successfully accept, process, store, and share information.
System Analysis and Design chap 1 to 8.docxAmdework Belay
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It begins with definitions of key terms like data, information, information system, end users, and information technology. It then discusses the fundamentals of information systems, describing the basic components and activities of an information system like input, processing, output, storage, and control. It also discusses organizations and how information needs to flow within an organization to help managers achieve objectives. The goal is to provide students with basic concepts about information systems and system analysis and design.
This document discusses various types of information systems. It begins by defining data and information, with data being raw facts and information being organized data that provides additional value. It then covers transaction processing systems, management information systems, executive information systems, and the differences between TPS and MIS. The document also discusses information system infrastructure and architecture, including client/server, enterprise-wide, and internet-based architectures. It provides characteristics and examples of different information systems.
This document provides an introduction to information systems concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, information systems, management information systems, and end users. It explains that modern societies and organizations rely heavily on information and information systems. The document outlines what managerial end users need to know about information systems, including foundational concepts, development, technology, applications, and management. It also discusses systems concepts, defining a system as a group of components that work together through inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and control to achieve common goals.
This document provides an introduction to information systems concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, information systems, management information systems, and end users. It explains that modern societies and organizations rely heavily on information and information systems. The document outlines what managerial end users need to know about information systems, including foundational concepts, development, technology, applications, and management. It also discusses systems concepts, defining a system as a group of components that work together through inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and control to achieve common goals.
This document provides an introduction to information systems concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, information systems, management information systems, and end users. It explains that modern societies and organizations rely heavily on information and information systems. The document outlines what managerial end users need to know about information systems, including foundational concepts, development, technology, applications, and management. It also discusses systems concepts, defining a system as a group of components that work together through inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and control to achieve common goals.
This presentation is detailed PPT on Management Information System. Infact it is a combination of various presentations that are downloaded from the internet.
The presentation is self explanatory and is very helpful for Management and Commerce students
The document provides an overview of systems analysis and design. It defines systems analysis as the process of gathering and interpreting facts to understand how an existing system works and determine improvements. Systems design is the process of planning a new or replacement system. The key steps in systems analysis and design are: 1) Analyzing the current system through fact finding, 2) Recommending improvements based on fact finding, 3) Developing a plan to implement recommendations that specifies new features and needs. Communication with users is important throughout the process. The overall goal is to examine business situations and improve procedures, performance and objectives through better systems.
The document discusses the components and functions of a management information system (MIS). It begins by defining MIS and describing its pyramid structure, with different levels providing information for different management functions. It then discusses the concept of a computer-based user machine system and the roles of both users and computers. Key points made include that MIS helps provide information for operations, management, and decision-making. It identifies the major components of MIS as including inputs, processes to transform inputs to outputs, and outputs to support various management functions and decision-making.
An information system is defined as a set of interconnected components that collect, manipulate, store data to support decision making and provide feedback. [1] Information systems were first introduced in the 1960s to help with accounting but have evolved significantly. [2] They can be classified based on their usage as either operations support systems, which generate reports for internal/external users from input data, or management support systems, which provide customized information to managers to facilitate decision making. [3] Common types of information systems include transaction processing systems, process control systems, and enterprise collaboration systems.
People and businesses need information for different purposes. For individuals, information provides entertainment and enlightenment, while businesses use information for decision making, problem solving, and control. Data refers to raw facts, while information involves organizing data in a way that provides value beyond the individual facts. An information system is made up of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate data and information to meet an objective.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Mis
1. Foundations of Information Systems in Business
Foundation Concepts: Foundations of Information in Business presents an overview of the
five basic areas of information systems knowledge needed by business professionals, including
the conceptual system, components of system and major types of information systems.
Information Systems are Important for Business – An understanding of the effective and
responsible use and management of information systems and technologies is important
for managers, business professionals, and other knowledge workers in today’s
internetworked enterprises. Information systems play a vital role in the e-business and
e-commerce operations, enterprise collaboration and management, and strategic
success of businesses that must operate in an internetworked global environment.
Thus, the field of information systems has become a major functional area of business
administration.
An IS Framework for Business Professionals – The IS knowledge that a business manager or
professional needs to know is illustrated in Figure 1.2 and covered in this chapter and text.
This included (1) foundation concepts: fundamental behavior, technical, business, and
managerial concepts like system components and functions, or competitive strategies;
(2) information technologies: concepts, developments, or management issues regarding
hardware, software, data management, networks, and other technologies; (3) business
applications: major uses of IT for business processes, operations, decision making, and
strategic/competitive advantage; (4) development processes: how end users and IS
specialists develop and implement business/IT solutions to problems and opportunities
arising in business; and (5) management challenges: how to effectively and ethically
manage the IS function and IT resources to achieve top performance and business
value in support of the business strategies of the enterprise.
System Concepts – A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the
attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized
transformation process. Feedback is data about the performance of a system. Control is
the component that monitors and evaluates feedback and makes any necessary
adjustments to the input and processing components to ensure that proper output is
produced.
An Information System Model – An information system uses the resources of people,
hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage, and
control activities that convert data resources into information products. Data are first
collected and converted to a form that is suitable for processing (input). Then
the data are manipulated and converted into information (processing), stored for future
use (storage), or communicated to their ultimate user (output) according to correct
processing procedures (control).
IS Resources and Products - Hardware resources include machines and media used in
information processing.
Software resources include computerized instructions (programs) and instruction for
people (procedures). People resources include information systems specialists and
users. Data resources include alphanumeric, text, image, video, audio, and other forms
of data. Network resources include communications media and network support.
Information products produced by an information system can take a variety of forms,
including paper reports, visual displays, multimedia documents, electronic messages,
graphics images, and audio responses.
2. Business Applications of Information Systems - Information systems perform three vital roles
in business firms. Business applications of IS support an organization’s business
processes and operations, business decision-making, and strategic competitive
advantage. Major application categories of information systems include operations
support systems, such as transaction processing systems, process control systems,
and enterprise collaboration systems, and management support systems, such as
management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information
systems.
Other major categories are expert systems, knowledge management systems,
strategic information systems, and functional business systems. However, in the real
world most application categories are combined into cross-functional information
systems that provide information and support for decision-making and also perform
operational information processing activities.
III: LECTURE NOTES
Section I: Foundation Concepts: Information Systems and Technologies
WHY INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE IMPORTANT
An understanding of the effective and responsible use and management of information
systems is important for managers and other business knowledge workers in today’s
global information society. Information systems and technologies have become a vital
component of successful businesses and organizations. Information systems constitute
an essential field of study in business administration and management, as they are
considered a major functional area in business operations.
THE REAL WORLD OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Analysing BellSouth Corp.
We can learn a lot about the importance of information technology and information
systems from this case. Take a
few minutes to read it, and we will discuss it (See BellSouth Corporation: The Business
Payback of Information Technology.
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Managerial end users need to know how information systems can be employed
successfully in a business
environment. The important question for any business end user or manager is: What do
you need to know in order
to help manage the hardware, software, data, and network resources of your business,
so they are used for the
strategic success of your company?
Managers or business professionals are not required to know the complex technologies,
abstract behavioral
concepts, or the specialized applications involved in the field of information systems.
Figure 1.2 illustrates a useful
conceptual framework that outlines what a manager or business professional needs to
know about information
systems. It emphasizes five areas of knowledge:
•
3. Foundation Concepts
•
Information Technologies
•
Business Applications
•
Development Processes
•
Management Challenges
What is an Information System? [Figure 1.3]
An information system(IS) can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software,
communications networks, and data resources that collect, transforms, and disseminate
information in an organization.
Information Technologies:
Business professionals rely on many types of information systems that use a variety of
information technologies
For example:
Types of IS
- Manual (paper-and-pencil) information systems
- Informal (word-of-mouth) information systems
- Formal (written procedures) information systems
- Computer-based information systems
Computer-based information systems (IS) use hardware, software, the Internet, and other
telecommunications networks, computer-based data resource management techniques, and other
forms of information technologies
(IT) to transform data resources into a variety of information products for consumers and
business professionals.
SYSTEM CONCEPTS - A FOUNDATION
System concepts underlie the field of information systems. Understanding system
concepts will help you understand many other concepts in the technology, applications,
development, and management of information systems. System concepts help you
understand:
•
Technology. That computer networks are systems of information processing components that
uses a variety of
hardware, software, data and telecommunication technologies.
•
Applications. That electronic business and commerce involves interconnected business
information systems.
•
Development. That developing ways to use information technology n business includes
designing the basic
components of information systems.
•
4. Management. That managing information technology emphasizes the quality, strategic
business value, and
security of an organization’s information systems.
What is a System?
Question:
What is a system as it applies to the concept of an information system?
Answer:
Asyst e m is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by
accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
A system (sometimes called ad y na mi c system) has three basic interacting components or
functions. These include:
Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed.
Processing involves transformation processes that convert input into output.
Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to
their ultimate destination.
Feedback and Control:
Two additional components of the system concept include feedback and control. A system with
feedback and control components is sometimes called ac yb er n eti c system, that is, a self-
monitoring, self-regulating system.
Feedback is data about the performance of a system.
Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving
toward the achievement of its goals. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a
system's input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output.
System Characteristics:
A system does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it exists and functions in containing other systems.
Subsystem:
A system that is a component of a larger system, where the larger system is its
environment.
System Boundary:
A system is separated from its environment and other systems by its system boundary.
Interface:
Several systems may share the same environment. Some of these systems may be
connected to one another by means of a shared boundary, or interface.
Open System:
A system that interacts with other systems in its environment is called an open system
(connected to its environment by exchanges of inputs and outputs).
COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
An information system model expresses a fundamental conceptual framework for the
major components and activities of information systems. An information system
depends on the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform
input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that convert data resources
into information products.
The information systems model outlined in the text emphasizes four major concepts that can be
applied to all types of information systems:
5. •
People, hardware, software, data, and networks, are the five basic resources of information
systems.
People resources include end users and IS specialists, hardware resources consist of
machines and media, software resources include both programs and procedures, data
resources can include data and knowledge bases, and network resources include
communications media and networks.
Data resources are transformed by information processing activities into a variety of information
products for
end users.
Information processing consists of input, processing, output, storage, and control activities.
INFORMATION SYSTEM RESOURCES
The basic IS model shows that an information system consists of five major resources:
•
People resources
•
Hardware resources
•
Software resources
•
Data resources
•
Network resources
People Resources:
People are required for the operation of all information systems. These people resources include
end users and IS
specialists
End Users
6. (also called users or clients) are people who use an information system or the information it
produces. Most of us are information system end users. And most end users in business areknow
l e dg e
workers, that is, people who spend most of their time communicating and collaborating in teams
of
workgroups and creating, using, and distributing information.
•
IS Specialists are people who develop and operate information systems. They include system
analysts,
software developers, system operators, and other managerial, technical, and clerical IS personnel.
Systems analysts – design information systems based on the information requirements
of end users.
Software developers – create computer programs based on the specifications of
systems analysts.
System operators – monitor and operate large computer systems and networks.
Hardware Resources:
Hardware resources include all physical devices and materials used in information processing.
•
Machines- physical devices (computers, peripherals, telecommunications networks, etc.)
•
Media
- all tangible objects on which data are recorded (paper, magnetic disks etc.)
Examples of hardware in computer-based information systems are:
•
Computer Systems – which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors, and a
variety of interconnected peripheral devices.
•
Computer peripherals – which are devices such as a keyboard or electronic mouse for input of
data and commands, a video screen or printer for output of information, and magnetic or optical
disks for storage of data resources.
Software Resources:
Software resources include all sets of information processing instructions.
•
Program - a set of instructions that causes a computer to perform a particular task.
•
Procedures - set of instructions used by people to complete a task.
Examples of software resources are:
•
System software – such as an operating system program, that controls and supports the
operations of a
computer system.
•
Application software– are programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by
end users.
•
Procedures– are operating instructions for the people who will use an information system.
7. Data Resources:
Data constitutes a valuable organizational resource. Thus, data resources must be managed
effectively to benefit
all end users in an organization. The data resources of information systems are typically
organized into:
•
Databases - a collection of logically related records or files. A database consolidates many
records previously
stored in separate files so that a common pool of data records serves many applications.
•
Knowledge Bases - which hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts and rules of
inference about
various subjects.
Data versus Information. The word data is the plural ofd at um, thoughda ta is commonly used
to represent both
singular and plural forms. The term’sda ta andi nf ormat i on are often used interchangeably.
However, you should
make the following distinction:
Data: - are raw facts or observations, typically about physical phenomena or business
transactions. More
specifically, data are objective measurements of thea ttr ib ut e s (characteristics) ofe n ti t i es,
such as people, places,
things, and events.
Information: - is processed data, which has been placed in a meaningful and useful context for
an end user. Data
is subjected to a “value-added” process (data processing or information processing) where:
•
Its form is aggregated, manipulated, and organized.
•
Its content is analyzed and evaluated
•
It is placed in a proper context for a human user
Network Resources:
Telecommunications networks like the Internet, intranets, and extranets have become
essential to the successful electronic business and commerce operations of all types of
organizations and their computer-based information systems. Telecommunications
networks consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices
interconnected by communications media and controlled by communications software.
The concept ofn et work
resources emphasizes that communications networks are a fundamental resource component of
all information
systems. Network resources include:
•
Communications media (twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and microwave,
cellular, and
8. satellite wireless systems.
•
Network support (people, hardware, software, and data resources that directly support the
operation and use of
a communications network).
INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Information processing (or data processing) activities that occur in information system include
the following:
•
Input of data resources
•
Processing of data into information
•
Output of information products
•
Storage of data resources
•
Control of system performance
Input of Data Resources:
•
Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for processing
by theinput
activity. Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing.
•
Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine-readable medium such as magnetic disk
or type, until
needed for processing.
Processing of Data into Information:
•
Data is typically subjected topro c essing activities such as calculating, comparing,
sorting, classifying, and
summarizing. These activities organize, analyze, and manipulate data, thus converting
them into information
for end users.
•
A continual process of correcting and updating activities must maintain quality of data stored
in an
information system.
Output of Information Products:
•
Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them in theou
tput activity.
The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end
users.
Storage of Data Resources:
Storage is a basic system component of information systems.
9. •
Storage is the information system activity in which data and information are retained in an
organized manner
for later use.
Control of System Performance:
An important information system activity is thec on trol of its performance.
•
An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and storage
activities.
•
Feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine if the system is meeting established
performance
standards.
•
Feedback is used to make adjustments to system activities to correct deficiencies.
RECOGNIZING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
As a business professional, you should be able to recognize the fundamental components of
information systems
you encounter in the real world. This means that you should be able to identify:
•
The people, hardware, software, data, and network resources they use.
•
The types of information products they produce
The way they perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities.
Analysing BellSouth’s Information System
From the Real World Case of BellSouth Corporation, we will try to recognize or visualize the
resources used,
activities performed, and information products produced by their information systems.
IS Resources:
•
People resources include end users like BellSouth’s online customers and employees, and IS
specialists like
CIO Fran Dramis and project leader Lori Groves.
Hardware Resources:
•
Thousands of PC server
•
Other computers that BellSouth and its customers must be using
Software Resources:
•
Web browsers
•
Operating systems
•
e-commerce websites software
•
10. Oracle’s customer relationship management system
•
Other proprietary BellSouth business software.
Network Resources:
•
Communications media and network support components that are part of the network resources
that BellSouth
would need to support the e-business and e-commerce activities of such a large
telecommunications company.
Data Resources:
•
Computer-accessible databases of data about their customers, employees, services, and other
necessary
business information.
Information Products:
•
Displays on customer and employee networked PCs that provide information about and support
the provision
of BellSouth’s services, such as you would find by visiting their Websites atwww.be l l sou t h .
co m and
www.bellsouthcorp.com.
IS Activities:
•
Input activities include the input of Web site navigation clicks and e-commerce and e-business
data entries
and selections, and online collaboration queries and responses made by customers, suppliers, and
employees.
Processing Activities:
•
Processing activities are accomplished whenever any of BellSouth’s computers executes the
programs that
are part of their e-business and e-commerce software resources.
Output Activities:
•
Output activities primarily involve the display or printing of information products mentioned
earlier.
Storage Activities:
•
Storage activities take place whenever business data is stored and managed in the files and
databases on
the disk drives and other storage media of BellSouth’s computer systems.
Control Activities:
•
Control activities include the use of passwords and other security codes by customers,
suppliers, and
employees for entry into BellSouth’s e-business and e-commerce websites, and access
11. of their databases
and knowledge bases.
Section II: Foundation Concepts: Business Applications, Development, and
Management
8
Prof. Anatoly Sachenko
THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLES OF IS APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS
Information systems perform three vital roles in any type of organization. That is, they support
an organization’s:
•
Business processes and operations
•
Decision making by employees and managers
•
Strategies for competitive advantage
Analysing Royal Caribbean International
We can learn a lot about the challenges of revitalizing and redirecting information
technology in a company from the Real World Case of Royal Caribbean International.
Take a few minutes to read it, and we will discuss it (See Royal Caribbean International:
Renewing and Realigning IT with Business in Section IX).
The Major Roles of IS: Examples [Figure 1.9]
Three major roles of the business applications of information systems include:
•
Support Business Processes – involves dealing with information systems that support the
business processes
and operations in a business.
•
Support Decision Making – help decision makers to make better decisions and attempt to gain a
competitive
12. advantage.
•
Support Competitive Advantage – help decision makers to gain a strategic advantage over
competitors requires
innovative use of information technology.
e-BUSINESS IN BUSINESS - [Figure 1.10]
The explosive growth of the Internet and related technologies and applications is
revolutionizing the way
businesses are operated and people work, and how information technology supports
business operations and end
user work activities.
Businesses are becoming e-business enterprises. The Internet and Internet-like networks
– inside the enterprise (intranets), and between an enterprise and its trading partners
(extranets) – have become the primary information technology infrastructure that
supports the business operations of many companies. e-business enterprises rely on
such technologies to:
•
Reengineer and revitalize internal business processes.
•
Implement electronic commerce systems among businesses and their customers and suppliers.
13. •
Promote enterprise collaboration among business teams and workgroups.
e-business is defined as the use of Internet technologies to internetwork and empower business
processes,
electronic commerce, and enterprise communication and collaboration within a company and
with its customers,
suppliers, and other business stakeholders.
Enterprise collaboration systems involve the use of groupware tools to support communication,
coordination, and
collaboration among the members of networked teams and workgroups. An internetworked e-
business enterprise
depends on intranets, the Internet, extranets, and other networks to implement such systems.
Electronic commerce is the buying and selling, and marketing and servicing of products,
services, and
information over a variety of computer networks. An internetworked e-business enterprise uses
the Internet,
intranets, extranets, and other networks to support every step of the commercial process
TRENDS IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS - [Figure 1.11]
10
14. Prof. Anatoly Sachenko
The roles given to the information systems function have expanded significantly over the years.
1950s - 1960s - Data Processing - Electronic data processing systems
Role: Transaction processing, record keeping, and accounting, and other electronic data
processing (EDP)
applications
1960s - 1970s - Management Reporting – Management information systems
Role: Providing managerial end users with predefined management reports that would
give managers the
information they needed for decision-making purposes.
1970s - 1980s - Decision Support - Decision support systems
Role: The new role for information systems was to provide managerial end users with
ad hoc support of their
decision-making process. This support would be tailored to the unique decision-making
styles of managers as they
confronted specific types of problems in the real world.
15. 1980s - 1990s - Strategic and End User Support
Role: End users could use their own computing resources to support their job
requirements instead of waiting for
the indirect support of corporate information services departments.
•
End User Computing Systems
Role: Direct computing support for end user productivity and work group collaboration.
•
Executive Information Systems (EIS) -
Role: These information systems attempt to give top executives an easy way to get the critical
information they
want, when they want it, tailored to the formats they prefer.
•
Expert Systems (ES) and other Knowledge-Based Systems
Role: Expert systems can serve as consultants to users by providing expert advice in limited
subject areas.
Strategic Information Systems (SIS)
Role: Information technology becomes an integral component of business processes, products,
and services that
help a company gain a competitive advantage in the global marketplace.
1990s - 2000 – Electronic business and commerce systems
Role: The rapid growth of the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other interconnected
global networks has
revolutionising the operations and management of today’s business enterprises.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS - [Figure 1.12]
Information Systems perform important operational and managerial support roles in businesses
and other
organizations. Therefore, several types of information systems can be classified conceptually as
either:
•
16. Operations Support Systems
•
Management Support Systems
Operations Support Systems
Information systems are needed to process data generated by and used in business operations.
Sucho p erat i ons
support systems (OSS) produce a variety of information products for internal and external use.
However, they do
not emphasize producing the specific information products that can best be used by
managers. Further processing by management information systems is usually required.
The role of a business firm’s operations support systems is to:
•
Effectively process business transactions
•
Control industrial processes
•
Support enterprise communications and collaboration
•
Update corporate databases
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Focus on processing the data generated by business transactions and
operations.Transaction processing systems
record and process data resulting from business transactions (sales, purchases,
inventory changes). TPS also
produce a variety of information products for internal or external use (customer
statements, employee paychecks,
sales receipts etc.).
TPS process transactions in two basic ways:
•
Batch Processing
- transactions data is accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically.
•
Real-time (or online) processing - data is processed immediately after a transaction occurs.
Process Control Systems (PCS) - Process control systems are systems, which make use of
computers to control
ongoing physical processes. These computers are designed to automatically make decisions,
which adjust the
physical production process. Examples include petroleum refineries and the assembly lines of
automated factories.
Enterprise Collaboration Systems - Enterprise collaboration systems are information systems
that use a variety of information technologies to help people work together. Enterprise
collaboration systems help us:
12
Collaborate- to communicate ideas
•
17. Share resources
•
Co-ordinate our cooperative work efforts as members of the many formal and informal process
and project teams
The goal of enterprise collaboration systems is to use information technology to enhance the
productivity and creativity of teams and workgroups in the modern business enterprise.
Management Support Systems (MSS) -
Management support systems focus on providing information and support for effective decision
making by
managers. They support the decision-making needs of strategic (top) management,
tactical (middle) management,
and operating (supervisory) management. Conceptually, several major types of
information systems support a
variety of decision-making responsibilities:
•
Management Information Systems (MIS)
•
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
•
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Management information systems are the most common form of management support systems.
They provide
managerial end users with information products that support much of their day-to-day
decision-making needs. MIS provide a variety of prespecified information (reports) and
displays to management that can be used to help them make more effective, structured
types of day-to-day decisions. Information products provided to managers include
displays and reports that can be furnished:
•
On demand
•
Periodically, according to a predetermined schedule
•
Whenever exceptional conditions occur
Decision support systems provide managerial end users with information in an interactive
session on an ad hoc (as
needed) basis. Managers generate the information they need for more unstructured
types of decisions in an
interactive, computer-based information system that uses decision models and
specialized databases to assist the
decision-making processes of managerial end users.
Executive information systems provide top and middle management with immediate and easy
access to selective
information about key factors that are critical to accomplishing a firm’s strategic objectives. EIS
are easy to
operate and understand.
Classifications of Information Systems:
18. Several other categories of information systems that support either operations or management
applications include:
•
Expert Systems
•
Knowledge Management Systems
•
Functional Business Information Systems
•
Strategic Information Systems
•
Cross-functional Information Systems
MANAGERIAL CHALLENGES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
For managerial end users, the information systems function represents:
•
A major functional area of business that is important to a business’ success
•
An important factor affecting operational efficiency, employee productivity and morale, and
customer service
and satisfaction.
•
A major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision making by
managers.
•
An important ingredient in developing competitive products and services that give an
organization a strategic
advantage in the marketplace.
•
A major part of the resources of an organization and its cost of doing business
•
A vital, dynamic, and challenging career opportunity for many men and women.
Success and Failure with IT:
Is important that students realize that information technology and information systems can be
mismanaged and
misapplied so that they create both technological and business failure
19. Developing successful information system solutions to business problems is a major
challenge for business
managers and professionals today. As a business professional, you will be responsible
for proposing or developing
new or improved use of information systems for your company. As a business manager,
you will also frequently
manage the development efforts of information systems specialists and other business
end users.
Most computer-based information systems are conceived, designed, and implemented using
some form of
systematic development process. Figure 1.20 shows that:
•
Several major activities must be accomplished and managed in a complete IS development cycle.
•
In the development process, end users and information specialistsd es ig n information system
applications
based on ana nal y sis of the business requirements of an organization.
•
Investigating the economic or technical feasibility of a proposed application.
•
Acquiring and learning how to use the software required toi mpl e m e n t the new system, and
make
improvements tomai nt ai n the business value of a system.
Challenges of Ethics and IT:
As a prospective managerial end user and knowledge worker in a global society, you should also
become aware of
the ethical responsibilities generated by the use of information technology. For example:
•
What uses of information technology might be considered improper, irresponsible, or harmful to
other
individuals or to society?
•
What is the proper use of an organization’s information resources?
20. •
What does it take to be a responsible end user of information technology?
•
How can you protect yourself from computer crime and other risks of information technology?
Ethical dimensions of information systems deal with ensuring that information technology and
information
systems are not used in an improper or irresponsible manner against other individuals or to
society
A major challenge for our global information society is to manage its information
resources to benefit all members of society while at the same time meeting the strategic
goals of organizations and nations. For example, we must use information systems to
find more efficient, profitable and socially responsible ways of using the world’s limited
supplies of material, energy, and other resources.
Challenges of IT Careers:
•
Information technology and its uses in information systems have created interesting, highly paid,
and
challenging career opportunities.
•
Employment opportunities in the field of information systems are excellent, as organizations
continue to
expand their use of information technology.
•
Employment surveys continually forecast shortages of qualified information systems personnel
in a variety of
job categories.
•
Job requirements in information systems are continually changing due to dynamic developments
in business
and information technology.
The IS Function:
The information systems function represents:
•
A major functional area of business that is as important to business success as the functions of
accounting, finance, operations management, marketing, and human resource management.
•
An important contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity and morale, and
customer service and satisfaction.
•
A major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision making by
managers and business professionals.
•
A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that gives an organization a
strategic advantage in the global marketplace.
•
21. A dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity for millions of men and women.
•
A key component of the resources, infrastructure, and capabilities of today’s internetworked e-
business
enterprise.
IV. KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS - DEFINED
Computer-Based Information System:
An information system that uses computer hardware and software to perform its information
processing activities.
Control:
The systems component that evaluates feedback to determine whether the system is
moving toward the
achievement of its goal and then makes any necessary adjustments to the input and
processing components of the
system to ensure that proper output is produced.
Data:
Facts or observations about physical phenomena or business transactions. More specifically, data
are objective
measurements of theat tri bu t es (characteristics) ofe n t i ti es, such as people, places, things,
and events.
Data or Information Processing:
The act of converting data into information.
Data Resources:
Data, model, and knowledge bases
Developing Business/IT Solutions:
End users and IS specialists develop and implement business/IT solutions to problems and
opportunities arising in
businesses.
Electronic Business:
Using the Internet, intranets, and extranets as the IT platform for internal business operations,
electronic
commerce, and enterprise collaboration.
E-Business in Business:
Businesses today are using Internet technologies to web-enable business processes and create
innovative e-business
applications.
Electronic Commerce:
The buying and selling, marketing and servicing, and delivery and payment of products,
services, and information over the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other networks,
between an internetworked enterprise and its prospects, customers, suppliers, and
other business partners.
End User:
Anyone who uses an information system or the information it produces.
Enterprise Collaboration System:
22. The use of groupware tools and the Internet, intranets, extranets, and other computer
networks to support and enhance communication, coordination, collaboration, and
resource sharing among teams and workgroups in an internetworked enterprise.
Extranet:
Interorganizational Internet-like networks among trading partners.
Feedback:
Data or information concerning the components and operations of a systems performance.
Hardware Resources:
Includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing (Machines and
media).
Information - Products:
The degree to which information has the appropriate information that is useful for users.
Information products
include messages, reports, forms, and graphic images.
Information - Quality:
The degree to which information has content, form, and time characteristics that gives it value to
specific end
users.
Information System:
A system that uses the resources of hardware, software, and people to perform input, processing,
output, storage,
and control activities that transform data resources into information products.
Information System Activities:
Input, processing, output, storage, and control
Information System Model:
An information system uses people, hardware, software, network, and data resources to perform
input, processing,
output, storage, and control activities that transform data resources into information products.
Information Technology:
Hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and other information
processing technologies
used in computer-based information systems.
Intranet:
Internet-like networks and websites inside a company.
IS Knowledge Needed by Business Professionals:
Fundamental concepts about information systems, their technology, development, applications,
and management.
Knowledge Workers:
People whose primary work activities include creating, using, and distributing information.
Management Challenges of IS:
Managing the IT resources of a company effectively and ethically to improve its business
performance and value.
Network Resources:
Network resources include communications media and network support.
People Resources:
IS Specialists and end users
23. Roles of IS Applications in Business:
Information systems perform three vital roles in any type of organization:
1. Support of business operations
2. Support of managerial decision-making
3. Support of strategic competitive advantage
Software Resources - Programs:
A set of instructions that cause a computer to perform a particular task.
Software Resources - Procedures:
Set of instructions used by people to complete a task.
System:
A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by
accepting inputs and
producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
Trends in Information Systems:
See Figure 1.11
Types of Information Systems - Cross-Functional Systems:
Information systems that cross the boundaries of functional business areas in order to support
business processes
across the organization.
Types of Information Systems - Management Support Systems:
Include executive information systems, decision support systems, and management information
systems.
Types of Information Systems - Operations Support Systems:
Include office automation systems, transaction processing systems, and process control systems.
24. What is Business Process Re-engineering. Explain in detail the focus of BPR on the
current issues in Business.
Answer:
The existing system in the organization is totally reexamined and radically modified for incorporating the latest
technology. This process of change for the betterment of the organization is called as Business process
reengineering.
With Business process being reengineered, the organizations have to change the workflow and business
procedures for efficiency in the organization. Latest software are used and accordingly the business
procedures are modified, so that documents are worked upon more easily and efficiently. This is called as
workflow management.
Business process reengineering is a major innovation changing the way organizations conduct their
business. Such changes are often necessary for profitability or even survival. BPR is employed when
major IT projects such as ERP are undertaken. Reengineering involves changes in structure,
organizational culture and processes. Many concepts of BPR changes organizational structure. Team
based organization, mass customization, empowerment and telecommuting are some of the examples.
The support system in any organization plays a important role in BPR. ES, DSS, AI (discussed later)
allows business to be conducted in different locations, provides flexibility in manufacturing permits quicker
delivery to customers and supports rapid paperless transactions among suppliers, manufacturers and
retailers. Expert systems can enable organizational changes by providing expertise to non experts. It is
difficult to carry out BPR calculations using ordinary programs like spreadsheets etc. Experts make use of
applications with simulations tools for BPR.
Reengineering is basically done to achieve cost reduction, increase in quality, improvement in speed and
service. BPR enable a company to become more competitive in the market. Employees work in team
comprising of managers and engineers to develop a product. This leads to the formation of
interdisciplinary teams which can work better than mere functional teams. The coordination becomes
easier and faster results can be achieved. The entire business process of developing a product gets a
new dimension. This has led to reengineering of many old functional processes in organizations.
BPR – the current focus
Apart from the usual ways of managing a process in any business information system, it is necessary to
enhance the value of the process and also the methods used in improving the process. Some of the
concepts of information management for effective information systems are the traditional concept of
database, the emerging concepts of data mining and data warehousing
Concept of Database – Database is a data structure used to store organized information.
A database is typically made up of many linked tables of rows and columns. For example, a company
might use a database to store information about their products, their employees, and financial information.
Databases are now also used in nearly all ecommerce sites to store product inventory and customer
information. Database software, such as Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro, and MySQL is designed to
help companies and individuals organize large amounts of information in a way where the data can be
easily searched, sorted, and updated.
Data Mining - Data mining is primarily used as a part of information system today, by
companies with a strong consumer focus retail, financial, communication, and marketing
organizations. It enables these companies to determine relationships among "internal" factors
impact on sales, customer satisfaction, and corporate profits. Finally, it enables them to "drill down" into
summary information to view detail transactional data. With data mining, a retailer could use point of sale
records of customer purchases to send targeted promotions based on an individual's purchase history. By
mining demographic data from comment or warranty cards, the retailer could develop products and
promotions to appeal to specific customer segments.
25. Data Warehousing – A data warehouse is a copy of transaction data specifically structured for
querying and reporting. The main output from data warehouse systems are either tabular listings (queries)
with minimal formatting or highly formatted "formal" reports on business activities. This becomes a
convenient way to handle the information being generated by various processes. Data warehouse is an
archive of information collected from wide multiple sources, stored under a unified scheme, at a single
site. This data is stored for a long time permitting the user an access to archived data for years. The data
stored and the subsequent report generated out of a querying process enables decision making quickly.
This concept is useful for big companies having plenty of data on their business processes. Big
companies have bigger problems and complex problems. Decision makers require access to information
from all sources. Setting up queries on individual processes may be tedious and inefficient. Data
warehouse may be considered under such situations.
3. Explain the various role of a Systems Analyst. What is meant by Feasibility of systems ?
What are the various types of Feasibility study? (10)
Answer: The system analyst is the person (or persons) who guides through the development of
an information system. In performing these tasks the analyst must always match the information
system objectives with the goals of the organization.
Role of System Analyst differs from organization to organization. Most common responsibilities
of System Analyst are following