Mechanics and Classification of birds migration along with the needs to migrate. it is helpful to learn the mechanics involved in migration specifically elaborating the roles of environmental factors to force the birds to migrate.
Mechanics and Classification of birds migration along with the needs to migrate. it is helpful to learn the mechanics involved in migration specifically elaborating the roles of environmental factors to force the birds to migrate.
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
migration is the movement of animal from one place to another and the migration is occured in all group of animals it include mammals invertebrates amphibians reptiles fishes birds...
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Migration
1. Bird Migration
What is migration?
The migration of birds is a natural phenomenon that occurs on a global level.
The migration of birds is the displacement of population where they leave from their wintering
location(wintering area) for an area more suitable for breeding (breeding area). The
displacement produced between both locations is dominated by migratory movements or
migratory trips. They are called migratory routes.
A great number of species migrate annually throughout earth. Some do short distance trips,
while others do trips of tens of thousands of kilometers crossing all types of physical,
ecological o meteorological barriers, such as mountains, deserts, storms, headwinds, etc.
In the case of swallows (Hirundinidae) and house martins (Delichon urbicum) that we are going
to study, their wintering areas are over 10,000 km away from where their nesting takes place.
How is the migration carried out?
It is done in stages since it lasts several days or even weeks, and, because of this, the birds
must stop to rest and feed at appropriate points. These are called the resting areas.
In Andalucia, resting areas are in Tarifa (Cádiz) while passing along the Straight of Gibraltar and
Doñana.
Many of the largest birds fly in flocks, which helps them conserve energy. V formations allow
the birds to use up to 20% less energy due to the turbulence caused by each preceding bird. To
get height, large gliding birds such as storks and raptors are helped by rising air currents, called
thermal currents. In these flocks they make a circular movement that allows them to stay
in this current; this is known as the cycle.
Why do birds migrate?
Birds migrate for essentially one reason:
- The lack of food
With changing temperatures, food sources become scarce or inaccessible. The birds need to
search for another place where food is available.
What are the most common routes?
The 3 in Europe are: (Look on the map)
2. Bird Migration
Western Route
From Central and Eastern Europe the birds go to the Alps or Pyrenees Mountains. Then, the
migration is carried out throughout all of the Iberian Peninsula and meets back together in
Gibraltar. In fact, on days filled of intense migration, one can see thousands of raptors and
storks.
The proximity of both continents, separated by a sea route of barely 14 kilometers, makes
Tarifa a key observing point for one of the greatest natural events in the world.
Central Route:
Crosses Italy and Sicily, and then the Mediterranean Sea, in order to arrive to the African
continent by way of Tunisia.
Eastern Route:
Transited by Northern and Eastern European birds, as well as from Western Asia, which cross
the Balkans, Greece and the Mediterranean. They continue through Lebanon and Israel, finally
arriving to Eastern Africa.
Migratory bird routes at a global level:
Main migratory
bird routes
throughout the
world
Questions:
- What relationship exists between the beginning of the migration and the availability of food?
- What are the main migratory routes between Europe and Asia?
- Do only birds migrate or do other animals do it too?
- Does the human species migrate? And during antiquity did it also migrate?
- What types of flights are carried out by different species of birds?
- Why is the Straight of Gibraltar so significant when it comes to bird migration?
Know the common plane and swallow
3. Bird Migration
In the case of swallows (Hirundinidae) and house martins (Delichon urbicum) are birds that we
will see over Seville towards the end of February and beginning of March. They come from
Africa and return to spend the spring-summer in our area. Here they breed.
How are both species? Observe their differences and complete the squares.
Copy the picture in your notebook. Then at home make a drawing of the two species
and their nests. Also search for additional information.
House martins (Delichon urbicum) Swallows ( Hirundinidae )
Ventral part of the body
Size of the tail
Nests
Flight
4. Bird Migration
Answers:
-The differences are:
-The house martin has a white chest
The swallow has a White chest but with an orange bib (on the neck)
House martin open nest Swallow closed nest
House martin short tail Swallow long tail
THe house martin flies at the altitude of a first or second floor
Swallow flies even with the ground